Annotated checklist of Senegalia and Vachellia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) for the Indian subcontinent

An annotated checklist of Senegalia Raf. and Vachellia Wight & Arn. taxa for the Indian subcontinent is presented, following the fragmentation and retypification of the former broadly defined genus Acacia Mill. The countries encompassed by this study include Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. All indigenous species (and a few introductions) in this region previously referred to Acacia belong to Senegalia and Vachellia. All Acacia s.s. taxa are introduced (principally from Australia) and are not included in the study. There are 22 species of Senegalia (21 indigenous, 1 introduced; representing 23 taxa) and 21 species of Vachellia (12 indigenous, 9 introduced; representing 27 taxa) currently recognized for the subcontinent. The largest country, India, has most species. This checklist complements that which was recently provided for these genera in southeast Asia and China. Two names formerly recorded for the Indian subcontinent are excluded, namely, Senegalia intsia (L.) Maslin is a nomen confusum and Acacia pennata subsp. hainanensis (Hayata) I. C. Nielsen is now known to be restricted to southern China and Vietnam. Acacia eriantha Desv. is an unresolved name. The following new combinations are made herein: Senegalia tanjorensis (Ragup., Thoth. & A.Mahad.) A.S.Deshpande & Maslin, Vachellia campbellii (Arn.) A.S.Deshp., & Maslin and V. pseudowightii (Thoth.) A.S.Deshpande & Maslin. A lectotype has been selected for Acacia pennata var. canescens Graham ex Kurz (= Senegalia pennata (L.) Maslin).     

Advances in clarifying the phylogenetic relationships of acacias: Relevance for biological control

Biological control of invasive Australian acacias will benefit from recent advances in resolving the phylogenetic relationships of Acacia s.l. and Acacia s.s. (“Australian acacias”) within the subfamily Mimosoideae. Some of the phytophage taxa associated with Acacia s.s. display fidelity to a derived clade within the genus. This derived clade contains most of the Acacia s.s. species that have become problematic around the world. Phytophages that are demonstrably restricted to species within the derived clade pose essentially no risk to species outside Acacia s.s.. In contrast, prospective agents able to develop on species in the basal lineages of Acacia s.s. would require more-expansive testing because Acacia s.s. is closely related to the Ingeae, and then sequentially to the genera Acaciella, Mariosousa and Senegalia. Importantly, Vachellia is distantly related to Acacia s.s., being nested in basal Mimoseae lineages, and is thus less likely to be at risk than previously envisaged. Elucidation of these trends shows the benefits of having a comprehensive knowledge of the phylogeny of plants and phytophages under consideration for biological control.     

Phenetic investigation of non-nodulating African species ofAcacia (Leguminosae) using morphological and molecular markers

Morphological and RAPD markers were used to assess the relationships among nodulating and non-nodulating species of AfricanAcacia. Non-nodulating species of AfricanAcacia are only found within subg.Aculeiferum sect.Monacanthea. African species of sect.Monacanthea examined were found to form a group distinct from the other African species examined on a morphological and molecular basis. All lack the ability to nodulate, suggesting that non-nodulation may be used as a taxonomic tool. The species of sect.Aculeiferum were separated by RAPD and morphological analysis into two groups depending on whether they were armed with prickles in pairs and/or prickles in threes, or solitary. A third group of species was identified within sect.Acacia: further subdivision of this group was achieved into subsectt.Pluriseriae andUniseriae. The position ofA. albida relative to other AfricanAcacia species was found to be distinct but not totally independent of the genus. The partitioning and distribution of the genetic variability within the genus is further elucidated by the RAPD analysis of populations ofAcacia species. A population analysis ofA. polyacantha demonstrated geographical and site-specific variation.     

Implications of the changing phylogenetic relationships of Acacia s.l. on the biological control of Vachellia nilotica ssp. indica in Australia

Plant relationships have implications for many fields including weed biological control. The use of DNA sequencing and new tree building algorithms since the late 1980s and early 1990s have revolutionised plant classification and has resulted in many changes to previously accepted taxonomic relationships. It is critical that biological control researchers stay abreast of changes to plant phylogenies. One of the largest plant genera, Acacia, has undergone great change over the past 20 years and these changes have ramifications for weed biological control projects in a number of countries. Vachellia nilotica (prickly acacia) is a major weed in Australia, originating from the Indian subcontinent and Asia, and it has been a target for biological control since 1980. Once a member of Acacia, a large (>1,000 spp.) and iconic group in Australia, prickly acacia is now part of the genus Vachellia. Current knowledge suggests that Vachellia is more closely related to mimosoid genera than it is to Acacia s.s. There has also been a recent reclassification of legume subfamilies with subfamily Mimosoideae now part of subfamily Caesalpinioideae, and four new subfamilies. In this paper we review the changes that have occurred to this group since the prickly acacia biological control project began and discuss the implications for the project. A new host test list for quarantine testing is proposed. Developed following the modernisation of the centrifugal‐phylogenetic method, it is shorter than past lists, containing 46 species, although still lengthy because of the expectations of regulatory bodies, which are slower to accept advances in scientific knowledge. The list includes five Vachellia species, six “Mimoseae” species and 26 Acacia species. The number species from legume subfamilies other than the new Caesalpinioideae is greatly reduced.     

Genetic diversity within and among two Argentinean and one Mexican species of Acacia (Fabaceae)

Acacia is a pantropical genus comprising > 1450 species. Following Vassal's treatment Acacia is considered as a single genus with three subgenera (Acacia, Aculeiferum and Phyllodineae). Acacia caven, A. curvifructa and A. farnesiana belong to subgenus Acacia and the relationship between them is controversial. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the three species using amplified fragment length polymorphism, analysing 15 populations of these species, and to compare the results obtained with those from a morphological analysis. Genetic diversity indices (percentage of polymorphic loci, genetic diversity) showed that genetic variation in A. caven is higher than that in A. curvifructa and A. farnesiana. Of the total genetic diversity in A. caven and A. farnesiana, most is found within populations (∼70%). Analysis with STRUCTURE showed that the optimal number of clusters (K) was ten, and in all cases where populations were grouped they were geographically close and/or belong to the same variety. The morphological canonical discriminant analysis did not result in a separation between all individuals, indicating that they do not harbour consistent morphological discontinuities. Altogether, the results of our molecular analyses showed the existence of significant differences between A. caven, A. curvifructa and A. farnesiana, which argues for recognizing them as different species. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 177 , 593–606.     

Phylogenetic analysis of Acacia (Mimosaceae) as revealed from chloroplast RFLP data

 Chloroplast DNA of 22 species of Acacia (Tourn.) Miller was digested with ten restriction endonucleases, Southern-blotted and probed with cloned fragments covering the chloroplast genome of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Phyletic and phenetic analyses of the resulting 176 polymorphic bands recorded among the 22 species were performed. The phylogram was reconstructed using heuristic search and Wagner parsimony. The resulting most parsimonious consensus phylogram displayed three major phyletic lineages, consistent with the previously established three subgenera of Acacia. The 10 species of subgenus Acacia and the 6 species of subgenus Heterophyllum formed two monophyletic sister clades. The 5 species of subgenus Aculeiferum studied and Acacia albida (Syn. Faidherbia albida) grouped together and were basal to the clades of subgenera Acacia and Heterophyllum. The phylogram indicated that subgenus Heterophyllum diverged earlier from subgenus Aculeiferum than did subgenus Acacia; however, the phenogram indicated the reverse. The study indicated that A. nilotica and A. farnesiana are sister species, though A. nilotica is Afro-Asiatic and A. farnesiana is American. The phenogram separated the three subgenera in agreement with the phylogram, but the two dendrograms differed regarding the topologies of the species and the distance of evolution between subgenera Acacia and Heterophyllum. Received: 8 July 1998 / Accepted: 24 July 1998     

Stomatal conductance and transpiration of Acacia under field conditions: similarities and differences between leaves and phyllodes

Summary Leaf diffusive conductance and transpiration rates in response to situations of high evaporative demand were measured in 40 Acacia species varying widely with regard to the morphological and anatomical characters of their assimilatory organs. The measurements took place in south-eastern and central Australia, central Africa and south-western Europe and included species of all three subgenera of Acacia Mill. Soil moisture conditions and consequently the water status of the experimental plants varied between the different measuring sites, some of which were regularly watered. All the species investigated showed a similar daily pattern of diffusive conductance with a morning peak and a subsequent decrease, which was more pronounced in plants growing under water stress, indicating a decisive stomatal regulation of transpiration. A relationship between the structure of assimilatory organs and leaf diffusive conductance or transpiration rates per unit surface area could not be detected in the Australian acacias. However, there are indications that the leaves of the non-Australian species operate on higher conductances than the foliage of the Australian ones. It is suggested that the observed differences in the performance of African and Australian acacias reflect the deciduous or evergreen nature of foliage rather than structural differences. In regard to taxon-specific differentiation this might implicate an ecophysiological character which separates the evergreen species of the geographically isolated subgenus Heterophyllum from the deciduous species of the subgenera Aculeiferum and Acacia with an overlapping area of distribution.     

Molecular phylogeny in endemic weevils: revision of the genera of Macaronesian Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

A molecular phylogeny and lineage age estimates are presented for the Macaronesian representatives of the weevil subfamily Cryptorhynchinae, using two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 16S). The Bayesian reconstruction is supplemented by observations on morphology, ecology, and reproductive biology. The present study often corroborates the groups previously outlined in higher‐level informal taxonomies. These and further groups are now assigned new taxonomic status. The following genera and subgenera are described (formerly Acalles): Aeoniacalles gen. nov. , Canariacalles gen. nov. , Ficusacalles gen. nov. , Madeiracalles gen. nov. , Silvacalles gen. nov. (with Tolpiacalles subgen. nov. , Tagasastacalles subgen. nov. ), Sonchiacalles gen. nov. , Echiumacalles gen. nov. (monotypic), Lauriacalles gen. nov. (monotypic), and Pseudodichromacalles gen. nov. (monotypic; formerly Dichromacalles). For the western Palaearctic genus Acalles Schoenherr, 1825 the first subgenus Origoacalles subgen. nov. is described and for the genus Onyxacalles Stüben, 1999 the first subgenus Araneacalles subgen. nov. ; Paratorneuma Roudier 1956 resyn. Except for one species of Acalles (Origoacalles), all of these new higher taxa are endemic to the Macaronesian Islands. All new taxa are presented, together with their host plants and further data, in a synoptic tabular overview. Based on the results of our phylogenetic analysis, we advocate the hypothesis that the evolution of the species in the new genera (of which most group into a ‘Macaronesian clade’) began in the comparatively arid succulent bush zone and that the shady and humid laurel forest of the thermo‐Canarian and thermo‐Madeiran zone was entered much later. Our reconstruction implies that the Canarian and Madeiran archipelagos were colonized by Cryptorhynchinae at least seven times from the continent but saw only one considerable adaptive radiation. It also becomes apparent that it is the ancestor species of the genus Canariacalles– and not Pseudodichromacalles– that features a close connection to the south‐western European and north‐western African species of Dichromacalles s.s. Finally, a key is presented for all genera and subgenera of the Macaronesian Cryptorhynchinae. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 160 , 40–87.     

Reproductive biology and success of invasive Australian acacias in Portugal

Reproductive traits are crucial for the establishment and maintenance of populations in new areas, and therefore for the invasion process. This work aimed to study the reproductive biology of four aggressive invasive Australian Acacia spp. in Portugal. Fruit and seed set, seed weight and germinability, and seedling growth were assessed for self‐ and outcross treatments in invasive populations of A. dealbata, A. longifolia, A. melanoxylon and A. saligna. Acacia spp. showed different investments in the production of reproductive units and in natural reproductive success, with A. dealbata, the most aggressive species, having the highest investment and reproductive success. Acacia melanoxylon showed a different reproductive strategy, andromonoecy, contrasting with the other hermaphroditic species. Acacia spp. were shown to be predominantly self‐incompatible, but a low level of spontaneous selfing enabled the production of viable offspring. Acacia dealbata and A. longifolia suffered pollen limitation. Self‐progeny had lower viability than progeny from outcrossing for A. dealbata and A. melanoxylon. Acacia spp. did not show higher compatibility rates in comparison with the native area. They had low fruit set but, as a result of their massive flower production, their realized reproductive success was high and could have contributed to the invasion. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174 , 574–588.     

The 5S DNA units ofAcacia species (Mimosaceae)

The DNA sequence structure of 5S DNA units inAcacia species, including representatives from the three subgenera ofAcacia, have been determined. The data was interpreted to suggest that at least three lineages of 5S DNA sequences exist inAcacia and the proposal was made that the lineages be named5S Dna-1, 5S Dna-2, and5S Dna-3. The5S Dna-1 lineage was represented by units fromA. boliviana andA. bidwilli, the5S Dna-2 lineage by units fromA. melanoxylon, A. pycnantha, A. ulicifolia, A. boliviana, A. bidwillii, andA. albida, and the5S Dna-3 lineage by units fromA. bidwillii, A. boliviana, andA. senegal. Based on this interpretation of the sequence data, the Australian species of subg.Phyllodineae grouped together as a cluster, quite separate from the subgeneraAculeiferum andAcacia. As expected from the analyses of morphological characters, the 5S DNA units fromAcacia albida (syn.Faidherbia albida) were quite separate from the otherAcacia spp.     

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Arenaria (Caryophyllaceae: tribe Arenarieae) and its allies inferred from nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer and plastid DNA rps16 sequences

The systematics and phylogeny of the genus Arenaria and allied genera are unresolved. The use of morphological data has resulted in contradictory taxonomic concepts in the past due to their homoplastic nature. We present a phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and rps16 sequence data of 140 (132 taxa) and 131 (120 taxa) accessions, respectively. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of each marker produced nearly congruent trees. Monophyly of Arenaria s.s. and Eremogone is confirmed here. Our results corroborate earlier results indicating that Arenaria subgenus Odontostemma is monophyletic, but outside the core group of Arenaria. Arenaria subgenus Solitaria is sister to Odontostemma and also not closely related to the latter; both of these subgenera are excluded from Arenaria and treated as distinct genera. The molecular data indicate that the ‘Arenaria s.s. clade’ consists of a few well‐supported subgroups and that the current subgeneric classification of the genus does not reflect evolutionary history. Arenaria subgenus Leiosperma is clearly monophyletic, but we reduce it to sectional level. Our molecular data show that the monotypic Arenaria subgenera Porphyrantha and Arenariastrum are nested in A. subgenus Arenaria, whereas subgenus Eremogoneastrum is included in Eremogone. None of the species‐rich sections in subgenus Arenaria is monophyletic. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 178 , 648–669.     

Molecular phylogenetics of Acacia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) based on the chloroplast MATK coding sequence and flanking TRNK intron spacer regions

The tribe Acacieae (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) contains two genera, the monotypic African Faidherbia and the pantropical Acacia, which comprise about 1200 species with over 950 confined to Australia. As currently recognized, the genus Acacia is subdivided into three subgenera: subg. Acacia, subg. Aculeiferum, and the predominantly Australian subg. Phyllodineae. Morphological studies have suggested the tribe Acacieae and genus Acacia are artificial and have a close affinity to the tribe Ingeae. Based on available data there is no consensus on whether Acacia should be subdivided. Sequence analysis of the chloroplast trnK intron, including the matK coding region and flanking noncoding regions, indicate that neither the tribe Acacieae nor the genus Acacia are monophyletic. Two subgenera are monophyletic; section Filicinae of subgenus Aculeiferum does not group with taxa of the subgenus. Section Filicinae, eight Ingeae genera, and Faidherbia form a weakly supported paraphyletic grade with respect to subg. Phyllodineae. Acacia subg. Aculeiferum (s. s.) is sister to the grade. These data suggest that characters currently used to differentiate taxa at the tribal, generic, and subgeneric levels are polymorphic and homoplasious in cladistic analyses.     

Hidden diversity of Euscorpius (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) in Greece revealed by multilocus species‐delimitation approaches

Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Euscorpius (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) across the Mediterranean region (86 specimens, 77 localities, four DNA markers: 16S rDNA, COI, COII, and ITS1), focusing on Greek fauna, revealed high variation, deep clade divergences, many cryptic lineages, paraphyly at subgenus level, and sympatry of several new and formerly known lineages. Numerous specimens from mainland and insular Greece, undoubtedly the least studied region of the genus' distribution, have been included. The reconstructed phylogeny covers representative taxa and populations across the entire genus of Euscorpius. The deepest clades detected within Euscorpius correspond (partially) to its current subgeneric division, outlining subgenera Tetratrichobothrius and Alpiscorpius. The rest of the genus falls into several clades, including subgenus Polytrichobothrius and a paraphyletic subgenus Euscorpius s.s. Several cryptic lineages are recovered, especially on the islands. The inadequacy of the morphological characters used in the taxonomy of the genus to delineate species is discussed. Finally, the time frame of differentiation of Euscorpius in the study region is estimated and the distributional patterns of the lineages are contrasted with those of other highly diversified invertebrate genera occurring in the study region. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 110 , 728–748.     

Phylogenetic analysis of eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct Lespedeza (Fabaceae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid region sequences

Lespedeza (tribe Desmodieae, Fabaceae) follows a disjunct distribution in eastern Asia and eastern North America. Phylogenetic relationships among its species and related taxa were inferred from nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid sequences (trnH‐psbA, psbK‐psbI, trnK‐matK and rpoC1). We examined 35 species of Lespedeza, two of Kummerowia and one of Campylotropis, the sole constituents of the Lespedeza group. An analysis of these data revealed that the genus Campylotropis is sister to the other two genera. However, we were unable to resolve the relationships between Kummerowia and Lespedeza in the strict consensus trees of parsimony analyses based on plastid and combined DNA data. In the genus Lespedeza, the Old World subgenus Macrolespedeza is monophyletic, whereas the transcontinental subgenus Lespedeza is paraphyletic. Monophyly of eastern Asian species and of North American species is strongly supported. Although inconsistent with the traditional classification, this phylogenetic finding is consistent with seedling morphology. Three subgroups recognized in subgenus Macrolespedeza were unresolved in our phylogenetic trees. An incongruence length difference (ILD) test indicated that the two partitions (nuclear ITS and plastid sequences) were significantly incongruent, perhaps because of hybridization between species in Lespedeza. Most of the primary clades of tribe Desmodieae are Asian, implying that the relatively few New World ones, such as those in Lespedeza, are more recently derived from Asia. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 164 , 221–235.     

Phylogenetic position of Madagascan species of Acacia s.l. and new combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Fabaceae,Mimosoideae, Acacieae)

The recent worldwide effort to transfer all non‐Australian taxa of Acacia s.l. mostly to the genera Senegalia and Vachellia follows the acceptance of the proposed re‐typification of the genus with an Australian species. The Madagascan species have, as yet, not been included in phylogenetic studies of Acacia s.l. and their position in the new generic classification of Acacia s.l. is therefore still unclear. In this study, plastid DNA sequence data were generated for seven Madagascan species, included in existing matrices for Acacia s.l. and analysed to assess the placement of these species. The results indicate that the Madagascan species are placed either in Senegalia or Vachellia and conform to the morphological characters used to distinguish these genera, despite some taxa having unusual red flowers. New combinations are formalized for Senegalia baronii , S . hildebrandtii , S . kraussiana ssp. madagascariensis , S . menabeensis , S . meridionalis , S . pervillei , S . pervillei ssp. pubescens , S . polhillii , S . sakalava , S . sakalava ssp. hispida , V achellia bellula , V . myrmecophila and V . vigueri . Nomenclatural errors are also corrected for three African taxa and, as such, new combinations are provided for Senegalia fleckii , S . hamulosa and V achellia theronii . © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179 , 288–294.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Mexican minnows of the genus Notropis (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae)

We conducted phylogenetic analyses based on complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences among southern and central Mexican cyprinid species, included in the genera Notropis and Hybopsis. In addition 15 northern species of the genera Notropis and Hybopsis were included in the analyses in order to place the Mexican species into a larger phylogenetic framework. The phylogenetic relationships supported the existence of five major clades: (1) including species of the subgenus Alburnops of the genus Notropis plus N. shumardi; (2) species of the subgenus Notropis; (3) species of the genus Hybopsis; (4) species of the N. texanus + N. volucellus species group of the genus Notropis; (5) Mexican endemic species of the genus Notropis plus the genus Yuriria. Previous phylogenetic inferences based on morphological characters resolved the Mexican minnows analysed as N. sallaei, N. calientis, N. boucardi and Y. alta, non‐monophyletic. According to our cytochrome b evidence all Mexican minnows of the genera Notropis and Yuriria formed a monophyletic group with respect to the northern species of the genera Notropis and Hybopsis. Within the Mexican clade, three well‐supported clades were identified: the first included the closely related species N. moralesi and N. boucardi, which occur in three independent drainages of south Mexico; the second consisted of two different lineages, N. imeldae and an undescribed species of Notropis, inhabiting two independent drainages of south Mexico; the third comprised two central Mexican Notropis species (N. calientis and N. sallaei) and the Y. alta populations. Based on this study and pending a more extensive taxonomic revision of the genus Notropis, we adopt the conservative criterion of considering all Notropis species from southern and central Mexico examined, including Y. alta, as belonging to the genus Notropis. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 80 , 323–337.     

Molecular phylogenetics of Uvaria (Annonaceae): relationships with Balonga,Dasoclema and Australian species of Melodorum

An extended molecular phylogenetic analysis of Uvaria (Annonaceae) is presented, using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods, based on sequences of four plastid DNA regions (matK, psbA‐trnH spacer, rbcL and trnL‐F). The additional taxa include the monotypic West African genus Balonga, the monotypic South‐East Asian genus Dasoclema and seven Australian representatives of the genus Melodorum. The results indicate that all of these taxa are nested within a well‐supported clade otherwise consisting of Uvaria species, indicating that their taxonomic treatment needs to be reassessed. The distinguishing morphological characteristics of the taxa are re‐evaluated and interpreted as specialized adaptations of the basic Uvaria structure. The genus Uvaria is accordingly extended following the transfer of these species, necessitating six new nomenclatural combinations and two replacement names. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 163 , 33–43.     

Phylogeny and biogeography of Crinum L. (Amaryllidaceae) inferred from nuclear and limited plastid non-coding DNA sequences

The genus Crinum L. is the only pantropical genus of the Amaryllidaceae. Phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses of nrDNA ITS and plastid trnL-F sequences for all continental groups of the genus Crinum and related African genera are presented, with the genus Amaryllis used as outgroup. ITS indicates that C. baumii is more closely related to Ammocharis and Cybistetes than to Crinum sensu stricto . Three clades are resolved in Crinum s.s. One unites a monophyletic American group with tropical and North African species. The second includes all southern African species and the Australian endemic C. flaccidum . The third includes monophyletic Madagascar, Australasian and Sino-Himalayan clades, with southern African species. The trnL-F phylogeny resolves an American and an Asian/Madagscar clade, and confirms the relationship of C. flaccidum with species endemic to southern Africa. The salverform, actinomorphic perianths of subg. Crinum appear to have evolved several times in the genus from ancestors with zygomorphic perianths (subg. Codonocrinum ), thus neither subgenus is monophyletic. Biogeographical analyses place the origin of Crinum in southern Africa, as the region is optimized at all ancestral nodes in the tree topology, and in basal interior nodes of all but one of the major clades. The genus underwent three major waves of radiation corresponding to the three main clades resolved in our trees. Two entries into Australia for the genus are indicated, as are separate Sino-Himalayan and Australasian dispersal events.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 141 , 349–363.     

Cyanogenesis in Acacia pachyphloia

The cyanogenic glycoside, proacacipetalin, is reported from Acacia pachyphloia (Acacia subgenus Acacia). This represents the first record of a glycoside with an aliphatic aglycone from a species of Acacia indigenous to Australia. This finding reinforces the taxonomic distinctions between subgenus Acacia and subgenus Phyllodineae.