大珠母贝外套膜表皮细胞的超微结构

利用透射电系统地观察大珠母贝的外套有皮细胞，结果表明，细胞可分为５种，即柱状表皮细胞、凸细胞、电子透明大粒细胞、电子稠密粒细胞和电子透明小粒细胞。它们在不同区域的分布、形态和数量变化与外套膜的功能分化密切相关，尤其是与贝壳组分的分泌有关。结缔组织中也分布着许多闰细胞和电子稠密粒细胞，它们可作变形运动进入表皮层。     

真骨鱼类皮肤角质化衍生物——多细胞角质结节

同陆生脊椎动物一样,在水环境中生活的鱼类也存在皮肤角质化衍生物.鱼类皮肤角质化衍生物可以由表皮单个细胞的角质化而形成,此类衍生物通常称之为单细胞角质突起(Unicellular horny projections or unculi),它仅见于骨鳔类中底栖性鱼类,普遍分布在鱼类机体与其生活的底质相接触的部位,具有机械保护、固着或吸附、摄食和水动力效应等功用[1].此外,鱼类皮肤的角质化衍生物可由表皮或真皮的多个细胞角质化后聚集而形成,此类衍生物简称为多细胞角质结节(Multicellular horny tubercle)[2～4].在繁殖季节常出现在鱼类头部或鳞片上的珠星(Pearl organ)就是多细胞角质结节.虽然国内教科书也可见有关鱼类多细胞角质结节知识的介绍,但是所涉及的内容甚少.本文根据国外研究报道,简要介绍多细胞角质结节的种类、结构与功能、适应性进化以及其系统学研究价值.     

绒山蝠小肠细胞超微结构的研究

应用光镜和电镜,观察了绒山蝠小肠组织和细胞超微结构,首次报道了该动物小肠上皮分布有纤毛细胞。这种纤毛细胞,在其它动物小肠上还未发现,可能是绒山蝠对特殊食物一种适应性结构。     

三角帆蚌外套膜细胞的超微结构

用透射电镜观察了三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii Lea)外套膜细胞的超徽结构。外套膜内表皮细胞中,有具纤毛的柱状细胞,顶端具小分泌泡的杯状细胞,胞质中含大分泌泡以及线粒体聚集成群的柱状细胞四类。各类表皮细胞的细胞质电子密度和内含物均有差异。细胞核呈椭圆或棒形。线粒体和高尔基体多分布在细胞核上方细胞的游离端。各类细胞游离表面都密生微绒毛,其中内表皮的柱状细胞还着生有纤毛,但无分泌泡。其余几种表皮细胞在细胞顶部都具有大小不等,电子密度不同的分泌泡。在外表皮中只观察到一般的柱状表皮细胞和胞质中具有成群线粒体的细胞两类。另外,外表皮细胞中具有较多的溶酶体。从三角帆蚌外套膜表皮细胞超微结构来看,内、外表皮都具有分泌和吸收机能。内表皮的纤毛柱状细胞有运动功能,而外表皮细胞有较强的消化吸收功能。     

食鱼蝙蝠Merkel细胞的分布及超微结构

本文通过免疫组织化学与透射电子显微镜技术对食鱼蝙蝠Merkel细胞的分布及超微结构进行了详尽的研究.研究表明,Merkel细胞广泛存在于食鱼蝙蝠背部、腹部、股间膜、脚掌、翼膜皮肤的凸起、毛囊及表皮的基层.脚掌Merkel细胞的密度显著多于其他部位.这些结果意味着Merkel细胞可能与触觉有关：凸起物毛发对空气流动敏感,它可能通过感知身体周围空气的流动来调节飞行过程中的姿势.超微结构表明,与其他脊椎动物相比,食鱼蝙蝠的Merkel细胞含有较多的中间纤维及较大的内含物颗粒.     

木姜子油细胞发育的超微结构研究

利用超薄切片法和透射电镜研究了木姜子（Litsea pungens Hemsl.）油细胞的发育过程。油细胞3层细胞壁的发育可分为4个阶段,阶段1：油细胞仅有初生纤维素壁层,又可分为原始细胞和细胞 泡化两个时期。此阶段质体具透明小泡和黑色嗜锇物质,并与液泡融合。阶段2：木栓质化壁层的形成,片层状木栓质不断叠加在初生纤维素壁内侧,其细胞结构与前期相似,阶段3：内纤维素壁层的形成,较厚而松散的内纤维素壁层叠加在木栓质化壁层的内侧,在内纤维素壁层中可见黑色嗜锇物质,胞间连丝成为被阻塞的特化结构,此时大液泡被嗜锇油脂充满,成为油囊。阶段4：油细胞成熟及细胞质解体,杯形构造由内纤维素壁层向细胞腔内突起形成,油囊由液泡膜包被连接到杯形构造上,油呈浅灰色嗜锇状态,其细胞质和细胞器解体,变得电子不透明或呈杂乱状态。     

过表达细胞周期蛋白的Dl对成熟表皮细胞去分化为表皮干细胞的作用

目的：观察过表达细胞周期蛋白D1（CCND1）对成熟表皮细胞去分化为表皮干细胞的调控作用。方法：构建携带CCND1基因的真核表达载体PEGFP-N1-CCND1,将PEGFP-N1-CCND1转染人成熟表皮细胞,5 d后,倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态;细胞计数法观察细胞的增殖情况;免疫荧光法检测表皮干细胞标志抗原β1整合素和成熟表皮细胞标志抗原CK10的表达变化。结果：转染PEGFP-N1-CCND1后,细胞体积变小,核浆比例增大;细胞增殖较快,细胞数量比对照组增加了4倍（P<0.01）;表型检测结果显示,转染PEGFP-N1-CCND1组,表达干细胞标志性蛋白β1整合素表达阳性,成熟表皮细胞标志性蛋白CK10表达阴性,而转染空载体组则相反。结论：CCND1过表达能够诱导成熟表皮细胞去分化为表皮干细胞。     

两种地老虎幼虫表皮结构的研究

小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg)幼虫表皮,在透射电镜下观察,上表皮外层是电子密度很高的一薄层,内层较厚,但电子密度不如外层,有时可见到很多蜡道.5龄幼虫蜕皮进入6龄前,已经形成4层原表皮,脱皮以后,以每6小时沉积一层的速率增加,即每日增加4层,至末龄幼虫老熟时,约有60多层.每个片层的两侧是平行纤丝,中间是弧形纤丝.在沉积片层时,几丁质以颗粒形式垂直向外分泌,逐渐形成弯曲的纤丝,最终成为抛物线形,各片层之间是间断的,片层内部是连续的,在扫描电镜下并可看到分离的薄层.大地老虎A. tokionis Butler幼虫表皮在偏光镜下,呈明暗相间的片层.原表皮中的孔道呈新月形管状,早期可见到管道微丝.在具有泡状物的原表皮内,孔道有较厚的管壁,并有分支.     

沙打旺组织培养中脱分化细胞的超微结构及细胞核的动态变化

对沙打旺的下胚轴、子叶、幼叶组织培养中脱分化细胞进行了超微结构观察,并着重讨论了细胞核的动态变化。脱分化细胞的细胞质中线粒体墙加,嵴明显;多聚核糖体增多;高尔基体增加;质体中积累淀粉。核仁与核内异染色质之间有一个动态过程。此过程暂称“核仁物质喷射“现象。在致有以下：１．核体出现,半嵌在增大的核仁上,核内异染色质沿核膜凝聚;２．异染色质移向核仁,并与核仁接触,核体消失,部分异质进入核仁;３．核仁物质     

Ultrastructure of epidermal sensory receptors in Amphibolurus barbatus (Lacertilis: Agamidae)

Summary The histological and ultrastructural organisation of the epidermal sensory organs in Amphibolurus barbatus has been described with respect to their position and possible functions. The sensory organs, located at the scale's edge, are most numerous in scales of the dorsal surface of the head. Most other scales of the body surface have two receptors located laterally to the spine or keel of the scale. In the imbricate scales of the ventral body region, the receptors lie just beneath the reinforced scale lip. Scanning electron microscopy has revealed the surface of the organ to be a crater lacking any surface projections. These sensory organs have a dermal papilla consisting of a nerve plexus and loose connective tissue. The nerve fibres arising from the plexus, pass to the epidermal columnar cells, where some form nerve terminals at the base of the cells, while others pass between them to form nerve terminals embedded in a superficial layer of cuboidal cells. The superficial terminals are held against the overlying keratin by masses of tonofilaments. The keratin is thickened to form a collar around the periphery of the organ but is only about 0.5 m thick immediately above it. Mechanical deformation of the scale's spine or reinforced scale lip may initiate stimulation of the nerve terminals described.     

Epidermis and protonephridia of a free-living platyhelminth, Mesocastrada führmanni Voltz, 1898 (Rhabdocoela, Typhloplanoida): An ultrastructural study

The ultrastructure of the epidermis and the protonephridia of the free-living rhabdocoel Mesoscastrada führmanni is described. The epidermis consists of polarized cells, the nucleus located in the basal part of the cell and the mitochondria in the apical part. The surface is entirely covered by cilia anchored in the cytoplasm by horizontal and vertical striated rootlets. Cilia of the flame bulbs also have horizontal and vertical striated rootlets. The weir apparatus of the cyrtocyte is composed of a single row of ribs connected by a thin “membrane” of extracellular material. Bundles of microtubules, located in the ribs originate in the centrioles. Epidermal cells and flame bulbs of M. führmanni closely resemble those of the other Typhloplanoida examined so far.     

松江鲈鱼皮肤的显微和亚显微结构

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜,对松江鲈鱼(Trachidermus fasciatus)成体皮肤的显微和亚显微结构进行了观察。结果表明,松江鲈鱼体表不同部位皮肤的厚薄不一,但基本结构相似。皮肤由表皮和真皮层构成。松江鲈鱼的皮肤裸露无鳞,表皮层较薄,由约4～8层细胞构成,主要由复层上皮细胞和黏液细胞及基底细胞组成。表层细胞呈扁平、多边形,细胞之间主要靠桥粒紧密连接,连接处形成增厚的边缘嵴状突起。表皮细胞游离面向内凹陷,表面形成指纹状微嵴。黏液细胞呈圆形或卵圆形,散布在上皮细胞之间。黏液细胞内的黏原颗粒具有椭圆颗粒状、均匀致密的块状和疏松丝状3种不同形态。真皮通过基膜与表皮相连,由稀疏层和致密层构成。真皮结缔组织在腹部较厚而在其他部位较薄。表皮与真皮连接处有色素层,头部、背部、尾柄和体侧皮肤色素细胞分布多,色素层明显,而腹部和颏部皮肤缺少色素。松江鲈鱼黄河群体真皮层中有角质棘状突起,而滦河群体则无。头部、体侧和尾柄处皮肤上还分布有侧线孔和表面神经丘等感觉器官。     

The Diversity and Distribution of the Fruit Bat Fauna (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Megachiroptera) of Danjugan Island, Cauayan, Negros Occidental, Philippines (with Notes on the Microchiroptera)

Bats are the most diverse mammalian order in the Philippines and whilst many endemic and threatened species have been documented, they are also probably the least well-known order. Negros Island (central Visayas, Philippines) represents one of the ten highest-ranking sites globally for megachiropteran diversity, and is listed as a priority area for the establishment of protected areas for megachiropteran conservation. It is also listed as a priority site for survey work. The current study undertook mist-netting, roost and observation surveys of the bat fauna of Danjugan Island, off the west coast of Negros Occidental, to inventory the bat species present and to provide baseline ecological information to identify key areas of conservation concern. Eight species – five megachiropterans and three microchiropterans – were recorded over the course of the study, representing over 10% of the total Philippine bat fauna. Four of the species are new records for the island, and three are IUCN Red Listed. The results show that the island provides important cave- and tree-roosting areas for the local populations of several endemic and globally endangered species and sub-species. Already designated with reserve status, and with an environmental education programme established within the local communities, the island may be considered of national and global importance for bat conservation. Recommendations are given for future management.     

扩张莫尼茨绦虫(绦虫纲:圆叶目)卵黄细胞发育的超微结构

用透射电镜观察了扩张莫尼茨绦虫(Moniezia expansa)卵黄细胞发育的全过程。扩张莫尼茨绦虫卵黄细胞发育的规律为：(1)细胞体积不断增大;(2)质、核比不断增加而核体积几乎不发生改变,核表面从规则变为不规则,再由不规则变为规则,核内出现染色质浓缩成小块再分散的发育变化过程;(3)线粒体逐渐增多,发育不断完善;(4)粗面内质网及高尔基复合体出现由少到多,发育不断完善,再由多到少不断退化的变化;(5)由高尔基复合体组装的电子致密的小卵黄囊不断融合,至卵黄细胞成熟时仅有一卵黄囊,占据细胞大部分体积[动物学报49(2)：256—261,2003]。     

Ultrastructure of the developing thymus of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens)

Summary A study of the ultrastructure of the developing thymus of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) revealed that the thymus had undergone all of the major changes which would persist through larval life and metamorphosis by the time that the animals had reached larval stage IV of Taylor and Kollros (1946). These changes included development of an outer, lymphoid cortical region and an inner, essentially nonlymphoid medulla; mitotic activity among lymphoid cell precursors and the formation of the first small lymphocytes; development of complex cysts containing PAS-positive material and the appearance of other signs of secretory activity among epithelial cells of the medulla; and differentiation of large myoid cells containing bundles of striated muscle fibrils. The changes are particularly noteworthy because they first appear during a period in which the animals are known to be developing the capacity to respond immunologically to allografts.Supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health number GM-11782 to E.P.V.