Boiling method for the extraction of gut glucagon-like immunoreactive materials.

The boiling method deviced in accordance with the extraction procedure of secretin was applied to the extraction of gut glucagon-like immunoreactive material (GLI) and compared with the acid alcohol method of Kenny with respect to efficiency of the extraction and property of the extracted materials. GLI was extracted from minced porcine small intestine by each method. The total amount of GLI extracted by the boiling method was 14.45+/-2.07 mug/10g small intestine (mean+/-SE), showing a high yield as compared to 4.07+/-0.29 mug/10 g small intestine obtained by the acid alcohol method. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.005). The gel chromatogram of the acid alcohol extract was separated into two peaks; peak 1 appeared before the the insulin marker, while peak II was eluted with the glucagon marker. The chromatogram of the boiling extract has a main broad fraction including insulin marker and a minor second peak corresponding to peak II of the acid alcohol extract. Boiling of the acid alcohol extract did not cause any shift of peak I in chromatogram. GLI present in the first half of the main fraction of the boiling extract was different from that in the latter half, but identical to peak I of the acid alcohol extract with respect to the immunoreactivity against glucagon antibody. It is concluded that in the extraction of GLI not only high yield is achieved but one or more new components is picked up by the boiling procedure as compared to the acid alcohol method.     

A New Drying Method of Plant Specimens for Scanning Electron Microscopy the t-Butyl Alcohol Freeze-Drying Method

The t-butyl alcohol freeze-drying method (lnoue and Osatake 1988) is a simple drying method of biological materials for scanning electron microscopy Fixed specimens were immersed in t-butyl alcohol after dehydration throgh a graded series of ethanol. Specimens in the alcohol were then forzen in a refrigerator. They were placed in the bell jar of a vacuum evaporator and simply evacuated with a rotary pump. The samples were completely dried within 40–60 min after the frozen alcohol was sublimated in the vacuum, when the specimen was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), both surface and intracellular structures were demonstrated in three-dimension without any significant drying artifacts. Careful comparison of the results indicated that the SEM imayes obtained by this method were either superior or equal to those obtained by the critical point drying method.     

一种免受乙醇干扰的GOD的酶电极

将酶电极应用于发酵糖的测定时。与糖共存的乙醇常常会影响测糖的准确性,通过对葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)电极的研究,探讨了乙醇对测糖酶电极测定影响,进而研制出抗干扰的GOD酶电极,若是GOD电极的酶膜通过夹心法制备．在乙醇含量为0．1％(V／V)时·即产生显著的影响,使测定结果偏大4．3%,且乙醇的影响随浓度的升高而增大,若用尼龙网固定GOD膜,GOD电极在测定20mmol／L和5mm01／L左右的葡萄糖溶液时,含量高达9％的乙醇仍未对测定产生显著的影响．表现出良好的不受乙醇干扰的特性,并且,该尼龙网GOD电极具有良好的重复性、稳定的响应活性及较长的保存期．     

Effect of long-term alcohol intake on the innervation of the rat myocardium

The myocardium of rats kept on DeCarli and Lieber's liquid diet containing alcohol to 36% of the total calories for 8 weeks were examined with Falck-Hillarp's method for the histologic demonstration of catecholamines. Relative fluorescence intensity of the myocardial cells and nerves was measured with the Zeiss-Fluoval microphotometer. Under the effect of alcohol, density of the noradrenergic innervation (number of visualized nerve fibres) decreases and fluorescence of myocardial cells is intensified. The increased fluorescence of myocardial cells can be eliminated with reserpine. It is assumed that chronic alcohol intake induces continuous catecholamine release from monoaminergic nerve fibres of the heart.     

Effect of long-term alcohol intake on the cardiovascular system of the rat

A group of rats was fed on control liquid diet, while another group was fed on liquid diet containing alcohol up to 36% of the total calories. After 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment ECG, haematocrit, histological structure of the heart, blood pressure, cardiac output, distribution of the organ fraction of cardiac output (by Sapirstein's method and 85Sr labelled microsphere technique), nutritive blood flow and circulatory resistance of the organs were studied. A mild repolarization disturbance was shown by the ECG record of the alcohol exposed animals. Haematocrit values and the histological structure of the heart did not change in any of the groups. Relative heart weight increased, blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and nutritive blood flow of the myocardium decreased, while myocardial vascular resistance increased. There was no significant interaction between the effects of alcohol and the duration of exposure to alcohol for any of the parameters monitored. It is concluded that chronic alcohol intake should be taken into consideration in aetiology of ischaemic heart disease.     

薄层色谱法鉴定天麻胶囊中的天麻素

为了建立天麻胶囊中主要有效成分天麻素的快速鉴定方法,根据天麻素的理化特性,使用乙醇和甲醇提取天麻胶囊中的天麻素,使用薄层色谱法进行鉴定,并与高效液相色谱法的分析结果进行比较。结果表明,薄层色谱法的鉴定结果与高效液相色谱法的检测结果一致,能较准确地鉴别天麻胶囊的真伪。本研究结果表明薄层色谱法能快速简便、准确灵敏地检测天麻胶囊中的有效成分,可作为法定鉴定方法的补充,对天麻胶囊实施快速初筛。     

Observing Pollen Tubes Within the Styles of Zea Mays L.

With the method herein described, pollen tubes of Zea mays L. could be observed within the style, from the exposed stigmatic surface to the base of the style. At different periods after pollination whole ears were fixed and stored in Karpechenko's modification of Navashin's solution. Silks were removed from the ears, dehydrated in an ethyl alcohol series up to 80%, and stored therein. The preparation of the slides was as follows: (1) 50% ethyl alcohol, 2 minutes (2) 15% ethyl alcohol, 2 minutes (3) boiling distilled water, 10 minutes (4) 1% potassium permanganate, 15 minutes for a 4 cm. portion of silk and 1 hour for a whole silk (5) 1% oxalic acid, long enough for the silk to turn white (6) 70% ethyl alcohol, 2 minutes (7) macerating solution (equal parts of concentrated HO and 95% ethyl alcohol), 1 hour (8) 70% ethyl alcohol, 2 minutes or stored until examination (9) lactophenol, 2 minutes (10) mounted in lactophenol and (11) squashed. The preparations were examined with a dark field microscope.     

Enzymatic determination of veratryl alcohol

A rapid and sensitive method was developed for the measurement of veratryl alcohol--a secondary metabolite of some lignin degrading fungi. The method is based on the enzymatic oxidation of veratryl alcohol to veratraldehyde by the ligninase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The purified enzymes oxidized veratryl alcohol completely to veratraldehyde (75%) and some unidentified products. The enzymatic method was applied to measure veratryl alcohol in the culture filtrates of Chrysosporium pruinosum and it gave the same results as the conventional method involving extraction and separation by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Benefits and limitations of the method are discussed.     

Comparative study on the antimicrobial effect of 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% isopropyl alcohol on the normal flora of hands.

A gloved-hand wash method was used to compare the antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine gluconate alcohol emollient hand wash (HIBISTAT) with that of 70% isopropyl alcohol on the normal flora of the hands (81 subjects) under conditions designed to mimic use by surgeons. Results of the immediate postwash effects on the bacterial counts for all 3 tests days showed that chlorhexidine significantly reduced the normal flora of the hands. When compared with the base line bacterial counts, there was 85, 96, and 98% reduction with chlorhexidine treatment and 84, 93, and 90% reduction with alcohol treatment on days 1,2, and 5, respectively. The difference between chlorhexidine and alcohol treatments was not statistically significant on days 1 and 2, but was significant on day 5 (P less than 0.01). For delayed postwash bacterial counts (for persistent antimicrobial effects), the overall log means were 4.9943 and 5.4684 for chlorhexidine and alcohol treatments, respectively. The difference between the two treatments was significant (P less than 0.01). After the chlorhexidien treatment, there was no significant growth of bacteria over a period of 6 h when compared with the base line bacterial counts.     

Comparative study on the antimicrobial effect of 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% isopropyl alcohol on the normal flora of hands.

A gloved-hand wash method was used to compare the antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine gluconate alcohol emollient hand wash (HIBISTAT) with that of 70% isopropyl alcohol on the normal flora of the hands (81 subjects) under conditions designed to mimic use by surgeons. Results of the immediate postwash effects on the bacterial counts for all 3 tests days showed that chlorhexidine significantly reduced the normal flora of the hands. When compared with the base line bacterial counts, there was 85, 96, and 98% reduction with chlorhexidine treatment and 84, 93, and 90% reduction with alcohol treatment on days 1,2, and 5, respectively. The difference between chlorhexidine and alcohol treatments was not statistically significant on days 1 and 2, but was significant on day 5 (P less than 0.01). For delayed postwash bacterial counts (for persistent antimicrobial effects), the overall log means were 4.9943 and 5.4684 for chlorhexidine and alcohol treatments, respectively. The difference between the two treatments was significant (P less than 0.01). After the chlorhexidien treatment, there was no significant growth of bacteria over a period of 6 h when compared with the base line bacterial counts.     

Mapping of the active site of alcohol dehydrogenase with low-molecular ligands

In search of an active alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, the structure of which may serve as the basis for a potential drug design, the active site of alcohol dehydrogenase containing NAD and Zn²⁺ ions was mapped using the method of molecular mechanics. Molecular docking was performed using a number of ligands containing characteristic functional groups: formate ion, ammonia, ammonium ion, methanol, and methylamine. Sites of preferable binding were revealed for each ligand and arranged in order of decreasing energy of binding to the enzyme. A comparison of the predicted ligand-binding sites and the experimental data on the location of water and inhibitor binding sites in the known structures of corresponding alcohol dehydrogenase complexes indicated a coincidence of the complex formation sites, which confirms the validity of the method and provides the requirements for a highly effective inhibitor (the pharmacophore model).     

丹参酚酸水提取工艺的研究

本文以药典规定的水溶性总酚酸紫外吸收度为检测指标,考察了丹参酚酸的最佳提取工艺。研究结果表明,最佳提取工艺为：采用16倍水煎煮,每次煎煮时间不能超过0．5h,煎煮4次后基本提取完全。另外本文还对水提液的醇沉工艺进行了考察,研究结果表明50％醇沉的效果最好。     

Preparing Specimens of Bone and Teeth for Cutting by the Paraffin Method

A method of preparing bone or teeth for sectioning is described which involves the following steps: 48 hr. in 1:10 formalin; 24 hr. in 70% alcohol; decalcification for several days in 10% HNO₃; rinsing and transferring to 2% potassium alum for 12 hr.; rinsing and treating with 5% NaHCO₃ (or Li₂CO₃) for 24 hr.; washing for 12-24 hr.; then passing through ascending grades of alcohol to xylene. In the case of developing teeth, a slightly different procedure is recommended: fixation in Heidenhain's Susa till hard tissue is decalcified; 24 hr. in 96% alcohol (with three changes); 24 hr. in absolute alcohol (with one change); clearing in xylene or chloroform, and embedding in paraffin.     

A comparative evaluation of alcoholic motivation in animals by 2 behavioral methods]

The attitude of outbred white male rats to alcohol was determined by means of two behavioural methods--the method of free choice of alcohol or water and of reaction of preference of place (PP) connected with taking of alcohol. Conclusion is made about greater adequacy of PP application for determination of alcohol motivation in animals.     

Preparation, characterization, and properties of chitosan-g-poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymer

The graft copolymer chitosan-g-poly(vinyl alcohol), with nontoxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, was prepared by a novel method. The copolymer with porous net structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is a potential method to combine chitosan with the synthetic polymers. The grafting reactions were conducted with various poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/6-O-succinate-N-phthaloyl-chitosan (PHCSSA) feed ratios to obtain chitosan-g-poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers with various PVA contents. The chemical structure of the chitosan-g-poly(vinyl alcohol) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and SEM were also detected to characterize the copolymer.     

Optimization of process parameters for the continuous production of alcohol with a cell immobilized bioreactor

The optimum values of substrate concentration, pH and temperature for higher yields of alcohol in cell immobilized bioreactor using alginate entrapped cells of yeasts for continuous fermentation of alcohol were obtained employing full factorial search. The results indicate that the yield of alcohol is predominantly influenced by the substrate concentration and temperature, both individually and in combination. The pH, on the other hand, has no significant influence. The path of steepest ascent method has been used to optimise the alcohol yield. A best alcohol yield has been obtained with 23.5% substrate concentration, 30°C temperature and at pH 5.0.     

Modeling the Release of Betaine Extracted from Sugar Beet Molasses in the Structure of Fast-Dissolving Electrospun Fibers of Plantago ovata Seed Gum

Food Biophysics - This study aimed to extract betaine from sugar beet molasses using the cloud point method and encapsulate it in fast-dissolving fibers of Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/Plantago ovata...     

Overcoming the thermodynamic limitation in asymmetric hydrogen transfer reactions catalyzed by whole cells

Whole lyophilized cells of an Escherichia coli overexpressing the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-'A') from Rhodococcus ruber DSM 44541 were used for the asymmetric reduction of ketones to secondary alcohols. The recycling of the required nicotinamide cofactor (NADH) was achieved in a coupled-substrate process. In the course of the reaction the ketone is reduced to the alcohol and the hydrogen donor 2-propanol is oxidized to acetone by one enzyme. This leads to a thermodynamic equilibrium between all four components determining the maximum achievable conversion. To overcome this limitation an in situ product removal technique (ISPR) for the application with whole cells was developed. In this method the most volatile compound is separated from the reaction vessel by an air flow resulting in a shift of the equilibrium towards the desired secondary alcohol. The so-called stripping process represents a simple and efficient method to overcome the thermodynamic limitation in biocatalytic reactions. Employing this method, the conversion of selected biotransformations was increased up to completeness.     

两种不同方法制备的黑木耳多糖性质比较

本研究以黑木耳子实体为材料,对比了壳聚糖絮凝法制备的絮凝多糖HJD-1和传统水提醇沉法制备的醇沉多糖HJD-2的表观结构、α-葡萄糖甘酶抑制活性以及体外抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的活性。结果表明：（1）壳聚糖絮凝法制备粗多糖得率均值为4.76%,是醇沉法的2.17倍;醇沉法制备多糖的损失率为33.87%,是絮凝法的1.36倍;（2）絮凝多糖HJD-1和醇沉多糖HJD-2的表观评估及复溶性结果分析显示：絮凝多糖HJD-1为亮白色透明晶体,色泽均匀,颗粒规整;醇沉多糖HJD-2为棕褐色,颗粒状,有砂质感,前者相较后者的复溶性更好;（3）对α-葡萄糖甘酶抑制活性以及体外抗肿瘤能力结果分析表明：在相同浓度下,壳聚糖絮凝法制备黑木耳多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制效果优于醇提法;絮凝多糖HJD-1对HepG2细胞的增殖抑制作用强于醇沉多糖HJD-2。     

Optimization of laccase production by Botryosphaeria sp. in the presence of veratryl alcohol by the response-surface method

Botryosphaeria sp. produced two laccases (PPO-I and PPO-II) constitutively, whose titers were enhanced by veratryl alcohol. The effect of veratryl alcohol and yeast extract concentration, time of cultivation and agitation speed were evaluated by factorial analysis to select variables for optimizing the production of laccases. Maximal laccase production was determined using a second-order central-composite design and analyzed by the response-surface method. Veratryl alcohol concentration and time of cultivation were the main factors increasing laccase production, while yeast extract had no influence within the range 0.2–2.0% w/v. Response-surface analysis showed that 30.4 mM veratryl alcohol, for 4.5 days at 28°C and 180 rpm, were the optimal conditions to maximize PPO-I production, while conditions for maximal PPO-II production occurred within a range of 28–35 mM veratryl alcohol over a growth period of 4–5.5 days. The model predicted 5.6 U ml⁻¹ for PPO-I, and 0.6–1.0 U ml⁻¹ for PPO-II, which agreed with the experimentally observed results.