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1.
Shardendu K. Singh Girish Badgujar Vangimalla R. Reddy David H. Fleisher James A. Bunce 《Journal of plant physiology》2013
Nutrients such as phosphorus may exert a major control over plant response to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (CO2), which is projected to double by the end of the 21st century. Elevated CO2 may overcome the diffusional limitations to photosynthesis posed by stomata and mesophyll and alter the photo-biochemical limitations resulting from phosphorus deficiency. To evaluate these ideas, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was grown in controlled environment growth chambers with three levels of phosphate (Pi) supply (0.2, 0.05 and 0.01 mM) and two levels of CO2 concentration (ambient 400 and elevated 800 μmol mol−1) under optimum temperature and irrigation. Phosphate deficiency drastically inhibited photosynthetic characteristics and decreased cotton growth for both CO2 treatments. Under Pi stress, an apparent limitation to the photosynthetic potential was evident by CO2 diffusion through stomata and mesophyll, impairment of photosystem functioning and inhibition of biochemical process including the carboxylation efficiency of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxyganase and the rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration. The diffusional limitation posed by mesophyll was up to 58% greater than the limitation due to stomatal conductance (gs) under Pi stress. As expected, elevated CO2 reduced these diffusional limitations to photosynthesis across Pi levels; however, it failed to reduce the photo-biochemical limitations to photosynthesis in phosphorus deficient plants. Acclimation/down regulation of photosynthetic capacity was evident under elevated CO2 across Pi treatments. Despite a decrease in phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations in leaf tissue and reduced stomatal conductance at elevated CO2, the rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area when measured at the growth CO2 concentration tended to be higher for all except the lowest Pi treatment. Nevertheless, plant biomass increased at elevated CO2 across Pi nutrition with taller plants, increased leaf number and larger leaf area. 相似文献
2.
The growth response of Dutch salt marsh species (C3 and C4) to atmospheric CO2 enrichment was investigated. Tillers of the C3 speciesElymus athericus were grown in combinations of 380 and 720 11-1 CO2 and low (O) and high (300 mM NaCl) soil salinity. CO2 enrichment increased dry matter production and leaf area development while both parameters were reduced at high salinity. The relative growth response to CO2 enrichment was higher under saline conditions. Growth increase at elevated CO2 was higher after 34 than 71 days. A lower response to CO2 enrichment after 71 days was associated with a decreased specific leaf area (SLA). In two other experiments the effect of CO2 (380 and 720 11-1) on growth of the C4 speciesSpartina anglica was studied. In the first experiment total plant dry weight was reduced by 20% at elevated CO2. SLA also decreased at high CO2. The effect of elevated CO2 was also studied in combination with soil salinity (50 and 400 mM NaCl) and flooding. Again plant weight was reduced (10%) at elevated CO2, except under the combined treatment high salinity/non-flooded. But these effects were not significant. High salinity reduced total plant weight while flooding had no effect. Causes of the salinity-dependent effect of CO2 enrichment on growth and consequences of elevated CO2 for competition between C3 and C4 species are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Increased biomass production in terrestrial ecosystems with elevated atmospheric CO2 may be constrained by nutrient limitations as a result of increased requirement or reduced availability caused by reduced
turnover rates of nutrients. To determine the short-term impact of nitrogen (N) fertilization on plant biomass production
under elevated CO2, we compared the response of N-fertilized tallgrass prairie at ambient and twice-ambient CO2 levels over a 2-year period. Native tallgrass prairie plots (4.5 m diameter) were exposed continuously (24 h) to ambient
and twice-ambient CO2 from 1 April to 26 October. We compared our results to an unfertilized companion experiment on the same research site. Above-
and belowground biomass production and leaf area of fertilized plots were greater with elevated than ambient CO2 in both years. The increase in biomass at high CO2 occurred mainly aboveground in 1991, a dry year, and belowground in 1990, a wet year. Nitrogen concentration was lower in
plants exposed to elevated CO2, but total standing crop N was greater at high CO2. Increased root biomass under elevated CO2 apparently increased N uptake. The biomass production response to elevated CO2 was much greater on N-fertilized than unfertilized prairie, particularly in the dry year. We conclude that biomass production
response to elevated CO2 was suppressed by N limitation in years with below-normal precipitation. Reduced N concentration in above- and belowground
biomass could slow microbial degradation of soil organic matter and surface litter, thereby exacerbating N limitation in the
long term. 相似文献
4.
Daily and seasonal CO2 exchange in Scots pine grown under elevated O3 and CO2: experiment and simulation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Starting in early spring of 1994, naturally regenerated, 30-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were grown in open-top chambers and exposed in situ to doubled ambient O3,doubled ambient CO2 and a combination of O3 and CO2 from 15 April to 15 September. To investigate daily and seasonal responses of CO2 exchange to elevated O3 and CO2, the CO2 exchange of shoots was measured continuously by an automatic system for measuring gas exchange during the course of one year (from 1 Januray to 31 December 1996). A process-based model of shoot photosynthesis was constructed to quantify modifications in the intrinsic capacity of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance by simulating the daily CO2 exchange data from the field. Results showed that on most days of the year the model simulated well the daily course of shoot photosynthesis. Elevated O3 significantly decreased photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance during the whole photosynthetic period. Elevated O3 also led to a delay in onset of photosynthetic recovery in early spring and an increase in the sensitivity of photosynthesis to environmental stress conditions. The combination of elevated O3 and CO2 had an effect on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance similar to that of elevated O3 alone, but significantly reduced the O3-induced depression of photosynthesis. Elevated CO2 significantly increased the photosynthetic capacity of Scots pine during the main growing season but slightly decreased it in early spring and late autumn. The model calculation showed that, compared to the control treatment, elevated O3 alone and the combination of elevated O3 and CO2 decreased the annual total of net photosynthesis per unit leaf area by 55% and 38%, respectively. Elevated CO2 increased the annual total of net photosynthesis by 13%. 相似文献
5.
Ladislav ?igut Petra Holi?ová Karel Klem Mirka ?prtová Carlo Calfapietra Michal V. Marek Vladimír ?punda Otmar Urban 《Annals of botany》2015,116(6):929-939
Background and Aims Plants growing under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations often have reduced stomatal conductance and subsequently increased leaf temperature. This study therefore tested the hypothesis that under long-term elevated CO2 the temperature optima of photosynthetic processes will shift towards higher temperatures and the thermostability of the photosynthetic apparatus will increase.Methods The hypothesis was tested for saplings of broadleaved Fagus sylvatica and coniferous Picea abies exposed for 4–5 years to either ambient (AC; 385 µmol mol−1) or elevated (EC; 700 µmol mol−1) CO2 concentrations. Temperature response curves of photosynthetic processes were determined by gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence techniques.Key Results Initial assumptions of reduced light-saturated stomatal conductance and increased leaf temperatures for EC plants were confirmed. Temperature response curves revealed stimulation of light-saturated rates of CO2 assimilation (Amax) and a decline in photorespiration (RL) as a result of EC within a wide temperature range. However, these effects were negligible or reduced at low and high temperatures. Higher temperature optima (Topt) of Amax, Rubisco carboxylation rates (VCmax) and RL were found for EC saplings compared with AC saplings. However, the shifts in Topt of Amax were instantaneous, and disappeared when measured at identical CO2 concentrations. Higher values of Topt at elevated CO2 were attributed particularly to reduced photorespiration and prevailing limitation of photosynthesis by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration. Temperature response curves of fluorescence parameters suggested a negligible effect of EC on enhancement of thermostability of photosystem II photochemistry.Conclusions Elevated CO2 instantaneously increases temperature optima of Amax due to reduced photorespiration and limitation of photosynthesis by RuBP regeneration. However, this increase disappears when plants are exposed to identical CO2 concentrations. In addition, increased heat-stress tolerance of primary photochemistry in plants grown at elevated CO2 is unlikely. The hypothesis that long-term cultivation at elevated CO2 leads to acclimation of photosynthesis to higher temperatures is therefore rejected. Nevertheless, incorporating acclimation mechanisms into models simulating carbon flux between the atmosphere and vegetation is necessary. 相似文献
6.
Yuan-Yuan Hu Riichi Oguchi Wataru Yamori Susanne von Caemmerer Wah Soon Chow Wang-Feng Zhang 《Annals of botany》2013,112(1):31-40
Background and Aims
Elucidation of the mechanisms by which plants adapt to elevated CO2 is needed; however, most studies of the mechanisms investigated the response of plants adapted to current atmospheric CO2. The rapid respiration rate of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fruits (bolls) produces a concentrated CO2 microenvironment around the bolls and bracts. It has been observed that the intercellular CO2 concentration of a whole fruit (bract and boll) ranges from 500 to 1300 µmol mol−1 depending on the irradiance, even in ambient air. Arguably, this CO2 microenvironment has existed for at least 1·1 million years since the appearance of tetraploid cotton. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the mechanisms by which cotton bracts have adapted to elevated CO2 will indicate how plants will adapt to future increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. Specifically, it is hypothesized that with elevated CO2 the capacity to regenerate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) will increase relative to RuBP carboxylation.Methods
To test this hypothesis, the morphological and physiological traits of bracts and leaves of cotton were measured, including stomatal density, gas exchange and protein contents.Key results
Compared with leaves, bracts showed significantly lower stomatal conductance which resulted in a significantly higher water use efficiency. Both gas exchange and protein content showed a significantly greater RuBP regeneration/RuBP carboxylation capacity ratio (Jmax/Vcmax) in bracts than in leaves.Conclusions
These results agree with the theoretical prediction that adaptation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 requires increased RuBP regeneration. Cotton bracts are readily available material for studying adaption to elevated CO2. 相似文献7.
Several studies have shown improved soil stability under elevated atmospheric CO2 caused by increased plant and microbial biomass. These studies have not quantified the mechanisms responsible for soil stabilisation
or the effect on water relations. The objective of this study was to assess changes in water repellency under elevated CO2. We hypothesised that increased plant biomass will drive an increase in water repellency, either directly or through secondary
microbial processes. Barley plants were grown at ambient (360 ppm) and elevated (720 ppm) CO2 concentrations in controlled chambers. Each plant was grown in a separate tube of 1.2 m length constructed from 22 mm depth
× 47 mm width plastic conduit trunk and packed with sieved arable soil to 55% porosity. After 10 weeks growth the soil was
dried at 40°C before measuring water sorptivity, ethanol sorptivity and repellency at many depths with a 0.14 mm radius microinfiltrometer.
This provided a microscale measure of the capacity of soil to rewet after severe drying. At testing roots extended throughout
the depth of the soil in the tube. The depth of the measurement had no effect on sorptivity or repellency. A rise in CO2 resulted in a decrease in water sorptivity from 1.13 ± 0.06 (s.e) mm s−1/2 to 1.00 ± 0.05 mm s−1/2 (P < 0.05) and an increase in water repellency from 1.80 ± 0.09 to 2.07 ± 0.08 (P < 0.05). Ethanol sorptivity was not affected by CO2 concentration, suggesting a similar pore structure. Repellency was therefore the primary cause of decreased water sorptivity.
The implications will be both positive and negative, with repellency potentially increasing soil stability but also causing
patchier wetting of the root-zone. 相似文献
8.
Background and Aims
Leaf hydraulic properties are strongly linked with transpiration and photosynthesis in many species. However, it is not known if gas exchange and hydraulics will have co-ordinated responses to climate change. The objective of this study was to investigate the responses of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) in Glycine max (soybean) to growth at elevated [CO2] and increased temperature compared with the responses of leaf gas exchange and leaf water status.Methods
Two controlled-environment growth chamber experiments were conducted with soybean to measure Kleaf, stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthesis (A) during growth at elevated [CO2] and temperature relative to ambient levels. These results were validated with field experiments on soybean grown under free-air elevated [CO2] (FACE) and canopy warming.Key results
In chamber studies, Kleaf did not acclimate to growth at elevated [CO2], even though stomatal conductance decreased and photosynthesis increased. Growth at elevated temperature also did not affect Kleaf, although gs and A showed significant but inconsistent decreases. The lack of response of Kleaf to growth at increased [CO2] and temperature in chamber-grown plants was confirmed with field-grown soybean at a FACE facility.Conclusions
Leaf hydraulic and leaf gas exchange responses to these two climate change factors were not strongly linked in soybean, although gs responded to [CO2] and increased temperature as previously reported. This differential behaviour could lead to an imbalance between hydraulic supply and transpiration demand under extreme environmental conditions likely to become more common as global climate continues to change. 相似文献9.
Sándor Dulai István Molnár Dóra Szopkó Éva Darkó András Vojtkó Andrea Sass-Gyarmati Márta Molnár-Láng 《Journal of plant physiology》2014
Osmotic stress responses of water content, photosynthetic parameters and biomass production were investigated in wheat-Aegilops biuncialis amphiploids and in wheat genotypes to clarify whether they can use to improve the drought tolerance of bread wheat. A decrease in the osmotic pressure of the medium resulted in considerable water loss, stomatal closure and a decreased CO2 assimilation rate for the wheat genotypes, while the changes in these parameters were moderate for the amphiploids. Maximal assimilation rate was maintained at high level even under severe osmotic stress in the amphiploids, while it decreased substantially in the wheat genotypes. Nevertheless, the effective quantum yield of PS II was higher and the quantum yield of non-photochemical quenching of PS II and PS I was lower for the amphiploids than for the wheat cultivars. Parallel with this, higher cyclic electron flow was detected in wheat than in the amphiploids. The elevated photosynthetic activity of amphiploids under osmotic stress conditions was manifested in higher biomass production by roots and shoots as compared to wheat genotypes. These results indicate that the drought-tolerant traits of Ae. biuncialis can be manifested in the wheat genetic background and these amphiploids are suitable genetic materials for improving drought tolerance of wheat. 相似文献
10.
The effect of free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) and soil nitrogen availability on the photosynthetic capacity of wheat 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
A simple system for free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) was recently developed and it is here briefly described. Such a MiniFACE system allowed the elevation of CO2 concentration of small field plots avoiding the occurrence of large spatial and temporal fluctuations. A CO2 enrichment field experiment was conducted in Italy in the season 1993–1994 with wheat (cv. Super-dwarf Mercia). A randomized experimental design was used with the treatment combination CO2 × soil N, replicated twice. Gas exchange measurements showed that photosynthetic capacity was significantly decreased in plants exposed to elevated CO2 and grown under nitrogen deficiency. Photosynthetic acclimation was, in this case, due to the occurrence of reduced rates of rubP saturated and rubP regeneration limited photosynthesis. Gas exchange measurements did not instead reveal any significant effect of elevated CO2 on the photosynthetic capacity of leaves of plants well fertilized with nitrogen, in spite of a transitory negative effect on rubP regeneration limited photosynthesis that was detected to occur in the central part of a day with high irradiance. It is concluded that the levels of nitrogen fertilization will play a substantial role in modulating CO2 fertilization effects on growth and yields of wheat crops under the scenario of future climate change. 相似文献
11.
Carbon dynamics and microbial activity in tallgrass prairie exposed to elevated CO2 for 8 years 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Alterations in microbial mineralization and nutrient cycling may control the long-term response of ecosystems to elevated
CO2. Because micro-organisms constitute a labile fraction of potentially available N and are regulators of decomposition, an
understanding of microbial activity and microbial biomass is crucial. Tallgrass prairie was exposed to twice ambient CO2 for 8 years beginning in 1989. Starting in 1991 and ending in 1996, soil samples from 0 to 5 and 5 to 15 cm depths were taken
for measurement of microbial biomass C and N, total C and N, microbial activity, inorganic N and soil water content. Because
of increased water-use-efficiency by plants, soil water content was consistently and significantly greater in elevated CO2 compared to ambient treatments. Soil microbial biomass C and N tended to be greater under elevated CO2 than ambient CO2 in the 5–15 cm depth during most years, and in the month of October, when analyzed over the entire study period. Microbial
activity was significantly greater at both depths in elevated CO2 than ambient conditions for most years. During dry periods, the greater water content of the surface 5 cm soil in the elevated
CO2 treatments increased microbial activity relative to the ambient CO2 conditions. The increase in microbial activity under elevated CO2 in the 5–15 cm layer was not correlated with differences in soil water contents, but may have been related to increases in
soil C inputs from enhanced root growth and possibly greater root exudation. Total soil C and N in the surface 15 cm were,
after 8 years, significantly greater under elevated CO2 than ambient CO2. Our results suggest that decomposition is enhanced under elevated CO2 compared with ambient CO2, but that inputs of C are greater than the decomposition rates. Soil C sequestration in tallgrass prairie and other drought-prone
grassland systems is, therefore, considered plausible as atmospheric CO2 increases.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
The photosynthetic response of trees to rising CO2 concentrations largely depends on source-sink relations, in addition to differences in responsiveness by species, genotype, and functional group. Previous studies on elevated CO2 responses in trees have either doubled the gas concentration (>700 μmol mol−1) or used single large addition of CO2 (500-600 μmol mol−1). In this study, Gmelina arborea, a fast growing tropical deciduous tree species, was selected to determine the photosynthetic efficiency, growth response and overall source-sink relations under near elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (460 μmol mol−1). Net photosynthetic rate of Gmelina was ∼30% higher in plants grown in elevated CO2 compared with ambient CO2-grown plants. The elevated CO2 concentration also had significant effect on photochemical and biochemical capacities evidenced by changes in FV/FM, ABS/CSm, ET0/CSm and RuBPcase activity. The study also revealed that elevated CO2 conditions significantly increased absolute growth rate, above ground biomass and carbon sequestration potential in Gmelina which sequestered ∼2100 g tree−1 carbon after 120 days of treatment when compared to ambient CO2-grown plants. Our data indicate that young Gmelina could accumulate significant biomass and escape acclimatory down-regulation of photosynthesis due to high source-sink capacity even with an increase of 100 μmol mol−1 CO2. 相似文献
13.
The relative increase with elevated CO2 of canopy CO2 uptake rate (A), derived from continuous measurements during the day, was examined in full-cover vegetative Lolium perenne canopies after 17 days of regrowth. The stands were grown at ambient (358±50 mol mol-1) and increased (626±50 mol mol-1) CO2 concentration in sunlit growth chambers. Over the entire range of temperature and light conditions (which were strongly coupled and increased simultaneously), A was on average twice as large in high compared to ambient CO2. This response (called M=A in high CO2/A in ambient CO2) could not be explained by changes in canopy conductance for CO2 diffusion (GC). In spite of interaction and strong coupling between temperature and light intensity, there was evidence that temperature rather than light determined M. Further, high CO2 treatment was found to alleviate the afternoon depression in A observed in ambient CO2. A temperature optimum shift or/and a larger carbohydrate sink capacity through altered root/shoot ratio are proposed in explanation.Abbreviations A
CO2 uptake rate
- C350
ambient CO2 treatment
- C600
elevated CO2 treatment
- E
canopy evapotranspiration rate
- GC
canopy conductance for CO2 diffusion
- M
high CO2 modification factor 相似文献
14.
Usue Prez-Lpez Anabel Robredo Maite Lacuesta Amaia Mena-Petite Alberto Muoz-Rueda 《Environmental and Experimental Botany》2009,66(3):463-470
With the changing climate, plants will be facing increasingly harsh environmental conditions marked by elevated salinity in the soils and elevated concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere. These two factors have opposite effects on water status in plants. Therefore, our objective was to determine the interaction between these two factors and to determine whether elevated [CO2] might alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on water status in two barley cultivars, Alpha and Iranis, by studying their relative water content and their water potential and its components, transpiration rate, hydraulic conductance, and water use efficiency. Both cultivars maintained their water status under salt stress, increasing water use efficiency and conserving a high relative water content by (1) reducing water potential via passive dehydration and active osmotic adjustment and (2) decreasing transpiration through stomatal closure and reducing hydraulic conductance. Iranis showed a greater capacity to achieve osmotic adjustment than Alpha. Under the combined conditions of salt-stress and elevated [CO2], both cultivars (1) achieved osmotic adjustment to a greater extent than at ambient [CO2], likely due to elevated rates of photosynthesis, and (2) decreased passive dehydration by stomatal closure, thereby maintaining a greater turgor potential, relative water content, and water use efficiency. Therefore, we found an interaction between salt stress and elevated [CO2] with regard to water status in plants and found that elevated [CO2] is associated with improved water status of salt-stressed barley plants. 相似文献
15.
Ningning Song Fangli Wang Changbo Zhang Shirong Tang Junkang Guo Xuehai Ju 《International journal of phytoremediation》2013,15(3):268-282
Fungal inoculation and elevated CO2 may mediate plant growth and uptake of heavy metals, but little evidence from Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) measurement has been obtained to characterize the process. Lolium mutiforum and Phytolacca americana were grown at ambient and elevated CO2 on naturally Cd and Pb contaminated soils inoculated with and without Trichoderma asperellum strain C3 or Penicillium chrysogenum strain D4, to investigate plant growth, metal uptake, and metal bioavailability responses. Fungal inoculation increased plant biomass and shoot/root Cd and Pb concentrations. Elevated CO2 significantly increased plants biomass, but decreased Cd and Pb concentrations in shoot/root to various extents, leading to a metal dilution phenomenon. Total Cd and Pb uptake by plants, and DGT-measured Cd and Pb concentrations in rhizosphere soils, were higher in all fungal inoculation and elevated CO2 treatments than control treatments, with the combined treatments having more influence than either treatment alone. Metal dilution phenomenon occurred because the increase in DGT-measured bioavailable metal pools in plant rhizosphere due to elevated CO2 was unable to match the increase in requirement for plant uptake of metals due to plant biomass increase. 相似文献
16.
17.
Plant responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment: interactions with some soil and atmospheric conditions 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
In general, C3 plant species are more responsive to atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment than C4-plants. Increased relative growth rate at elevated CO2 primarily relates to increased Net Assimilation Rate (NAR), and enhancement of net photosynthesis and reduced photorespiration. Transpiration and stomatal conductance decrease with elevated CO2, water use efficiency and shoot water potential increase, particularly in plants grown at high soil salinity. Leaf area per plant and leaf area per leaf may increase in an early growth stage with increased CO2, after a period of time Leaf Area Ratio (LAR) and Specific Leaf Area (SLA) generally decrease. Starch may accumulate with time in leaves grown at elevated CO2. Plants grown under salt stress with increased (dark) respiration as a sink for photosynthates, may not show such acclimation to increased atmospheric CO2 levels. Plant growth may be stimulated by atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment and reduced by enhanced UV-B radiation but the limited data available on the effect of combined elevated CO2 and ultraviolet B (280–320 nm) (UV-B) radiation allow no general conclusion. CO2-induced increase of growth rate can be markedly modified at elevated UV-B radiation. Plant responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 and other environmental factors such as soil salinity and UV-B tend to be species-specific, because plant species differ in sensitivity to salinity and UV-B radiation, as well as to other environmental stress factors (drought, nutrient deficiency). Therefore, the effects of joint elevated atmospheric CO2 and increased soil salinity or elevated CO2 and enhanced UV-B to plants are physiologically complex. 相似文献
18.
With the ability to symbiotically fix atmospheric N2, legumes may lack the N-limitations thought to constrain plant response to elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2. The growth and photosynthetic responses of two perennial grassland species were compared to test the hypotheses that (1) the CO2 response of wild species is limited at low N availability, (2) legumes respond to a greater extent than non-fixing forbs to elevated CO2, and (3) elevated CO2 stimulates symbiotic N2 fixation, resulting in an increased amount of N derived from the atmosphere. This study investigated the effects of atmospheric CO2 concentration (365 and 700 mol mol–1) and N addition on whole plant growth and C and N acquisition in an N2-fixing legume (Lupinus perennis) and a non-fixing forb (Achillea millefolium) in controlled-chamber environments. To evaluate the effects of a wide range of N availability on the CO2 response, we incorporated six levels of soil N addition starting with native field soil inherently low in N (field soil + 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20 g N m–2 yr–1). Whole plant growth, leaf net photosynthetic rates (A), and the proportion of N derived from N2 fixation were determined in plants grown from seed over one growing season. Both species increased growth with CO2enrichment, but this response was mediated by N supply only for the non-fixer, Achillea. Its response depended on mineral N supply as growth enhancements under elevated CO2 increased from 0% in low N soil to +25% at the higher levels of N addition. In contrast, Lupinus plants had 80% greater biomass under elevated CO2 regardless of N treatment. Although partial photosynthetic acclimation to CO2 enrichment occurred, both species maintained comparably higher A in elevated compared to ambient CO2 (+38%). N addition facilitated increased A in Achillea, however, in neither species did additional N availability affect the acclimation response of A to CO2. Elevated CO2 increased plant total N yield by 57% in Lupinus but had no effect on Achillea. The increased N in Lupinus came from symbiotic N2 fixation, which resulted in a 47% greater proportion of N derived from fixation relative to other sources of N. These results suggest that compared to non-fixing forbs, N2-fixers exhibit positive photosynthetic and growth responses to increased atmospheric CO2 that are independent of soil N supply. The enhanced amount of N derived from N2 fixation under elevated CO2 presumably helps meet the increased N demand in N2-fixing species. This response may lead to modified roles of N2-fixers and N2-fixer/non-fixer species interactions in grassland communities, especially those that are inherently N-poor, under projected rising atmospheric CO2. 相似文献
19.
L. M. van Heerwaarden S. Toet R. S. P. van Logtestijn R. Aerts 《Plant and Soil》2005,277(1-2):255-264
Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves is an important aspect of internal plant nutrient cycling. Global environmental
change very likely affects this process. In an 8-month experiment, we investigated the effect of increased nitrogen (N) availability
and CO2 concentration on the contribution of leaf N resorption to the internal nitrogen dynamics of the perennial deciduous graminoid
Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench. Plants were grown in a factorial combination of two levels of N (65 and 265 N ha−1 year−1) and CO2 (380 and 700 μL L−1) in a greenhouse. Both N and CO2 addition increased the total biomass and the total N pools of mature Molinia plants considerably, without a significant interaction. Nitrogen-resorption efficiency from senescing leaves (% of the mature
leaf N pool that is resorbed) was neither affected by the N- nor by the CO2 treatments. When averaged over the treatments, the N-resorption efficiency was 85% ± 1 (SE). The final N concentration in
the litter (N-resorption proficiency) was also not affected by the treatments and was on average 3.6 mg N g−1 ± 0.25 (SE). The contribution of resorbed N from senescing leaves to the late seasonal N requirements (seed and stem production
and storage of N for next year’s growth) of M. caerulea plants was (negatively) affected by the N treatment only, and no interaction effects with CO2 were found. Resorption from stems and/or direct reserve and seed formation during growth became relatively more important.
Thus, internal N cycling processes in Molinia caerulea are only affected when N availability is increased, but not under elevated CO2 concentrations. Under high N conditions, this species shifts from a N recycling strategy to reserve formation during growth. 相似文献
20.
Photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 in plants results in the balance between the photochemical energy developed by light in chloroplasts, and the consumption of that energy by the oxygenation processes, mainly the photorespiration in C3 plants. The analysis of classical biological models shows the difficulties to bring to fore the oxygenation rate due to the photorespiration pathway. As for other parameters, the most important key point is the estimation of the electron transport rate (ETR or J), i.e. the flux of biochemical energy, which is shared between the reductive and oxidative cycles of carbon. The only reliable method to quantify the linear electron flux responsible for the production of reductive energy is to directly measure the O2 evolution by 18O2 labelling and mass spectrometry. The hypothesis that the respective rates of reductive and oxidative cycles of carbon are only determined by the kinetic parameters of Rubisco, the respective concentrations of CO2 and O2 at the Rubisco site and the available electron transport rate, ultimately leads to propose new expressions of biochemical model equations. The modelling of 18O2 and 16O2 unidirectional fluxes in plants shows that a simple model can fit the photosynthetic and photorespiration exchanges for a wide range of environmental conditions. Its originality is to express the carboxylation and the oxygenation as a function of external gas concentrations, by the definition of a plant specificity factor Sp that mimics the internal reactions of Rubisco in plants. The difference between the specificity factors of plant (Sp) and of Rubisco (Sr) is directly related to the conductance values to CO2 transfer between the atmosphere and the Rubisco site. This clearly illustrates that the values and the variation of conductance are much more important, in higher C3 plants, than the small variations of the Rubisco specificity factor. The simple model systematically expresses the reciprocal variations of carboxylation and oxygenation exchanges illustrated by a “mirror effect”. It explains the protective sink effect of photorespiration, e.g. during water stress. The importance of the CO2 compensation point, in classical models, is reduced at the benefit of the crossing points Cx and Ox, concentration values where carboxylation and oxygenation are equal or where the gross O2 uptake is half of the gross O2 evolution. This concept is useful to illustrate the feedback effects of photorespiration in the atmosphere regulation. The constancy of Sp and of Cx for a great variation of P under several irradiance levels shows that the regulation of the conductance maintains constant the internal CO2 and the ratio of photorespiration to photosynthesis (PR/P). The maintenance of the ratio PR/P, in conditions of which PR could be reduced and the carboxylation increased, reinforces the hypothesis of a positive role of photorespiration and its involvement in the plant-atmosphere co-evolution. 相似文献