子午沙鼠子鼠肾脏肾单位的发育

目的探讨子午沙鼠子鼠肾单位发育过程中的形态变化。方法采用光镜技术结合显微测量技术,对子午沙鼠子鼠肾小体和肾小管进行形态观察和测量。结果与1日龄相比,7日龄子午沙鼠子鼠肾髓质与皮质的厚度比增加显著(P0.01);7日龄后各日龄间无显著差异(P0.05),32日龄时达4.88;肾小体的发育经过了逗号小体、S小体、Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期肾小体4个阶段,7日龄肾小体的数目增多(P0.05),7~32日龄肾小体的数目基本稳定(P0.05);与1日龄相比,7日龄子午沙鼠肾小体和肾小球直径显著增加(P0.01),7、14、21日龄间无显著差异(P0.05),与21日龄相比,32日龄显著增加(P0.01);14日龄前,子午沙鼠子鼠各种肾小管直径逐步增加(P0.05),14~32日龄显著增加(P0.01)。结论 1日龄就有少量的Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期肾小体。7日龄肾小体数目达高峰。肾小体和肾小球直径7日龄达高峰,7~21日龄基本稳定,32日龄再次增加,可能与子午沙鼠子鼠肾小球滤过原尿功能增强以适应干旱的环境有关。14~32日龄肾小管直径增加显著,肾小体与肾小管功能进一步完善。皮质中长袢型髓旁肾单位和中间肾单位比短袢型浅表肾单位多;肾皮质肾小管断面中近曲小管数量较远曲小管的多;子午沙鼠子鼠肾髓质与皮质的厚度比较大,髓袢较长,具有较强的浓缩尿液的能力以适应其干旱的生存环境。     

大耳猬血液、尿无机离子等指标测定及肾脏水通道蛋白1、2的表达

测定了大耳猬血清及尿中多种无机离子和尿素氮等指标,并应用免疫组织化学方法观察了AQP1、AQP2在肾脏的表达.大耳猬血清钠、氯含量较高;而尿液中以钾、钠、氯及尿素氮含量较高.尿液中主要离子浓度高于血清,较为浓缩,尿素氮、钾排泄能力较强.AQP1免疫反应阳性表达于近曲小管上皮和髓袢细段,AQP2主要表达于集合管上皮细胞.因此,AQP1、AQP2可能在大耳猬肾脏水重吸收及尿液浓缩过程中具有重要作用.     

石蜡切片行免疫荧光染色后再行PAS或HE染色确定NPR-A蛋白在肾脏的定位

目的 介绍一种新方法来明确NPR-A蛋白在大鼠肾组织的定位.方法 采用肾脏石蜡切片先行NPR-A免疫荧光染色,然后再行PAS或HE染色.结果 NPR-A免疫阳性物在大鼠肾组织主要沉积于皮质的近端小管、外髓的髓袢升支粗段以及内髓集合管,直小血管、肾小球、远曲小管和细段也有一定量的表达,而皮质及外髓集合管仅有少量的表达.结论 研究采用石蜡切片先行免疫荧光染色后再行PAS或HE染色,在不用或少用特异性抗体的情况下,成功的解决了NPR-A蛋白在大鼠肾组织表达的分布位置及细胞定位的难题.     

大鵟肾脏组织结构及相关活性物质的表达

应用生物显微技术及免疫组织化学方法,对大鵟肾脏的组织结构进行观察,检测了AQP2、AQP3和Bax、Bcl-2蛋白在肾脏中的表达.结果 表明,大鵟肾脏红褐色,表面覆以极薄的结缔组织膜,无肾脂囊.相对体积比哺乳类大,占体重的2.1%.肾小球毛细血管分支少,结构简单.但是肾小球单位面积上的数目比哺乳类多,这对于在旺盛的新陈代谢过程中,迅速排除废物、保持水盐平衡是有利的.集合管是尿重吸收的重要部位,上皮细胞有AQP2、AQP3免疫反应阳性表达,提示AQP2和AQP3对大鵟肾脏水的平衡有重要的调节作用.近曲小管上皮细胞有Bax和Bcl-2免疫反应阳性表达,说明Bax和Bcl-2的协同表达参与正常大鵟肾脏细胞凋亡的调控.     

金雕肾脏的组织学观察

利用生物显微技术观察了金雕Aquila chrysaetos肾脏的组织结构.结果表明,金雕肾实质由许多肾小叶构成,每个肾小叶可分为皮质和髓质两部分.肾单位由一个肾小体和一条与其相连的肾小管构成.肾小体由肾小囊和肾小球组成.肾小管分为近曲小管、髓袢、远曲小管和连接小管.集合管分为小叶周集合小管和髓质集合管两部分.具有发达的极周细胞.     

肾小管的功能分段

近年来,随着超微结构和肾单位微穿刺灌注研究的发展,特别是发展了游离肾小管段体外灌注和质膜囊泡等新技术,对肾小管各段结构和功能的差异性有了更深入的认识。现在一般认为,肾小管按其形态和功能特征,可依次分为下列11个标准段:(1)近曲小管(PCT);(2)近直小管(PST)或称直部(PR);(3)髓袢降支细段(DTLH);(4)髓袢升支细段(ATLH);(5)髓袢升支髓质粗段(MTALH);(6)髓袢升支皮质粗段(CTALH),     

食物水限制对子午沙鼠海马组织HIF-1α相关活性物质表达的影响

目的探讨食物水限制对子午沙鼠Meriones meridianus海马组织低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)等相关活性物质表达的影响,阐明食物水缺乏对子午沙鼠海马组织的影响及相关机制。方法子午沙鼠随机分为食物水限制0 d、3 d、6 d、9 d组,每组6只。运用免疫组织化学方法检测海马组织低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)、Bax、Bcl-2的表达。结果食物水限制可引起海马组织HIF-1α、Bax表达增加(P0.05),Bcl-2生成减少(P0.05)。HIF-1α阳性细胞比率从0 d的低于10%增加到3 d的80%以上。食物水限制期间海马CA3区HIF-1α在食物水限制3 d组可见显著应答效应,而CA1反应晚于CA3区。HIF-1α与Bax的表达呈正相关,与Bcl-2的表达呈负相关。HIF-1α可能部分参与食物水限制期间海马Bax与Bcl-2表达的调节。     

水通道蛋白AQP2翻译后修饰及表达调控

AQP2(aquaporin-2)是一种水通道蛋白,表达于集合管的主细胞,其活性主要受抗利尿激素(arginin vasopressin,AVP)调控。AVP调节的AQP2数量和细胞内定位在维持机体水代谢平衡和尿液浓缩中发挥着决定性的作用。AQP2受多种修饰,如磷酸化、泛素化、糖基化等。本文根据最新的文献报道,着重介绍了AQP2翻译后修饰及调控机制。     

民勤荒漠区子午沙鼠的配偶偏好行为研究

配偶偏好是单配制物种在配偶选择实验中偏好配偶而不是陌生异性个体的行为,配偶选择行为是检验物种婚配体系的重要行为学指标。子午沙鼠Meriones meridianus是我国西北荒漠草原地区的优势鼠种,其种群的迁徙与扩散对环境变化有良好的指示作用,但其婚配体系还不清楚。本实验系统观察了室内繁殖的F1代子午沙鼠的配偶偏好行为,结果表明雌性子午沙鼠在配对3 d后与配偶鼠的接触时间和探究频次均显著高于陌生鼠(P0.05);配对10 d后与配偶鼠的接触时间和探究频次均极显著高于陌生鼠(P0.01);与配偶鼠的接触时间在配对10 d后极显著高于配对3 d后(P0.01),而探究频次降低(P0.01);与陌生鼠的接触时间刚好相反,配对10 d后显著低于配对3 d后(P0.01)。雄性子午沙鼠在配对3 d后对配偶鼠和陌生鼠的接触时间和探究频次均没有差异,然而在配对10 d后对配偶鼠的接触时间和探究频次均极显著高于陌生鼠(P0.01);配对10 d后对配偶鼠的接触时间极显著高于配对3 d后(P0.01),配对10 d后对陌生鼠的接触时间极显著低于配对3 d后(P0.01);配对10 d后对配偶鼠和陌生鼠的探究频次均极显著低于配对3 d后(P0.01)。通过上述实验分析推断,雌雄子午沙鼠均可形成稳定的配偶偏好,具有单配制物种的行为特征。     

冬眠和非冬眠状态达乌尔黄鼠肾单位及相关功能因子的比较

冬眠是动物应对冬季低温和食物匮乏的一种生存策略。达乌尔黄鼠(Spermophilus dauricus)是典型的贮脂类冬眠动物。为研究冬眠动物肾脏的适应机制,本实验采用组织学、血液生化分析及酶联免疫方法检测了夏季活动期(7月)、冬眠期(12月)和早春出眠后(3月)达乌尔黄鼠肾单位形态学及血清肌酐、尿素和抗利尿激素(ADH)的变化,并用qPCR方法检测了肾脏水通道蛋白基因(AQP1、AQP2和AQP3)、ADH受体(V2R)及内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因(eNOS)的表达。结果发现,冬眠期和早春出眠期的达乌尔黄鼠肾小球密度、近曲小管和远曲小管的相对管径、皮质部近曲小管数与远曲小管数比值均低于夏季活动期;冬眠期血清肌酐和尿素浓度高于夏季活动期和早春出眠期,ADH浓度及其受体V2R基因表达低于夏季活动期;冬眠期AQP1基因表达高于早春出眠期,AQP3基因表达低于夏季活动期,AQP2基因表达无显著差异;冬眠期eNOS基因表达低于早春出眠期。这些结果表明冬眠的达乌尔黄鼠表现出较低的肾功能;不同时期的水通道蛋白,eNOS及ADH表现出适应性的功能调节。该实验结果丰富了对冬眠动物肾脏适应机制的认识。     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

两个猪苓菌株生长速度及酯酶同工酶比较研究

对不同地理分布的猪苓纯培养菌株进行了种性和酯酶同工酶的比较研究,结果表明,鸡爪苓（Z）纯培养菌株和猪屎苓（ZJ）纯培养菌株的种性有很大不同,两个纯培养菌株的酯酶同工酶酶带类型差异较大,亲缘关系较远。     

Synthesis of modified fragments of fibrinogen and their effect on the activity of proteolytic enzymes

New analogues of the Gly-Pro-Arg and Arg-Gly-Asp fragments of fibrinogen were synthesized: Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (I), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Met-OMe (II), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Phe (III), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asp (IV), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Glu (V), and Arg-Asn-Trp-Asp (VI). Their effect on the activity of proteases of various types was studied with the method of lysis of fibrin plates. All the peptides were found to inhibit plasmin activity (by 60–85%) and the γ-subunit of nerve growth factor (by 55–93%). Tetrapeptide (VI) proved to be an effective inhibitor of tissue activator of plasminogen and the γ-subunit of nerve growth factor (by 96 and 93%, respectively). The peptides exerted practically no effect on the activity of urokinase and moderately inhibited the activity of streptokinase [(III), IV), and (VI)], papain [(I), (II), IV), and (VI)], subtilisin [(V) and (VI)], α-chymotrypsin [(III), (V), and VI)], and Bacillus subtilis metalloprotease (VI). They inhibit trypsin [except for (I) and (III)] when applied on fibrin plates at a concentration of 1 × 10^?2 M, while, at the concentration of 1 × 10^?3 M, (I) and (II) induced an increase in proteolytic activity by 35 and 47%, respectively.     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

林带阻力系数与透风系数关系的理论分析

根据冲量定理分析了林带对气流的阻力,首次得到了林带阻力系数的估算模式（Ｃｄ＝（１．８＋０．２α）（１－α）ｓｉｎ２ω,并利用有关文献发表的资料进行了验证．文章还对来流平行林带时林带对气流的阻力进行了讨论,指出来流平行林带时林带对气流的阻力仅为来流垂直林带时林带对气流阻力的０．７—１．１％,可以不予考虑．     

2种嵩草属植物形态特征对生境干旱化的响应

该研究于西藏自治区东南部的东达山高山草甸沿生境干旱化梯度设置10个样地,采用线性回归方法分析优势种高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)和矮生嵩草(K.humilis)叶片数量与其它构件数值(分株数量、茎基直径、根系数量和根系长度)之间的关系,并采用线性回归斜率测度分株功效、叶片萌生能力、根系分生功效和根系伸长功效,以探讨嵩草的分株能力、茎基生长和根系生长对生境干旱化过程的响应机制。结果显示:(1)2种嵩草植物的叶片数量与4种构件数值均为显著线性正相关关系。(2)随着生境干旱化程度增加,高山嵩草分株数量增加,矮生嵩草分株受干旱抑制程度高,分株数量呈下降趋势;2种嵩草分株功效下降,即单株叶片数量因干旱化程度增加而减少。(3)2种嵩草的茎基直径、叶片萌生能力随着生境干旱化程度增加而下降;高山嵩草叶片萌生能力的变化与生境干旱化梯度一致,具有连续性;矮生嵩草叶片萌生能力对生境干旱化的适应性弱,干旱到一定程度发生骤降。(4)随着生境干旱化,高山嵩草的根系数量和长度均增加,矮生嵩草根系长度增加,但数量却无规律变化;2种嵩草的根系分生功效和根系伸长功效均下降。研究表明:嵩草属植物分布的最适宜生境为表面稍有积水的沼生生境。为适应生境干旱化,高山嵩草降低叶片萌生率以减少蒸腾作用,增加分株数量以增强对空间的占有能力,并增加根系数量和长度来提高对土壤水分的吸收能力,因此对干旱有较强适应性且分布范围广;矮生嵩草只通过降低叶片萌生率,增加根系长度响应干旱化生境,其分布范围较窄。     

The detection of salivary enzymes of phytophagous Hemiptera: a compilation of methods

The role of Hemipteran saliva and salivary enzymes is central to an understanding of the etiology of damage that these insects cause to plants. The dilute nature of the salivary secretions and the minute quantities in which they are often obtainable have made analysis and detection of salivary components very difficult. Such investigations in this laboratory have led us to formalise the techniques involved and we believe that the compilation of these methods presented herein may be useful to other research workers in this area. Methods are described for acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase, /S-glucosidase, carbohydrases, invertase, amylase, proteinase, pectinase, cellulase, catalase, peroxidase, catechol oxidase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbic oxidase.     

民勤绿洲边缘地下水位变化对植物种群生态位的影响

在民勤绿洲边缘,利用空间区域不同地下水位(湖区8～12m,泉山区15～17m,坝区20～23m)和时间序列(1984～1992年)民勤沙井子地区地下水位下降(7.45～11.65m)梯度,研究地下水位下降对荒漠植物种群生态位的影响。结果表明:空间区域地下水位下降,植物种群生态位宽度均减小,种群退化;时间序列地下水位下降,白刺种群在扩展,其它植物种群在退化。白刺种群生态位宽度在民勤绿洲边缘荒漠植物群落中最大,是该区的建群种。由于白刺种群在地下水位7.45～11.65m范围内扩展,民勤绿洲生态环境治理中地下水位达到该范围是一个主要目标。     

Photoinactivation of Photosystem II in leaves

Photoinactivation of Photosystem II (PS II), the light-induced loss of ability to evolve oxygen, inevitably occurs under any light environment in nature, counteracted by repair. Under certain conditions, the extent of photoinactivation of PS II depends on the photon exposure (light dosage, x), rather than the irradiance or duration of illumination per se, thus obeying the law of reciprocity of irradiance and duration of illumination, namely, that equal photon exposure produces an equal effect. If the probability of photoinactivation (p) of PS II is directly proportional to an increment in photon exposure (p = kΔx, where k is the probability per unit photon exposure), it can be deduced that the number of active PS II complexes decreases exponentially as a function of photon exposure: N = N_oexp(−kx). Further, since a photon exposure is usually achieved by varying the illumination time (t) at constant irradiance (I), N = N_oexp(−kI t), i.e., N decreases exponentially with time, with a rate coefficient of photoinactivation kI, where the product kI is obviously directly proportional to I. Given that N = N_oexp(−kx), the quantum yield of photoinactivation of PS II can be defined as −dN/dx = kN, which varies with the number of active PS II complexes remaining. Typically, the quantum yield of photoinactivation of PS II is ca. 0.1μmol PS II per mol photons at low photon exposure when repair is inhibited. That is, when about 10⁷ photons have been received by leaf tissue, one PS II complex is inactivated. Some species such as grapevine have a much lower quantum yield of photoinactivation of PS II, even at a chilling temperature. Examination of the longer-term time course of photoinactivation of PS II in capsicum leaves reveals that the decrease in N deviates from a single-exponential decay when the majority of the PS II complexes are inactivated in the absence of repair. This can be attributed to the formation of strong quenchers in severely-photoinactivated PS II complexes, able to dissipate excitation energy efficiently and to protect the remaining active neighbours against damage by light.