生物多样性的几个问题

本文从生物多样性的现状、存在的问题及应采取的措施等三个方面比较全面地叙述了我国生物多样性的情况。"生物安全"是《生物多样性公约》签订后每次缔约国会议都要讨论的中心议题之一。为之,本文也用一定的篇幅作了较详细的介绍。现状部分从物种多样性、遗传多样性及生态系统多样性等三个方面作了介绍,又从自然因素以及由于人类活动造成栖息地的丧失、环境恶化、偷猎走私、过度捕捞和水产养殖、高新技术发展、全球气候变化以及外来种引入等两个方面对生物多样性造成严重威胁作了相当详细的分析。在应采取措施部分,不仅是根据我国目前所存在的问题,还介绍了国外值得借鉴的、可取的经验,以及正在开展的有关项目。使读者对我国生物多样性的情况及应采取的对策有了比较明确的了解。此外,对什么是“生物安全”,为什么要提出生物安全的问题以及应重视的问题也给出了答案。     

生物多样性的几个问题(续)

从生物多样性的现状、存在的问题及应采取的措施等三个方面比较全面地叙述了我国生物多样性的情况。“生物安全’’是(生物多样性公约)签订后每次缔约国会议都要讨论的中心议题之一。为之,本文也用一定的篇幅作了较详细的介绍。现状部分从物种多样性、遗传多样性及生态系统多样性等三个方面作了介绍,又从自然因素以及由于人类活动造成栖息地的丧失、环境恶化、偷猎走私、过度捕捞和水产养殖、高新技术发展、全球气候变化以及外来种引入等两个方面对生物多样性造成严重威胁作了相当详细的分析。在应采取措施部分,不仅是根据我国目前所存在的问题,还介绍了国外值得借鉴的、可取的经验,以及正在开展的有关项目。使读者对我国生物多样性的情况及应采取的对策有了比较明确的了解。此外,对什么是“生物安全”,为什么要提出生物安全的问题以及应重视这问题也给出了答案。     

生物多样性的几个问题（续）

从生物多样性的现状、存在的问题及应采取的措施等三个方面比较全面地叙述了我国生物多样性的情况。“生物安全”是《生物多样性公约《签订后每次缔约国会议都要讨论的中心议题之一。为之本文也用一定的篇幅作了较详细的介绍。     

中国海洋生物多样性的保护和管理对策

本文全面介绍了中国海洋物种多样性的现状,并分析其受到的人类影响和主要威胁。详细阐述了国家海洋局及其下属部门在海洋生物多样性保护管理中制定的有关政策、法规及行动计划,以及海洋生物多样性的科学调查研究及海洋生态环境监测体系建设,海洋自然保护区的建设与管理,海洋生物多样性可持续利用等方面的工作和进展。同时,在生物多样性管理现状的基础上,提出了包括预警系统与事故处理能力建设、将生物多样性保护管理纳入区域经济社会发展计划、建设生物多样性管理机构及法规之间的协调机制以及基于生态系统的生物多样性管理和公众参与等若干针对性的管理对策。     

"国际生物多样性观察年"(IBOY)介绍

“国际生物多样性观察年”（IBOY）是由DIVERSITAS所筹划的旨在对全球生物多样性现状从不同层次进行综合研究的一项计划。该计划的主要目标包括：促进公众对生物多样性现状和未来的了解、促进生物多样性学科的发展和完善以及为政府决策过程提供科学依据。DIVERSITAS试图通过该项计划,了解我们所面临的全球性生物多样性现状、全球生物多样性丧失的程度及其原因、生物多样性的丧失给人类生活所带来的威胁、我们怎样保护和发展生物多样性这一人类共同的财富以及探索评估全球生物多样性现状的手段等方面的问题。本文同时还对实施“国际生物多样性观察年”计划所提出的一些提议进行了简要介绍。     

生物多样性数字图书馆系统的架构和实现

生物多样性研究工作急切需要一个建立在多源数据基础上的数字图书馆。基于虚拟用户社区的生物多样性数字图书馆除了在数据类型、存储需求、共享方式等方面具有一般数字图书馆的特点之外, 在数据挖掘和应用方面也有自己的一些特点。本文在对国内外数字图书馆调研和与生物多样性遗产图书馆(Biodiversity Heritage Library)及互联网档案(Internet Archive)项目的合作的基础上, 总结了各类数字图书馆中的数据类型, 对构建生物多样性数字图书馆相关的数据标准——Dublin Core和TaxonX作了简单介绍。然后设计了具有数据汇总、数据整理、转换和翻译以及数据对外服务三个模块的系统框架,提出了生物多样性数字图书馆的系统架构和功能,展示了已经实现的部分系统运行效果, 最后对今后在版权、全文识别、海量和扩展等方面的问题进行了讨论。     

江苏省沿海滩涂野生药用植物生物多样性及其保护

沿海滩涂药用植物多样性的研究在我国尚处在起步阶段。本文从江苏省沿海滩涂的地理位置与自然条件、药用植物资源分布及主要种类及沿海滩涂野生药用植物保护现状等方面介绍了江苏省沿海滩涂药用植物的生物多样性,并就存在问题和今后研究方向进行了探讨。     

土壤微生物多样性影响因素及研究方法的现状与展望

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分, 在土壤有机物质分解和养分释放、能量转移等生物地化循环中起着重要作用。随着人们对生物多样性重要性认识的不断深入及研究方法的不断改进, 土壤微生物多样性, 尤其是功能多样性的研究工作逐渐受到生态学家的重视。本文从土壤微生物多样性的影响因素以及研究方法等方面阐述了目前国内外土壤微生物多样性的研究现状, 并对其未来研究方向进行了展望。     

建立生物多样性保护信息系统的意义和途径

生物多样性保护信息系统可提供必要的数据和信息,帮助决策者对生物多样性的保护与持续利用作出科学的规划,因而受到国内外的普遍关注。本文就该信息系统的内容、功能以及建立途径等方面作一简略介绍。     

构建我国生物多样性评价的指标体系

生物多样性指标体系的建设过程长期而复杂,需要结合科学研究、监测以及决策制定,并基于合理的结构进行指标设计.构建适宜的生物多样性评价指标体系、监测评估生物多样性状况及变化趋势,已被纳入我国国家生物多样性战略及其行动计划.本文结合国内外经验,从指标的逻辑框架、空间尺度、时间尺度、指标类型、评价方法等5个方面探讨了指标体系构...     

我国生物安全科技工作成就与展望

生物安全是国家安全的重要组成部分,科技是国家生物安全的重要战略支撑。针对我国当前面临的重大生物安全威胁,科技部进行了一系列项目部署,不断加强生物安全科技支撑能力建设。本文重点总结了自"十二五"以来我国生物安全科技工作在重大新发突发传染病防控、外来物种入侵甄别与防控、实验室生物安全、生物安全特种资源库建设、基因合成与编辑技术等方面取得的主要成就,展望了前沿生物技术发展与学科交叉融合所带来的新型生物安全风险与防控机遇,并对我国生物安全科技发展提出建议。     

Plitvice Lakes National park harbors ancient,yet endangered diversity of trout (genus Salmo)

National park Plitvice Lakes is the oldest, the largest and the most visited national park in Croatia, well known for its stunning karstic watersheds that supply Plitvice Lakes and exceptionally valuable biodiversity. Lack of knowledge on the taxonomic status, population structure and viability of trout in the Plitvice Lakes National park, as well as the possibility of existence of cryptic diversity, motivated this study which aimed to determine: taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationship of Plitvice Lakes trout with other Salmo species, genetic structure and diversity of their populations, as well as future viability of populations. 150 samples of trout were obtained from 17 localities. Two mitochondrial gene markers, gene for cytochrome b and mitochondrial control region were used in phylogenetic reconstruction, as well as in population genetic investigation. Intraspecific and intrapopulation genetic diversity was described by calculating several measures of genetic polymorphism, while gene flow among populations was estimated as the migration rates and as the number of immigrants per generation. Phylogenetic trees revealed that Plitvice Lakes watershed is inhabited by two evolutionary independent units of the genus Salmo, representing two species, Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814 and Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758. Possibly ‘pure’ populations of both species were found alongside several admixed ones in which both species are present. Our data has shown low intraspecific and intrapopulational diversities for Plitvice Lakes trout and restricted gene flow. Small effective sizes of populations and weak interconnections between them, which are most likely a consequence of fragmentation and habitat degradation, accentuating the need for urgent conservation measures.     

Old and new challenges in using species diversity for assessing biodiversity

Although the maintenance of diversity of living systems is critical for ecosystem functioning, the accelerating pace of global change is threatening its preservation. Standardized methods for biodiversity assessment and monitoring are needed. Species diversity is one of the most widely adopted metrics for assessing patterns and processes of biodiversity, at both ecological and biogeographic scales. However, those perspectives differ because of the types of data that can be feasibly collected, resulting in differences in the questions that can be addressed. Despite a theoretical consensus on diversity metrics, standardized methods for its measurement are lacking, especially at the scales needed to monitor biodiversity for conservation and management purposes. We review the conceptual framework for species diversity, examine common metrics, and explore their use for biodiversity conservation and management. Key differences in diversity measures at ecological and biogeographic scales are the completeness of species lists and the ability to include information on species abundances. We analyse the major pitfalls and problems with quantitative measurement of species diversity, look at the use of weighting measures by phylogenetic distance, discuss potential solutions and propose a research agenda to solve the major existing problems.     

云南鱼类多样性和面临的危机

根据《云南鱼类志》记载,云南共有土著淡水鱼类382种,居全国各省区之首。在《云南鱼类志》出版后的近10年间,云南又记载鱼类新种新纪录50种,相当于国内其它省区自1985～1997年间发现新种的总和,迄今共记载云南土著鱼类432种,占全国淡水鱼类总种数1023种的42.2%,显示云南是我国淡水鱼类多样性最为丰富的省区之一。与此同时,全省大约有1/3的种类日趋减少或濒临绝灭,湖泊鱼类尤为突出,濒危种几乎达到2/3,表明云南鱼类多样性面临严重危机的事实。     

Conservation of arthropod diversity in montane wetlands: effect of altitude, habitat quality and habitat fragmentation on butterflies and grasshoppers

1. The patterns of arthropod diversity were investigated in 24 montane wetlands in Switzerland. These differed in altitude, management regime (cattle-grazing vs. mowing), vegetation structure (index combining vegetation height and density) and degree of habitat fragmentation.
2. The general arthropod diversity was determined by net sampling at 10 sampling points per site. The diversity of grasshoppers and butterflies was measured by counting species richness at the site and species density (species richness per unit area) on transects. The species richness of grasshoppers and butterflies was found to be more sensitive to the geographical attributes of the site whereas species density was more affected by the habitat quality.
3. Grasshopper diversity decreased within the observed altitudinal range (800–1400 m) and was higher at grazed sites, whereas butterfly diversity was higher at mown sites. Arthropod diversity but not abundance of arthropods was positively related to the vegetation structure.
4. The species richness of butterflies was negatively influenced by the degree of habitat fragmentation: both the size of habitat as well as the area of wetland habitats within 4 km were related positively to the number of specialist wetland butterflies.
5. Late mowing as well as low-density cattle-grazing are appropriate management actions to maintain arthropod diversity in montane wetlands. In order to establish site-specific management plans, the biology of the present target species as well as the historical context should be considered.
6. We suggest that the best protection for the species examined in this study would be a network of wetland sites managed using a variety of traditional, non-intensive methods. This can only be achieved by coordinated planning of conservation measures among sites.     

Some problems of the study and representation of Siberian flora biodiversity in connection with its conservation

The present knowledge of flora of Siberia is quite insufficient, which is a considerable obstacle to the detection of its biodiversity for conserving the gene pool. Planning conservation measures should be focused not only on species, but also on intraspecific taxa and their phylogenetic uniqueness. In the absence of genetic data, available morphological and geographical methods should be used, so that, when it is impossible to establish the actual origin and relationship of taxa, the existing morphological diverstity is at least represented, as far as it is known to be based on genetic diversity. Phenetic maps can be of much use in the study of intraspecific morphological diversity. The estimation of geographic variability and morphological diversity, as well as the evaluation of territories, can be based on such maps. To represent adequately the biodiversity existing within poorly studied, presumably hybrid plant groups, until actual origin and relationship are known, they should probably be forcedly and provisionally considered as a special type of hybrid complexes, representing the unclear present day taxonomic situation. Such complexes could include populations and individuals with morphological characters of two or more different species, until the systematic position of such populations and individuals is further explored. Until the actual taxonomic status and relationship of the components are established, they could be regarded as subspecies permitted by the Code, or as certain recorded morphological deviations from the type, without assigning any taxonomic status to them--depending on the available data on variability and distribution. In the future, the resulting provisional information on morphological diversity would help to concentrate the efforts of biologists, in possession of the newest methods, on the most important objects, and serve as the scientific base for effective measures aimed at the conservation and management of the vast gene pool of the Siberian flora.     

Tracking the diversity of the flatworm genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Imbira</Emphasis> (Platyhelminthes) in the Atlantic Forest

The genus Imbira Carbayo et al., 2013 encompasses two species, Imbira guaiana (Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, 2001) and Imbira marcusi Carbayo et al., 2013, which occur in south Brazil, in areas originally covered by the Atlantic Forest. In the present study, we examine the genetic diversity within the genus, investigate the occurrence of molecular autapomorphies for its species and describe a new species for the genus based on an integrative approach. The Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses based on DNA barcoding recovered the monophyly of the genus Imbira, but indicate that specimens representing I. marcusi correspond to five distinct lineages. These analyses, as well as sequence divergence data, revealed that the new species herein described is closely related to I. guaiana and that the specific status of specimens of I. marcusi available in GenBank should be reviewed. In addition, sequence analysis revealed 32 molecular autapomorphies for all independent evolutionary units within the genus. The new species described herein seems to be endemic to its type locality, a private area without legal protection.     

Rényi多样性指数曲线在评价和监测转基因作物对生物多样性影响中的应用

【背景】多样性比较是评价转基因作物对生物群落影响的标准参数之一。以往用于描述多样性的指数很多,但这些指数各有优缺点,生物学解释不全面。运用现代生物多样性表示方法,能够描述更复杂情况下的多样性关系。本文主要介绍了Rényi多样性指数曲线在生物安全研究中的应用。【方法】Rényi多样性指数曲线与以往常用的一维多样性指数不同,当其等级参数为某些特定值时代表了几个著名的多样性指数,该方法可较为确切地评价复杂的生物群落的多样性。本文在介绍其计算公式后,通过比较河北省2种转Bt基因棉田（孟山都33B和中棉30,均未施农药）以及常规管理（施用农药）和综合治理（IPM,施用农药和释放赤眼蜂相结合）条件下非转基因棉田的蜘蛛群落,证明了该方法的适用性。【结果】Rényi多样性指数曲线分析表明了所有可能的互作类型：1个明确的多样性排序以及2类棉田蜘蛛群落间不同的潜在关系。Rényi指数分析表明,在供试棉田中,中棉30棉田的蜘蛛多样性指数最高,其他3种棉田蜘蛛的多样性高低则难以一概而论。蜘蛛稀有种的多样性以孟山都33B棉田最高,IPM和常规棉田次之;蜘蛛常见种的多样性以IPM棉田最高,常规棉田和孟山都33B棉田次之。【结论与意义】Rényi多样性指数可用于生物群落多样性的综合评价,并可用于评价不同管理措施对生物多样性的影响。该方法弥补了仅用单一数量参数评价多样性的传统方法的缺陷,将不同参数整合成一个具有内在关联的概念框架。