一种来源于红螺菌科细菌新型卤醇脱卤酶的克隆表达及其酶学性质鉴定

作为一类多功能生物催化剂,卤醇脱卤酶在手性β-取代醇和环氧化合物合成应用方面备受关注.目前催化功能较为清楚的卤醇脱卤酶不足40种,且绝大部分催化性能并不能满足科学研究和实际应用的要求,因此挖掘并鉴定更多的卤醇脱卤酶具有重要意义.本文克隆表达了来源于红螺菌科细菌Rhodospirillaceae bacterium中一个...     

一种新型微生物卤醇脱卤酶的研究进展

卤醇脱卤酶是细菌降解环境中重要污染物有机卤化物的关键酶之一,具有与其他已知脱卤酶不同的脱卤机制。它是一类通过分子内亲核取代机制催化邻卤醇转化为环氧化物的脱卤酶,可以高效催化有机邻卤醇进行脱卤反应,在治理环境污染方面具有十分重要作用。此外,在催化环氧化物和邻卤醇之间的转化反应中,卤醇脱卤酶具有很高的立体选择性,因而在手性药物合成方面也有广阔的应用前景。我们着重从卤化物生物降解途径、脱卤机制及应用等方面介绍了卤醇脱卤酶的最新研究进展,同时对卤醇脱卤酶改造的新方法进行了阐述与展望。     

卡瑞苯西思伯克霍尔德氏菌卤乙酸脱卤酶的分离纯化及性质

从云南西北部土样中分离到一株卡瑞苯西思伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia caribensis),它在氯乙酸培养基中能产生较高活性的卤乙酸脱卤酶。经硫酸铵盐析、DEAE SephadexA50柱层析、羟基磷灰石柱层析、Sephadex G200 凝胶过滤后,获得电泳纯酶。用SDSPAGE测定酶分子量为46kD。水解氯乙酸的Km值为3.7×10-3mol/L。酶反应的最适温度为40℃,最适pH值为9.5。金属离子及CN-、EDTA对该酶有不同程度的影响,Hg2+和CN-则对该酶有强烈的抑制作用。     

β-脱卤酶的基因克隆表达及其酶学性质

根据GenBank中的序列设计引物,克隆芽孢杆菌中的β-脱卤酶基因(命名为bhd)。以pET30a(+)为载体、Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)-CondonPlus为宿主菌,实现了bhd的高效表达。使用HisTrapTMFF亲和层析柱纯化重组β-脱卤酶,分子量约为23.1 kD。酶学性质研究表明,纯化的重组β-脱卤酶水解3-氯丙酸制备3-羟基丙酸的最适反应体系为30°C,100 mmol/L,pH 7.0的磷酸钠缓冲液。在最适反应条件下,重组β-脱卤酶的比活为16.2 U/mg,Km和Vmax分别为3.26μmol/L和17.86 mmol/(min.g protein)。在最适反应条件下,以10 mmol/L 3-氯丙酸为底物,反应36 h的转化率在93%以上。     

4,4,4-三氟乙酰乙酸乙酯羰基还原酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件研究

对实验室保藏菌种进行筛选,得到一株葡萄汁酵母Saccharomyces uvarum SW-58,对其产酶条件进行优化,其发酵培养基组成:醋酸钠60 g/L,玉米浆30 g/L,KH2PO46 g/L,MgSO4.7H2O 1 g/L;培养条件为:发酵温度30℃,初始pH 6.0,发酵周期36 h。4,4,4-三氟乙酰乙酸乙酯羰基还原酶酶活最高可达388.1 U/L,产物的浓度由优化前的3.5 g/L提高到4.6 g/L,所得产物的光学纯度由优化前的60.8%e.e.提高到85.0%e.e。     

来源于西梅的(R)-醇腈酶促立体选择性转氰合成(R)-酮醇腈

在水/有机溶剂双相反应体系中,研究了来源于西梅的(R)-醇腈酶催化酮与丙酮醇腈合成(R)-酮醇腈的立体选择性转氰反应．系统探讨了不同酶源、酶粉颗粒大小、底物浓度、两底物配比、酶浓度和底物结构对转氰反应的影响．结果发现西梅醇腈酶能高效催化三甲基硅酮与丙酮醇腈的立体选择性转氰．酶粉颗粒大小以直径0.3～0.45 mm为优,底物浓度以21 mmol/L左右为佳,底物丙酮醇腈与三甲基硅酮摩尔浓度比以2∶1为宜,酶浓度以60.9 g/L左右为好．西梅醇腈酶对3, 3-二甲基-2-丁酮几乎没有催化活性,而对其硅结构类似物三甲基硅酮却具有非常高的立体选择性和催化活性,在上述优化反应条件下反应24 h的底物转化率和产物光学纯度均高达99%以上,表明底物中的硅原子对西梅醇腈酶的催化活性有非常显著的促进作用．     

沙质微泡菌β-1,3(4)-葡聚糖酶的克隆表达及酶学性质

【背景】β-葡聚糖是自然界中广泛存在的非淀粉多糖,是谷类植物细胞壁的主要成分。β-葡聚糖酶能够水解β-葡聚糖生成低聚合度的寡糖,在食品、饲料、造纸等领域发挥着重要的作用。【目的】从海洋细菌沙质微泡菌(Microbulbifer arenaceous)中克隆到一个β-1,3(4)-葡聚糖酶基因,在大肠杆菌中可溶表达,研究其相关酶学性质。【方法】以沙质微泡菌(Microbulbifer arenaceous)基因组DNA为模板,克隆一个β-1,3(4)-葡聚糖酶基因(MaGlu16A),构建重组表达载体p ET-28a-MaGlu16A并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,通过Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化后进行酶学性质研究。【结果】MaGlu16A的最适pH和最适温度分别为pH 6.0和40°C,在pH 5.0-10.5和35°C以下稳定。对EDTA具有较高的抵抗性,在1 mmol/L和10 mmol/L EDTA浓度下仍保持99.3%和82.5%的酶活力。该酶能够有效水解可得然多糖、昆布多糖、大麦葡聚糖、地衣多糖、燕麦葡聚糖和酵母葡聚糖,水解产物主要为葡萄糖、二糖、三糖和四糖。【结论】海...     

3-氰基吡啶水合酶的纯化及性质

马红球菌(Rhodococcus equi)SHB-121胞内3-氰基吡啶水合酶经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-cellulose DE52和羟基磷灰石柱层析并经过Sephadex G-25处理,得到了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳均一的3-氰基吡啶水合酶,纯化了31倍。该酶由一条肽链组成,其分子量为30kD,等电点为4.1。3-氰基吡啶水合酶能催化3-氰基吡啶水合生成尼克酰胺。酶反应最适pH为8.0,最适温度为30℃。Ag~+、Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)及NH_4~+对酶活力有强烈抑制作用。当以3-氰基吡啶为底物时,其K_m为0.1mol/L。NaCN为该酶反竞争性抑制剂,其K_I为5mmol/L。     

R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶的同源模建及底物对映体选择性研究

对来自假单胞菌ZJU26中的R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶(DehI-R)进行同源模建,分析其与底物的相互作用,为解析酶的底物对映体选择性提供理论依据.采用Sybyl中的APM模块首次构建并优化了R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶的三维结构,并用Procheck 验证结构模型的合理性.使用Suflex-Docking模块将结构模型与底物分别进行对接,分析相互之间的作用.序列比对结果显示,R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶与恶臭假单胞菌PP3中DehI的相似性达23.71％.Deh-R模建后的结构与模板很好的吻合.模型比对分析DehI-R中参与催化的残基,除Asn2.03外大部分都比较保守.分子对接结果表明,R-2-氯丙酸和S-2-氯丙酸都可以结合到活性位点上,决定其选择性的是值点Asn203,在RS-2-卤代酸脱卤酶所对应位点的残基为Ala,相比之下,Aan具备较大的空间位阻,从而阻止了S-2-氯丙酸的反应.利用Sybyl中的Biopolymer模块对R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶中的Asn203突变成具有不同空间位阻的Ala、Gly和Gln.突变酶与底物对接结果进一步证实了Asn203位点对R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶的底物对映体选择性作用.     

一种来源于Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN的ω-转氨酶的表达纯化及性质分析

ω-转氨酶(ω-transaminase)可以通过手性拆分和不对称合成的催化反应来获得光学纯的手性胺类化合物和非天然氨基酸,在医药中间体合成中是一种重要的生物催化剂。采用基因挖掘技术,在基因组数据库中获得一个来自伯克氏菌Burkholderia phytofirmans Ps JN的ω-转氨酶基因(hbp),将该基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中克隆、表达,利用镍柱亲和层析将该酶(HBP)进行纯化并研究了其酶学性质和底物谱。结果表明,以β-苯丙氨酸(β-Phe)为氨基供体、丙酮酸为氨基受体,HBP具有较高的活力(33.80 U/mg)和立体选择性;其最适温度为40℃左右,最适p H在8.0–8.5之间。研究过程中,建立了一种简便快捷的紫外吸收法来检测β-Phe的脱氨反应,证明了该反应的热力学平衡性质。底物谱研究表明HBP可以以β-Phe及其衍生物为氨基供体。结果表明HBP能够有效地手性拆分rac-β-Phe及其衍生物,转化率在50%左右,ee99%。     

Identification and characterization of a highly S-enantioselective halohydrin dehalogenase from Tsukamurella sp. 1534 for kinetic resolution of halohydrins

Halohydrin dehalogenases are remarkable enzymes which possess promiscuous catalytic activity and serve as potential biocatalysts for the synthesis of chiral halohydrins, epoxides and β-substituted alcohols. The enzyme HheC exhibits a highly R enantioselectivity in the processes of dehalogenation of vicinal halohydrins and ring-opening of epoxides, which attracts more attentions in organic synthesis. Recently dozens of novel potential halohydrin dehalogenases have been identified by gene mining, however, most of the characterized enzymes showed low stereoselectivity. In this study, a novel halohydrin dehalogenase of HheA10 from Tsukamurella sp. 1534 has been heterologously expressed, purified and characterized. Substrate spectrum and kinetic resolution studies indicated the HheA10 was a highly S enantioselective enzyme toward several halohydrins, which produced the corresponding epoxides with the ee (enantiomeric excess) and E values up to >99% and >200 respectively. Our results revealed the HheA10 was a promising biocatalyst for the synthesis of enantiopure aromatic halohydrins and epoxides via enzymatic kinetic resolution of racemic halohydrins. What’s more important, the HheA10 as the first individual halohydrin dehalogenase with the highly S enantioselectivity provides a complementary enantioselectivity to the HheC.     

Purification, characterization, and gene cloning of a novel fluoroacetate dehalogenase from Burkholderia sp. FA1

Fluoroacetate dehalogenase catalyzes the hydrolytic defluorination of fluoroacetate to produce glycolate. The enzyme is unique in that it catalyzes the cleavage of the highly stable carbon–fluorine bond in an aliphatic compound. The bacterial isolate FA1, which was identified as Burkholderia, grew on fluoroacetate as the sole carbon source to produce fluoroacetate dehalogenase (FAc-DEX FA1). The enzyme was purified to homogeneity and characterized. The molecular weights were estimated to be 79,000 and 34,000 by gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), respectively, suggesting that the enzyme is a dimer. The purified enzyme was specific to haloacetates, and fluoroacetate was the best substrate. The activities toward chloroacetate and bromoacetate were less than 5% of the activity toward fluoroacetate. The K_m and V_max values for the hydrolysis of fluoroacetate were 5.1 mM and 11 μmol per minute milligram, respectively. The gene coding for the enzyme was isolated, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The open reading frame consisted of 912 nucleotides, corresponding to 304 amino acid residues. Although FAc-DEX FA1 showed high sequence similarity to fluoroacetate dehalogenase from Moraxella sp. B (FAc-DEX H1) (61% identity), the substrate specificity of FAc-DEX FA1 was significantly different from that of FAc-DEX H1: FAc-DEX FA1 was more specific to fluoroacetate than FAc-DEX H1.     

Yield of poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate from various carbon sources: a theoretical study

The theoretical yield of poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) has been estimated from the biochemical pathway leading to PHB when a carbohydrate (glucose), a C(1) compound (methanol), a C(2) compound (acetic acid), or a C(4) compound (butyric acid) is used as a carbon source. In estimating the yield, recycling (or regeneration) of NADP(+)/ (NADPH + H(+)) and NAD(+) /(NADH + H(+)) have been taken into account. A special emphasis is made on te regeneration of NADPH, which is the coenzyme of acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, one of three key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of PHB. As a NADPH-regenerating enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or isocitrate dehydrogenase is conceived. An equation which predicts the overall yield of PHB when non-PHB residual biomass is actually formed has been derived as a function of both the theoretical yield and PHB content of the dry cell mass. The ratio of the overall yield to the theoretical yield is roughly proportional to the PHB content. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生物催化3-(4-氯苯基)-戊二腈去对称性水解合成光学纯巴氯芬的关键前体

研究了利用生物催化剂制备(S)-4-氰基-3-(4-氯苯基)-丁酸.以3-(4-氯苯基)-戊二腈为底物,采用苯酚-次氯酸钠法对实验室保藏的菌株进行筛选,得到一株产物立体选择性较高的菌株赤霉菌Gibberella intermedia WX12,并对其催化特性和发酵条件进行了初步研究.以30 g/L的乳糖和20 g/L的蛋白胨分别为碳、氮源,发酵培养96 h,收集的菌体在50 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH 8.0)中30℃催化反应24 h,将3-(4-氯苯基)-戊二腈转化为4-氰基-3-(4-氯苯基)-丁酸,产率为90％.将产物化学转化为巴氯芬,手性HPLC分析表明水解产物构型是(S),其对映异构体过量值ee＞ 99％.该产物可以用来合成光学纯的(R)-和(S)-巴氯芬.     

A new -2-haloacid dehalogenase acting on 2-haloacid amides: purification, characterization, and mechanism

-2-Haloacid dehalogenase catalyzes the hydrolytic dehalogenation of - and -2-haloalkanoic acids to produce the corresponding - and -2-hydroxyalkanoic acids, respectively. We have constructed an overproduction system for -2-haloacid dehalogenase from Pseudomonas putida PP3 ( -DEX 312) and purified the enzyme to analyze the reaction mechanism. When a single turnover reaction of -DEX 312 was carried out in H₂¹⁸O by use of a large excess of the enzyme with - or -2-chloropropionate as a substrate, the lactate produced was labeled with ¹⁸O. This indicates that the solvent water molecule directly attacked the substrate and that its oxygen atom was incorporated into the product. This reaction mechanism contrasts with that of -2-haloacid dehalogenase, which has an active-site carboxylate group that attacks the substrate to displace the halogen atom. -DEX 312 resembles -2-haloacid dehalogenase from Pseudomonas sp. 113 ( -DEX 113) in that the reaction proceeds with a direct attack of a water molecule on the substrate. However, -DEX 312 is markedly different from -DEX 113 in its substrate specificity. We found that -DEX 312 catalyzes the hydrolytic dehalogenation of 2-chloropropionamide and 2-bromopropionamide, which do not serve as substrates for -DEX 113. -DEX 312 is the first enzyme that catalyzes the dehalogenation of 2-haloacid amides.     

Isolation of a Gram-positive poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-degrading bacterium from compost, and cloning and characterization of a gene encoding PHB depolymerase of Bacillus megaterium N-18-25-9

A Gram-positive poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-degrading bacterial strain was isolated from compost. This organism, identified as Bacillus megaterium N-18-25-9, produced a clearing zone on opaque NB-PHB agar, indicating the presence of extracellular PHB depolymerase. A PHB depolymerase gene, PhaZ(Bm), of B. megaterium N-18-25-9 was cloned and sequenced, and the recombinant gene product was purified from Escherichia coli. The N-terminal half region of PhaZ(Bm) shared significant homologies with a catalytic domain of other PHB depolymerases. Although the C-terminal half region of PhaZ(Bm) showed no significant similarity with those of other PHB depolymerases, that region was necessary for the PHB depolymerase activity. Therefore, this enzyme's domain structure is unique among extracellular PHB depolymerase domain structures. The addition of PHB to the medium led to a sixfold increase in PhaZ(Bm) mRNA, while the presence of glucose repressed PhaZ(Bm) expression. The maximum activity was observed at pH 9.0 at 65 degrees C.     

Production of poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and poly-D(-)-3-hydroxyvalerate by strains ofAlcaligenes latus

Alcaligenes latus strains can accumulate poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) up to about 85% of cell dry weight. The abilities to store poly-D(-)-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) of three strains ofA. latus were investigated. With Na-propionate as PHV precursor, strainA. latusDSM 1122 had better PHV accumulation ability than strainsA. latusDSM 1123 and 1124. StrainA. latus DSM 1123 could store PHV when Na-valerate but not Na-propionate served as the PHV precursor. PHB and PHV accumulation byA. latus DSM 1124 rapidly increased when propionic acid and acetic acid were together added to the fermentor. This increase was not obtained in the culture shaker flask and fermentor growing the same strain when Na-propionate alone served as a PHV precursor.     

Synthesis and polymerization of benzyl (3R,4R)-3-methylmalolactonate via enzymatic preparation of the chiral precursor

β-methylaspartate ammonia-lyase, EC 4.3.1.2, (β-methylaspartase) from Clostridium tetanomorphum was used to produce a 40/60 molar ratio of (2S,3R) and (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartic acids, 2a and 2b , respectively, from mesaconic acid 1 as substrate, on a large scale. To prepare (3R,4R)-3-methyl-4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxetanone (benzyl 3-methylmalolactonate) 6, 2a and 2b were transformed, in the first step, into 2-bromo-3-methylsuccinic acids 3a and 3b and separated. After three further steps, (2S,3S)- 3a yielded the α,β-substituted β-lactone (3R,4R) 6 with a very high diastereoisomeric excess (>95% by chiral gas chromatography). The corresponding crystalline polymer, poly[benzyl β-(2R,3S)-3-methylmalate] 8 , prepared by an anionic ring opening polymerization, was highly isotactic as determined by ¹³C NMR. Catalytic hydrogenolysis of lactone 6 yielded (3R,4R)-3-methyl-4-carboxy-2-oxetanone (3-methylmalolactonic acid) 7 , to which reactive, chiral, or bioactive molecules can be attached through ester bonds leading to polymers with possible therapeutic applications. Because of the ability of β-methylaspartase to catalyse both syn- and anti-elimination of ammonia from (2S,3RS)-3-methylaspartic acid 2ab at different rates, the (2S,3R)-stereoisomer 2a was retained and isolated for further reactions. These results permit the use of the chemoenzymatic route for the preparation of both optically active and racemic polymers of 3-methylmalic acid with well-defined enantiomeric and diastereoisomeric compositions. Chirality 10:727–733, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Expression,characterization, and improvement of a newly cloned halohydrin dehalogenase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its application in production of epichlorohydrin

A gene encoding halohydrin dehalogenase (HHDH) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCTCC M 87071 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. To increase activity and stability of HHDH, 14 amino acid residues around the active site and substrate-binding pocket based on the structural analysis and molecular docking were selected as targets for site-directed mutagenesis. The studies showed that the mutant HHDH (Mut-HHDH) enzyme had a more accessible substrate-binding pocket than the wild-type HHDH (Wt-HHDH). Molecular docking revealed that the distance between the substrate and active site was closer in mutant which improved the catalytic activity. The expressed Wt-HHDH and Mut-HHDH were purified and characterized using 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) as substrates. The specific activity of the mutant was enhanced 26-fold and the value of k _cat was 18.4-fold as compared to the Wt-HHDH, respectively. The Mut-HHDH showed threefold extension of half-life at 45 °C than that of Wt-HHDH. Therefore it is possible to add 1,3-DCP concentration up to 100 mM and epichlorohydrin (ECH) was produced at a relatively high conversion and yield (59.6 %) using Mut-HHDH as catalyst. This Mut-HHDH could be a potential candidate for the upscale production of ECH.