褐藻胶裂解酶的结构及催化机制研究进展

褐藻胶是由β-D-甘露糖醛酸及其C_5差向异构体α-L-古罗糖醛酸所组成的酸性多糖。褐藻胶裂解酶是多糖裂解酶的一种,可以将褐藻胶降解成寡糖或者单糖。近年来随着结构生物学的发展,越来越多褐藻胶裂解酶的结构及催化机制得到解析。本文中,笔者介绍了不同家族褐藻胶裂解酶结构以及催化机制的研究进展。根据酶序列来分,褐藻胶裂解酶分属到多糖裂解酶的7个家族;从结构上来看,褐藻胶裂解酶通常采取3种结构:β果冻卷、(α/α)_n桶状结构和β螺旋结构。褐藻胶裂解酶通过β消除的方式来降解褐藻胶,根据催化过程中有无金属离子的辅助,褐藻胶裂解酶的催化机制又可进一步分为His(Tyr)/Tyr型β消除和金属离子辅助的β消除。本文可以为褐藻胶裂解酶的应用提供一定的理论依据。     

海藻工具酶——褐藻胶裂解酶研究进展

从海洋生物中筛选提取有价值的酶类,开发海洋多糖降解产物,已成为海洋生物资源开发的一个重要方面。因此,近年来对于海藻工具酶之一的褐藻胶裂解酶及其降解产物——褐藻寡糖的研究日益受到人们的普遍关注。从褐藻胶裂解酶的来源、分类、底物专一性、作用方式及结构与机理研究、酶活力测定和酶学性质等方面,结合本课题组的研究工作综述近十年来有关褐藻胶裂解酶的研究进展。     

褐藻胶裂解酶的分子改造研究进展

褐藻胶是由β-D-甘露糖醛酸(M)以及α-L-古罗糖醛酸(G)2种单体组成的酸性多糖。褐藻胶裂解酶作为多糖裂解酶的一种,可以温和高效地将褐藻胶降解为褐藻寡糖,并用于食品、医药和农业领域。然而天然来源的褐藻胶裂解酶通常存在活性不高、催化效率低以及热稳定性差等缺点,在一定程度上限制了其工业化应用潜力。近年来分子改造策略已经开始大量应用于褐藻胶裂解酶,使得褐藻胶裂解酶的应用性能得到极大提升。本文对已报道的褐藻胶裂解酶结构与催化机制进行总结,对改善热稳定性、提高催化效率、改变底物分布等性质的褐藻胶裂解酶分子改造策略如理性设计、定向进化、结构域截短与重组等进行系统分析与综述,并展望了未来褐藻胶裂解酶分子改造的发展方向。     

番茄P56和部分来源多糖裂解酶家族Ⅰ的其它蛋白的系统演化分析

果胶裂解酶包含果胶酸裂解酶(pectate lyase)和果胶酸酯裂解酶(pectin lyase)二种形式,是一类多糖裂解酶,由细菌、真菌、植物和线虫等生物产生,分布在5个多糖裂解酶家族,果胶酶在食品与饮料、纺织与洗涤、制药等工业中有广泛的应用。利用NCBI BLASTX服务器,搜索与番茄P56蛋白氨基酸序列相似且都属于多糖裂解酶家族Ⅰ的果胶裂解酶蛋白序列共28条,用DNAMAN软件分析其保守区,用CLUSTALX8.0软件进行序列比对和Bi-oEdit软件进行文件转换,进一步用PUAP4.0软件构建系统进化树。构建的MP树(phylogenetic trees)和NJ树(neighbor-joining)显示:来自植物的果胶酸裂解酶、真菌的果胶酸酯裂解酶、细菌的果胶酸裂解酶分别可聚为一个独立的类群;相对于细菌果胶酸裂解酶和真菌果胶酸酯裂解酶而言,构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)的果胶酸裂解酶A和植物的果胶酸裂解酶之间有较近的亲缘关系;细菌Pseudomonas syringae的果胶酸酯裂解酶和真菌的果胶酸酯裂解酶之间的亲缘关系较近。     

石莼多糖裂解酶的研究进展

石莼多糖(Ulvan)由3-硫酸化鼠李糖,葡糖醛酸,艾杜糖醛酸及一些随机分布的木糖组成。石莼多糖及其降解得到的寡糖在医疗、食品等领域具有广泛的应用前景。为促进对石莼多糖裂解酶这一石莼多糖利用工具的开发,对石莼多糖裂解酶的底物组成,来源分类,序列及进化关系,酶学性质及作用模式,蛋白结构以及作用机制进行了综述,以求对后续石莼多糖裂解酶研究者提供帮助。     

褐藻多糖的分离提取及生理活性研究进展

褐藻多糖是海藻胶、褐藻糖胶和褐藻淀粉的统称,主要存在于褐藻中。褐藻糖胶作为其主要的生理活性物质,主要由L-岩藻糖和硫酸酯基组成,具有抗氧化、抗凝血、防癌抗肿瘤、抗病毒和消炎等活性。综述了褐藻多糖的提取分离方法和褐藻糖胶的生理活性研究进展,以期为褐藻多糖的应用提供参考。     

微生物来源的果胶相关裂解酶的研究进展

果胶是一种广泛存在于高等植物细胞壁中的大分子杂多糖,它主要由D-半乳糖醛酸、鼠李糖和阿拉伯糖等结构单元组成,在食品、化妆品和医药等领域用途较广。果胶裂解酶和果胶酸裂解酶同属于多糖裂解酶家族,都能利用反式消除裂解果胶分子骨架D-半乳糖醛酸间的α-1,4-糖苷键保护果汁特定香味的酯基团不发生改变,还不产生高毒性的甲醇。因此,这些裂解酶在果汁提取、苎麻脱胶和废水处理等工业领域具有广阔的应用前景。果胶底物的复杂结构导致了果胶酶的分类标准不一。本文从果胶底物的结构和特性,相关裂解酶的来源、序列分析、作用模式、三维结构及催化机制等方面进行综述,提高人们对微生物来源的果胶裂解酶和果胶酸裂解酶的系统认知。     

蛋白多糖

蛋白多糖(proteoglycan)及其重要组分糖胺多糖(glycosaminoglycan,旧称粘多糖等)是结缔组织基质的主要成份,具有复杂的生理功能及重要的临床意义,已日益引起国内外大批学者的注意,成为生物化学的一个新的重要领域。近年来这方面的研究工作有了很大进展,出现了新的动向。本文介绍了近年来对蛋白多糖聚集体的研究成果,综述了蛋白多糖和糖胺多糖的分离提取方法、生理功能以及它们在某些病理情况下的改变。此外,这一领域的命名较为混乱,为了适应研究工作的迅速发展,目前国际上多数书刊已废止其它名称,而仅采用proteoglycan和gly-cosaminoglycan二词。本文对此术语的翻译提出了初步参考意见。     

海藻酸裂解酶异源表达研究进展

海藻酸裂解酶是通过β-消除反应切断海藻酸分子中的糖苷键,产生非还原性端具有不饱和双键的糖的酶.通常作为制备海藻酸寡糖的工具酶,广泛应用于医疗、食品和生物质能源等领域的研究.介绍了海藻酸裂解酶异源表达的研究现状、存在的问题和发展的趋势.     

生物胺降解酶研究进展及其应用

生物胺是存在于发酵食品和酒精饮料中的潜在胺类危害物。如果人体摄入过量的生物胺,则会引起呼吸困难、呕吐和发烧等过敏反应。生物胺降解酶是通过将生物胺氧化成醛类物质来实现降解生物胺的一类酶。目前发现的具有降解生物胺能力的酶主要包括胺氧化酶、胺脱氢酶和多铜氧化酶。本文详细阐述了这3类主要生物胺降解酶的催化机理、底物特异性、酶学性质、应用特性和它们对生物胺的降解效果,归纳和总结了生物胺降解酶的异源表达和分子改造的研究进展,并对生物胺降解酶在基因挖掘、分子改造和表达等方面的研究趋势进行了展望,以期为研究和开发食品中生物胺的酶法降解策略提供参考。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.