整合素介导小鼠卵内钙离子增加

为了研究整合素是否作为跨膜信号传递受体介导小鼠卵[Ca^2 ]i的变化并探讨其机制。本实验采用甘-精-甘-天冬-丝-脯(GLY-ARG-GLY-ASP-SER-PRO,RGD肽)、纤连蛋A(fibronectin,Fn)及抗整合素α6、β1的单克隆抗体作用于负载了钙探针Fluo-3／AM的去透明带小鼠卵,用激光共聚焦显微镜检测小鼠卵的荧光强度以反映卵[Ca^2 ];用无钙液替代有钙液、或用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂或蛋白激酶C的抑制剂预先作用于卵,然后再观察RGD肽所致卵[Ca^2 ]i的变化。结果显示整合素配体RGD肽或Fn作用于去透明带小鼠卵可引起卵[Ca^2 ]i增加,增加的程度与精子作用相似;去除培养液中的Ca^2 后,再用RGD肽、Fn作用仍可引起卵[Ca^2 ]i增加：用功能性的抗小鼠整合素α6、β1的单克隆抗体也可引起不同程度的卵[Ca^2]i增加,尤其以抗小鼠整合素α6、β1单克隆抗体的作用明显;用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂预先作用于鼠卵,RGD肽或精子作用都不再引起卵[Ca^2 ]i增加;蛋白激酶C抑制剂预先作用鼠卵,RGD肽及Fn也不再引起卵[Ca^2 ]i增加。实验证明。小鼠卵膜整合素与其配体结合可使卵内贮存钙离子释放,引起卵[Ca^2 ]i增加这一卵激活的早期事件;整合素介导小鼠卵激活需要酪氨酸激酶信号转导途径的参与;蛋白激酶C也参与了整合素介导的卵激活。     

Magnesium regulates intracellular free ionized calcium concentration and cell geometry in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Regulatory effects of extracellular magnesium ions ([Mg2+]o) on intracellular free ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i) were studied in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from rat aorta by use of the fluorescent indicator fura-2 and digital imaging microscopy. With normal Mg2+ (1.2 mM)-containing incubation media, [Ca2+]i in VSMCs was 93.6 +/- 7.93 nM with a heterogeneous cellular distribution. Lowering [Mg2+]o to 0 mM or 0.3 mM (the lowest physiological range) resulted in 5.8-fold (579.5 +/- 39.99 nM) and 3.5-fold (348.0 +/- 31.52 nM) increments of [Ca2+]i, respectively, without influencing the cellular distribution of [Ca2+]i. Surprisingly, [Mg2+]o withdrawal induced changes of cell geometry in many VSMCs, i.e., the cells rounded up. However, elevation of [Mg2+]o up to 4.8 mM only induced slight decrements of [Ca2+]i (mean = 72.0 +/- 4.55 nM). The large increment of [Ca2+]i induced by [Mg2+]o withdrawal was totally inhibited when [Ca2+]o was removed. The data suggest that: (1) [Mg2+]o regulates the level of [Ca2+]i in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, and (2) [Mg2+] acts as an important regulatory ion by modulating cell shapes in cultured VSMc and their metabolism to control vascular contractile activities.     

青藤碱对家兔主动脉血管平滑肌细胞内游离钙浓度及蛋白激酶C的影响

观测青藤碱对培养家兔血管平滑肌细胞内游离钙浓度及正常和缺血缺氧刺激下蛋白激酶C（PKC）活性的影响。方法：Fura-2／AM作Ca^2＋指示剂,检测青藤碱对培养家兔主动脉血管平滑肌细胞静息Ca^2＋浓度及去甲肾上腺素,高K^＋,咖啡因刺激作用下的改变,并与钙拮抗剂维拉帕米进行对照研究;复制血管平滑肌细胞缺血缺氧模型,液闪仪测定PKC活性。结果：青藤碱剂量依赖性抑制高K^＋去极化引起[Ca^2＋]i升高,青藤碱10×10^-6mol.L^-1、3×10^-5mol.L^-1、10^-4mol.L^-1,对NE通过受体介导引起的[Ca^2＋]i增高也有明显抑制。但对静息状态下及咖啡因刺激的血管平滑肌细胞[Ca^2＋]i无明显影响。正常时,青藤碱处理后血管平滑肌细胞胞浆、胞膜PKC活性均升高;缺血缺氧状态下,胞浆PKC活性升高,但胞膜PKC活性降低,青藤碱处理后胞浆PKC活性下降,胞膜PKC活性上升。结论：青藤碱可能抑制血管平滑肌细胞电压依赖性钙通道和受体操纵性钙通道,降低细胞内游离钙水平。调节缺血缺氧条件下血管平滑肌细胞PKC活性。     

Cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in porcine platelets. Regulation by an intracellular nonmitochondrial calcium pump and increase after thrombin stimulation

Mechanisms are assumed to exist in the resting platelet which maintain the concentration of cytoplasmic free calcium below that level required to activate cellular responses. To assess such processes the porcine platelet plasma membrane was selectively lysed with digitonin and the uptake (or flux) of free calcium monitored by an extracellular calcium electrode. Lysis resulted in an immediate lowering of the extracellular free calcium, due to the action of intracellular organelle(s) acting on the extracellular space through the permeabilized plasma membrane. In resting platelets, the rate of calcium uptake was first order with respect to the extracellular prelytic calcium concentration, and hence the cytoplasmic free concentration was found to be 1 X 10(-7) M by extrapolation to a point of zero flux (i.e., the null point). This approach could not be used with thrombin-stimulated platelets, as external calcium was required for both secretion of ATP + ADP and aggregation. Nevertheless, evidence for an increase in cytoplasmic free calcium after thrombin stimulation was obtained. Metabolic inhibitors and agents known to inhibit calcium uptake by mitochondria had no effect on the calcium flux following lysis, indicating different mechanisms for calcium homeostasis in the platelet when compared with other cell types (e.g., liver). Levels of ionophore A23187, which caused platelet aggregation, gave a massive release of the nonmitochondrial pool of calcium into the cytoplasmic space. Thus, in porcine platelets an intracellular energy-requiring calcium pump, which sequesters calcium in a nonmitochondrial membranous compartment, is crucial for intracellular calcium homeostasis.     

Direct measurement of the increase in intracellular free calcium ion concentration in response to the action of complement.

1. The effect of rabbit anti-(pigeon erythrocyte) antibodies plus human complement on the concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ in sealed pigeon erythrocyte ''ghosts'' was investigated with the photoprotein obelin. 2. The addition of human serum, as a source of complement, to ''ghosts'' coated with antibody caused a rapid increase in intracellular free Ca2+ after a lag of 20-40 s, as detected by an increase in obelin luminescence. 3. The increase in obelin luminescence could not be explained by release of obelin into the medium. It was also Ca2+-dependent in that extracellular EGTA abolished the effect and intracellular EGTA inhibited it and required the complete terminal complex (C56789). No effect was seen with C5678. 4. The concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ before addition of complement was approx. 0.3 microM. This increased to a maximum of 5-30 microM after complement addition and then remained constant for at least 1-2 min. 5. Antibody plus complement induced a rapid increase in 42K+ efflux and an inhibition of cyclic AMP formation. 6. When partially purified complement components (C5b-9) were used in ''reactive lysis'' it was possible to inhibit the release of macromolecules from pigeon erythrocyte ''ghosts'' by extracellular EGTA. 7. It was concluded that the increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration caused by anti-cell antibody plus complement occurred before cell lysis and may be involved in the mechanism of complement-induced cell injury.     

Cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in porcine platelets: Regulation by an intracellular nonmitochondrial calcium pump and increase after thrombin stimulation

Mechanisms are assumed to exist in the resting platelet which maintain the concentration of cytoplasmic free calcium below that level required to activate cellular responses. To assess such processes the porcine platelet plasma membrane was selectively lysed with digitonin and the uptake (or flux) of free calcium monitored by an extracellular calcium electrode. Lysis resulted in an immediate lowering of the extracellular free calcium, due to the action of intracellular organelle(s) acting on the extracellular space through the permeabilized plasma membrane. In resting platelets, the rate of calcium uptake was first order with respect to the extracellular prelytic calcium concentration, and hence the cytoplasmic free concentration was found to be 1·10^?7 M by extrapolation to a point of zero flux (i.e., the null point). This approach could not be used with thrombin-stimulated platelets, as external calcium was required for both secretion of ATP + ADP and aggregation. Nevertheless, evidence for an increase in cytoplasmic free calcium after thromin stimulation was obtained. Metabolic inhibitors and agents known to inhibit calcium uptake by mitochondria had no effect on the calcium flux following lysis, indicating different mechanisms for calcium homeostasis in the platelet when compared with other cell types (e.g., liver). Levels of ionophore A23187, which caused platelet aggregation, gave a massive release of the nonmitochondrial pool of calcium into the cytoplasmic space. Thus, in porcine platelets an intracellular energy-requiring calcium pump, which sequesters calcium in a nonmitochondrial membranous compartment, is crucial for intracellular calcium homeostasis.     

Polyphosphoinositides-dependent regulation of the osteoclast actin cytoskeleton and bone resorption

Background  

Gelsolin, an actin capping protein of osteoclast podosomes, has a unique function in regulating assembly and disassembly of the podosome actin filament. Previously, we have reported that osteopontin (OPN) binding to integrin α_vβ₃ increased the levels of gelsolin-associated polyphosphoinositides, podosome assembly/disassembly, and actin filament formation. The present study was undertaken to identify the possible role of polyphosphoinositides and phosphoinositides binding domains (PBDs) of gelsolin in the osteoclast cytoskeletal structural organization and osteoclast function.     

Direct demonstration of increased intracellular concentration of free calcium in rabbit and human neutrophils following stimulation by chemotactic factor

An increase in the level of intracellular free calcium concentration in rabbit and human neutrophils stimulated by chemotactic factors has been demonstrated directly using the calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe quin-2. Addition of f-Met-Leu-Phe (10(-9) M), C5a (3 x 10(-9) M) or leukotriene B4 (6 x 10(-8) M) to the neutrophils induces a rapid increase in the intracellular concentration of free calcium that reaches a maximum value 15 seconds following stimulation. At concentrations of f-Met-Leu-Phe less than 10(-8) M the enhancement is dose dependent with an ED50 of 8 x 10(-11) M and is significantly reduced in the presence of EGTA in the suspending medium.     

Agonist-stimulated oscillations and cycling of intracellular free calcium in individual cultured muscle cells

Receptor regulation of [Ca2+]i was monitored in individual BC3H-1 muscle cells with intracellularly trapped fura-2 using digital imaging analysis techniques. Activation of alpha 1-adrenergic or H1-histaminergic receptors resulted in multiple bursts, or oscillations, of elevated [Ca2+]i with an average interval frequency of approximately 1.8 min-1. The duration of oscillatory behavior was generally more prolonged in response to phenylephrine than in response to histamine. Additionally, a larger fraction of the cells responded with [Ca2+]i oscillations to phenylephrine (approximately 90%) than to histamine (approximately 60%), although the majority of cells produced oscillations in response to both agonists. In most cells, the receptor-mediated [Ca2+]i oscillations continued for several minutes in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, although the amplitude of the individual peaks gradually decreased. The activation of [Ca2+]i oscillations by H1-receptors was more dependent upon extracellular Ca2+ than those elicited by alpha 1-receptors, reflecting the greater dependency of the histaminergic response on Ca2+ influx. Readdition of Ca2+ to the incubation buffer resulted in the resumption of the [Ca2+]i oscillations. These results indicate that considerable cycling of Ca2+ between the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum must occur. Receptor-mediated [Ca2+]i oscillations were much more prevalent in subconfluent cells than in confluent cells, possibly due to increased coupling of the cells at higher densities. The cells were capable of responding independently of one another, since sister cells displayed unique temporal responses immediately following cell division. Thus, the linkage of receptor occupancy to [Ca2+]i elevation is a functionally unique property for each individual cell and can be influenced by epigenetic factors.     

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽减轻谷氨酸对海马神经元的损伤并抑制胞内钙升高

对原代培养７～９ｄ的海马神经元给予谷氨酸处理,２４ｈ后,神经元的存活率降低。预先给予垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽（ＰＡＣＡＰ）能显著减少谷氨酸引起的海马神经元死亡。谷氨酸呈剂量依赖性增加海马神经元细胞内钙离子含量,ＰＡＣＡＰ能抑制谷氨酸引起的海马神经元细胞内钙离子浓度的升高,特异性ＰＡＣＡＰ Ⅰ型受体拮抗剂ＰＡＣＡＰ ６－３８能完全阻断ＰＡＣＡＰ减轻谷氨酸所致海马神经元损伤及降低谷氨酸所致神经元细胞内钙     

Antithetic effects of ryanodine and ruthenium red on osteclast-mediated bone resorption and intracellular calcium concentrations

In the process of bone remodeling, osteoclasts are responsible for resorption of bone. High levels of intracellular calcium decrease the bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts and increase detachment of osteoclasts from the bone surface. The regulatory role of intracellular calcium in bone resorption is not clearly understood. To understand this phenomenon, we studied the effects of the intracellular calcium modulators ryanodine and ruthenium red on bone resorption using the disaggregated osteoclast pit assay. Changes in intracellular calcium concentrations after treatment with these compounds were detected with the fluoroprobe fura2. With ryanodine, a significant, dose-dependent decrease in bone resorption was detected. This inhibition of bone resorption was reversible upon the removal of ryanodine. Ryanodine increased intracellular calcium concentrations, suggesting that the mechanism of inhibition by ryanodine was via alterations in intracellular stores of calcium. After treatment with ruthenium red, osteoclasts resorbed significantly more bone compared to vehicle-treated cells. This increase in bone resorption correlated with a decrease in intracellular calcium concentrations. The addition of parathyroid hormone or ruthenium red to osteoclast cultures containing ryanodine did not attenuate the decrease in bone resorption caused by ryanodine, suggesting that the mechanism of ryanodine inhibition of bone resorption may involve the “locking” of a calcium channel in an open position. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Extracellular cyclic ADP-ribose increases intracellular free calcium concentration and stimulates proliferation of human hemopoietic progenitors.

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a universal second messenger that regulates many calcium-related cellular events by releasing calcium from intracellular stores. Since these events include enhanced cell proliferation and since the bone marrow harbors both ectoenzymes that generate cADPR from NAD(+) (CD38 and BST-1), we investigated the effects of extracellular cADPR on human hemopoietic progenitors (HP). Exposure of HP to 100 microM cADPR for 24 h induced a significant increase in colony output (P<0.01) and colony size (P<0.003). A horizontal expansion of HP, as demonstrated by a markedly increased replating efficiency in semisolid medium (up to 700 times compared to controls), was also observed, indicating that cADPR priming can affect cell growth for multiple generations over several weeks after exposure. Influx of extracellular cADPR into the cells was demonstrated, and a causal relationship between the functional effects and the increase of intracellular free calcium concentration induced by cADPR on HP was established through the use of specific antagonists. Similar effects on HP were produced by nanomolar concentrations of the nonhydrolyzable cADPR analog 3-deaza-cADPR. These data demonstrate that extracellular cADPR behaves as a cytokine enhancing the proliferation of human HP, a finding that may have biomedical applications for the ex vivo expansion of hemopoietic cells.     

Inositol trisphosphate independent increase of intracellular free calcium and amylase secretion in pancreatic acini

It is generally believed that the activation of various cell surface receptors results in the phospholipase C-catalyzed production of inositol trisphosphate which, in turn, increases the intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ by stimulating its release from nonmitochondrial sources. We have investigated both the production of inositol trisphosphate and changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in rat pancreatic acini in response to caerulein and CCK-JMV-180, two analogs of cholecystokinin. Both of these analogs cause comparable increases in the rate of amylase secretion and in intracellular Ca2+ concentration but their effects on inositol phosphate generation are dramatically different; caerulein stimulates significant production of inositol phosphates within 1 min of its addition, whereas no detectable levels of inositol phosphates were generated within the same time after addition of CCK-JMV-180. These results suggest that the CCK-JMV-180 stimulated release of intracellular Ca2+ is not mediated by inositol trisphosphate but some other as yet unidentified messenger.     

Limits to the early increase in free cytoplasmic calcium concentration during the mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes.

Three aspects of the calcium hypothesis we have proposed previously [Metcalfe, Pozzan, Smith & Hesketh (1980) Biochem. Soc. Symp. 45, 1-26] for the control of mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes are examined in studies on the mitogenic action of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and its effect on cap formation. (1) Pig lymphocytes that were mitogenically stimulated by continuous incubation with 3H-labelled A23187 for 48 h contained between 3 and 15 amol of ionophore per cell. Lymphocytes exposed to 3H-labelled A23187 for 2h before washing the cells and resuspending them in ionophore-free medium were only stimulated mitogenically at 48h if the residual ionophore associated with the cells after washing was in the concentration range 3-15 amol per cell. When the cells were washed repeatedly after 2h incubation with ionophore to reduce the cell-associated ionophore below the critical concentration range, no mitogenic stimulation occurred as a result of short-term exposure to any ionophore concentration. Re-addition of ionophore to within the indicated range of cell-associated concentrations restored mitogenic stimulation at 48h. We conclude that large, short-term Ca2+ fluxes into the cells induced by the ionophore cannot generate a mitogenic signal that commits the cells to enter the cell cycle. (2) Further experiments with the ionophore showed that detectable mitogenic stimulation at 48h required a minimum of 3h exposure to optimal ionophore concentrations, and that maximal stimulation required at least 20h exposure. This is consistent with the view that a prolonged increase in the free cytoplasmic calcium concentration is required to stimulate the maximum proportion of the cells into the cell cycle. (3) Mouse splenic lymphocytes treated for short periods with very high ionophore concentrations (30 microM) in the presence of various external Ca2+ concentrations showed significant inhibition of cap formation of surface immunoglobulin receptors in the range 1-10 microM-Ca2+ in normal or depolarizing medium. We conclude that mitogens at optimal concentrations for the stimulation of lymphocytes do not cause any early increase in the free cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration above 10 microM.     

The effect of sulfated polysaccharides on the free intracellular calcium ion concentration of lymphocytes

Recent studies have demonstrated that murine lymphocytes express specific cell-surface receptors for a range of sulfated polysaccharides. In order to determine whether polysaccharide binding induces transmembrane signaling, the effects of sulfated polysaccharides on the free intracellular calcium ion concentration [( Ca2+]i) of mouse thymocytes and spleen cells were determined. Cells were loaded with Indo-I, a fluorescent indicator of calcium ion concentration. The validity and limitations in the use of this indicator in the determination of [Ca2+]i are documented. Dextran sulfate (Mn = 500,000), iota-carrageenan, lambda-carrageenan and kappa-carrageenan all cause relatively large changes in the [Ca2+]i of thymocytes (change in [Ca2+]i greater than 50 nM). Of these, dextran sulfate (Mn = 500,000) always had the greatest effect on [Ca2+]i. Smaller responses were obtained with heparin and dextran sulfate (Mn = 5000), while no response was obtained with chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, pentosan sulfate or fucoidin. This response pattern (with the exception of fucoidin and pentosan sulfate) corresponds with the expression of thymocyte receptors for these polysaccharides. The increase in [Ca2+]i caused by the sulfated polysaccharides requires extracellular Ca2+ ions however, it is unlikely that voltage-dependent ion channels are involved in these responses. In contrast to thymocytes, although spleen cells express receptors for sulfated polysaccharides, they were unresponsive to all of the sulfated polysaccharides tested, suggesting a basic difference between thymocytes and peripheral T and B lymphocytes in their response to the binding of sulfated polysaccharides.     

Hypoxia-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration in endothelial cells: role of the Na(+)-glucose cotransporter.

Hypoxia is a common denominator of many vascular disorders, especially those associated with ischemia. To study the effect of oxygen depletion on endothelium, we developed an in vitro model of hypoxia on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Hypoxia strongly activates HUVEC, which then synthesize large amounts of prostaglandins and platelet-activating factor. The first step of this activation is a decrease in ATP content of the cells, followed by an increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) which then activates the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). The link between the decrease in ATP and the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was not known and is investigated in this work. We first showed that the presence of extracellular Na(+) was necessary to observe the hypoxia-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and the activation of PLA(2). This increase was not due to the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores, since thapsigargin did not inhibit this process. The Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger was involved since dichlorobenzamil inhibited the [Ca(2+)](i) and the PLA(2) activation. The glycolysis was activated, but the intracellular pH (pH(i)) in hypoxic cells did not differ from control cells. Finally, the hypoxia-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and PLA(2) activation were inhibited by phlorizin, an inhibitor of the Na(+)-glucose cotransport. The proposed biochemical mechanism occurring under hypoxia is the following: glycolysis is first activated due to a requirement for ATP, leading to an influx of Na(+) through the activated Na(+)-glucose cotransport followed by the activation of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, resulting in a net influx of Ca(2+).     

Serum modulates the intracellular calcium response of primary cultured bone cells to shear flow

We investigated the effect of newborn bovine serum on the intracellular calcium [Ca²⁺]_i response of primary cultured bone cells stimulated by fluid flow. As it has been previously established that these cells exhibit [Ca²⁺]_i responses to fluid flow shear stress in saline media without growth factors or other chemically stimulatory factors, we hypothesized that the addition of serum to the flow medium would enhance the mechanosensitivity of the cells. We examined the effect of a short-term (10–15 min) exposure of the cells to 2 and 10% serum prior to flow stimulation (pretreated) compared to not exposing the cells prior to flow stimulation (unpretreated). The cells were subjected to a well-defined, 90-s flow stimulus with shear stress levels ranging from 0.02 to 3.5 Pa in a laminar flow chamber using a saline medium supplemented with 2 or 10% serum. For pretreatment, the serum concentration was the same from pre-flow to flow exposure. We observed a differential effect in the magnitude of the peak [Ca²⁺]_i response modulated by the concentration of serum in the pre-flow medium. Additionally, ATP-supplemented flow was examined as a comparison to the serum-supplemented flow and exhibited a similar trend in the peak [Ca²⁺]_i flow response that was dependent on ATP concentration and pre-flow exposure conditions. These findings demonstrate that under the conditions of this study, chemical agonist exposure can modulate the [Ca²⁺]_i response in bone cells subjected to fluid flow-induced shear stress.