连香树精油对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞抗肿瘤机制的研究

为探讨连香树精油的体外抗肿瘤活性。以人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞为受试细胞株,利用MTT法、流式细胞术、JC-1法和Western blot法评价连香树精油的体外抗肿瘤活性。结果表明:连香树精油处理24 h后可降低SMMC-7721细胞存活率;细胞中G0/G1期的比例下降,G2/M期的比例升高;细胞线粒体膜电位降低;自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin-1表达上升,加入自噬抑制剂氯喹后LC3-Ⅱ蛋白与Bcl-2抗凋亡蛋白表达下降。综上说明连香树精油能抑制SMMC-7721细胞的增殖活性,通过阻滞G2/M期抑制细胞分裂,通过降低线粒体膜电位诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡,而自噬在SMMC-7721细胞凋亡过程中作为一种保护机制而存在。     

乳酸脱氢酶A通过AMPK信号通路抑制人脑胶质瘤细胞线粒体自噬

该研究旨在探讨乳酸脱氢酶A(lactate dehydrogenase A,LDHA)对人脑胶质瘤细胞线粒体自噬的影响。用质粒sh-EGFP或sh-LDHA转染人脑胶质瘤细胞株U87MG,qRT-PCR和Western blot检测干扰效率,荧光染色技术检测线粒体ROS水平及线粒体膜电位,Western blot检测线粒体自噬相关蛋白及AMPK信号通路相关蛋白表达。结果表明,与sh-EGFP组相比较,sh-LDHA组人脑胶质瘤细胞U87MG中LDHA的mRNA及蛋白质水平均显著降低,线粒体ROS的产生增加,线粒体膜电位明显降低,线粒体自噬相关蛋白PINK1、Parkin及BNIP3、BNIP3L的表达增高,AMPK的磷酸化水平明显升高,而mTOR的磷酸化水平降低。研究结果表明,LDHA能够通过抑制AMPK信号通路,降低线粒体ROS水平,提高线粒体膜电位,抑制线粒体自噬。     

桑叶茶抑制MDA-MB-231细胞增殖及凋亡抑制蛋白的表达

为了研究桑叶茶对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖、凋亡、线粒体膜电位、细胞周期和对肿瘤细胞凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin的作用,探讨其作用机制。本实验采用体外培养MDA-MB-231细胞,采用CCK8法检测桑叶茶对细胞增殖的影响,利用荧光倒置显微镜观察细胞凋亡及线粒体膜电位,采用流式细胞仪分析桑叶茶对MDA-MB-231细胞细胞周期的改变,采用Western Blot印迹法检测桑叶茶对Survivin蛋白表达的影响。研究发现,桑叶茶使MDA-MB-231细胞增殖受到抑制,细胞的凋亡明显增加,线粒体膜电位丧失,细胞周期改变,同时桑叶茶实验组中的Survivin蛋白表达相对于对照组而言,表达量均有所下降,且表达量随着桑叶液浓度的升高而降低。本实验研究表明,桑叶茶能够抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖,促进细胞凋亡,改变细胞周期,同时能够降低凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin表达。     

SIRT3抑制线粒体自噬并减轻高糖加重的神经元缺氧再灌注损伤*

目的:探讨SIRT3调控的线粒体自噬对高糖加重神经元缺氧再灌注损伤的影响及机制。方法:高糖(50 mmol/L)干预HT22细胞后,构建细胞缺氧/复氧模型,利用SIRT3抑制剂3-TYP抑制SIRT3表达。倒置显微镜观察细胞形态改变,CCK8法检测细胞存活率,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,TMRE荧光试剂盒检测细胞线粒体膜电位,RT-qPCR、Western blot检测相关分子的基因和蛋白质表达。结果:高糖使神经元缺氧再灌注后的细胞碎片进一步增加,细胞存活率降低,细胞凋亡率升高(P<0.05)。此外,高糖降低了神经元缺氧再灌注后的线粒体膜电位(P<0.05)。进一步研究发现,高糖上调神经元缺氧再灌注后线粒体分裂相关蛋白DRP1的表达水平,降低了线粒体融合相关蛋白OPA1和线粒体外膜蛋白TOM20的表达;并且增加了自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ、Beclin-1和线粒体自噬相关蛋白PINK1、Parkin的表达;同时,高糖升高了SIRT3的基因和蛋白质表达(P<0.05)。而SIRT3抑制剂3-TYP使神经元高糖缺氧再灌注损伤加重,同时进一步上调DRP1、LC3Ⅱ和PINK1的蛋白质表达(P<0.05)。结论:高糖可显著加重神经元缺氧再灌注损伤,破坏细胞线粒体功能,激活细胞线粒体自噬;SIRT3可抑制PINK1-Parkin通路介导的线粒体自噬并减轻神经元高糖缺氧再灌注损伤。     

二甲双胍对华法令诱导大鼠动脉钙化的影响及其机制初探

目的:研究二甲双胍(metformin,MET)对华法令(Warfarin,WFN)诱导大鼠动脉钙化的影响及其机制。方法:将28只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、8周(W)钙化组、8W钙化+8W MET 100 mg/kg治疗组、8W钙化+8W MET 200 mg/kg治疗组。采用Von Kossa染色法检测胸主动脉组织中钙结节;邻甲酚肽络合酮比色法测定颈总动脉组织中钙沉积含量;免疫组化染色检测血管壁中成骨基因Runx2及血管平滑肌标志物α-SMA的表达;Western Blot检测血管壁中Runx2及自噬标志物LC3II的表达。结果:WFN干预8 W后,大鼠动脉中钙沉积含量显著增加(P0.01),MET治疗组主动脉钙含量与钙化组相比均显著降低(P0.01)。Von Kossa染色可见钙化组(WFN组)动脉壁中层黑色连续钙盐沉积条带,而进行MET治疗后,黑色条带明显减少,对照组未见黑色条带。免疫组化显示钙化组血管壁Runx2表达阳性,棕褐色染色较深,而α-SMA表达则显著下降,基本未见棕褐色染色沉积;MET治疗后能够逆转上述趋势。Western Blot显示钙化组血管壁Runx2表达明显上升,MET治疗后Runx2表达被抑制。此外,钙化过程中伴随着自噬标志物LC3II表达轻度上升;随着MET浓度升高,血管壁中自噬水平呈剂量依赖性显著升高。结论:二甲双胍能够有效抑制大鼠动脉钙化,减轻血管平滑肌细胞由收缩表型向成骨样表型转换,其机制可能与诱导自噬有关。     

大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型线粒体自噬变化的研究

目的:观察大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型不同时间点线粒体及线粒体自噬的变化。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为假手术对照组(sham组):开胸不进行冠状动脉左前降支(Left anterior descending coronary artery,LAD)血流阻断;缺血再灌注组2h组(I/R 2 h组)、24 h组(I/R 24 h组)及48 h组(I/R 48 h组),以上3组均阻断LAD 30 min,分别于再灌注后2 h、24 h、48 h观察心肌ATP含量,线粒体膜电位水平变化,透射电镜下观察线粒体及线粒体自噬超微结构变化,western blot法测定线粒体自噬蛋白PINK1、Parkin、p62、LC3B及线粒体膜蛋白Tom20表达水平。结果:与对照组相比,线粒体膜电位水平及心肌组织ATP含量于再灌注2 h开始下降,24 h下降最显著,48 h有所改善,线粒体超微结构损伤再灌注24 h最为明显,48 h有所改善。PINK1、Parkin、p62蛋白表达于损伤后2 h增强,于再灌注后24 h升高最显著,持续至48 h,LC3BⅡ表达于损伤后24 h增强,同样持续至48 h。透射电镜下可见线粒体自噬体于再灌注后24 h明显增多,并持续至48 h。结论:大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤后,线粒体功能与形态损伤以损伤后24 h最为显著,至损伤后48 h后好转;线粒体自噬水平升高以损伤后24 h最为显著,且维持至损伤后48 h,提示两者之间可能存在关联。     

微囊藻毒素-LR 对小鼠肝细胞线粒体功能的影响*

摘要目的：探究微囊藻毒素-LR 对小鼠肝细胞线粒体功能的影响。方法：采用BALB/c 小鼠作为模型动物,随机分为3 组：A 组, 空白对照组,正常饮用水;B 组,添加5 g/L微囊藻毒素-LR 的饮用水;C 组,添加30 g/L 微囊藻毒素-LR 的饮用水。分组喂养3 个月,分离小鼠肝脏、提取线粒体,采用线粒体荧光探针JC-1 测定线粒体膜电位（MMP）,qRT-PCR检测自噬相关基因Beclin1 和 Lc3琢的转录水平,Western Blot检测细胞色素C的释放,电镜观察线粒体的形态和内部结构。结果：微囊藻毒素-LR 处理组的小 鼠肝细胞线粒体膜电位明显下降,自噬相关基因Lc3琢的转录水平上升,细胞色素C由线粒体释放到胞浆,电镜观察线粒体形态 异常、内部结构被破坏。结论：微囊藻毒素-LR 对小鼠肝细胞线粒体有较强的毒性作用,并引发线粒体自噬。     

Sestrin2对热暴露肺上皮细胞凋亡的干预作用及其机制*

目的:探讨Sestrin2蛋白对热暴露肺上皮细胞凋亡的干预作用及其作用机制。方法:体外培养的Beas-2B细胞分为对照组(37℃)和热暴露组(39℃、40℃和41℃),在上述温度中暴露不同时间(0、3、6和12 h),胰酶消化后收集细胞,分别通过Western blot、荧光分光光度计、流式细胞仪等方法检测细胞中的Sestrin2、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、活性氧自由基(ROS)表达水平,细胞线粒体膜电位及细胞凋亡率。基因序列克隆入高表达质粒pcDNA 3.1⁺中,采用Lipfectamine 2000方法转染Beas-2B细胞,构建Sestrin2和SOD高表达细胞,观察细胞线粒体膜电位及细胞凋亡等指标的变化。结果:随着暴露温度的升高,与对照组相比,热暴露组细胞Sestrin2蛋白表达水平下降。在41℃热暴露Beas-2B细胞,不同时间点ROS水平显著上升,线粒体膜电位显著下降,细胞凋亡率增加。Sestrin2和SOD高表达细胞,在41℃暴露条件下,与对照组比较,ROS表达水平显著降低,线粒体膜电位下降幅度减小,热暴露导致细胞凋亡率降低。结论: Sestrin2能够通过线粒体膜电位和SOD缓解热暴露引起肺上皮细胞的凋亡,对Beas-2B细胞具有保护作用。     

CHOP双重调控衣霉素诱导的DU-145细胞凋亡及自噬的研究

目的研究内质网应激分子CHOP调控细胞凋亡与自噬的作用和机制。 方法利用衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞产生内质网应激,Western Blot法检测内质网应激相关分子Grp78、Grp94、p-eIF2α和CHOP及自噬蛋白LC3Ⅱ、Atg5和Beclin1的表达;用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡水平;沉默CHOP基因,用Western Blot法检测凋亡蛋白PARP、Caspase3的表达,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;并利用免疫荧光检测自噬标志性蛋白LC3B的表达。 结果衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞内质网应激能诱导一定程度的细胞凋亡,衣霉素处理8、12、24?h的细胞凋亡率分别为3.27﹪±1.02﹪,8.97﹪±0.71﹪和11.67﹪±1.41﹪,处理12?h及24?h的细胞凋亡率与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。同时也能通过抑制PI3K/AKt/mTOR信号通路激活DU-145细胞自噬。CHOP基因沉默抑制细胞凋亡,shCtrl组细胞凋亡率为32.17﹪±3.93﹪,shCHOP-1组细胞凋亡率为23.53﹪±3.41﹪,两组相比差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。且CHOP基因沉默能促进细胞自噬分子LC3B的表达。 结论衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞内质网应激状态下,CHOP在细胞凋亡与自噬之间发挥双重调控作用。     

miR-21对缺血/再灌注后血脑屏障保护作用

目的:研究miR-21在脑缺血/再灌注(cerebral ischemia-reperfusion,I/R)损伤过程中对血脑屏障(Blood Brain Barrier)的保护作用。方法:采用线栓法构建SD大鼠脑缺血/再灌注模型。实验随机分为空白质粒组,miR-2l-mimic组和miR-21 inhibitor组。利用Western Blot检测大鼠大脑皮层组织中Bax蛋白的表达变化,透射电镜观察大鼠大脑皮层组织中细胞形态和血脑屏障的完整性,免疫荧光检测大脑皮层组织中自噬相关蛋白LC-3的分布情况。结果:Western Blot实验结果显示:与空白质粒相比,给予miR-2l-mimic的大鼠脑组织中Bax蛋白的表达显著降低,而给予miR-21 inhibitor的大鼠脑组织中Bax蛋白的表达升高;透射电镜结果显示:与空白质粒组相比较,miR-2l-mimic组中内皮细胞周围星形胶质细胞的板层突基本完整,而miR-21 inhibitor组中明显可见自噬小体、溶酶体,并有吞噬物存在;免疫荧光结果显示:与空白质粒组比较,miR-21-mimic组中自噬相关蛋白LC-3表达降低,而miR-21 inhibitor组中LC3蛋白的分布增加。结论:miR-2l可能通过下调Bax蛋白的表达抑制凋亡或通过抑制自噬保护血脑屏障。     

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells via up-regulating expression of mitofusin 2

Previous studies have shown that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn-2) also suppresses VSMC proliferation through Ras-Raf-ERK/MAPK, suggesting a possible link between EGCG, Mfn-2 and ERK/MAPK. However, the effect of EGCG on Mfn-2 remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Mfn-2 in the regulation of VSMC proliferation by EGCG, and assessed the underlying mechanisms. The effects of EGCG on the proliferation of cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were observed by 5-ethynl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay. Mfn-2 gene and protein levels, and Ras, p-c-Raf and p-ERK1/2 protein levels were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Mfn-2 gene silencing was achieved by RNA interference. EGCG 50 μmol/L profoundly inhibited the proliferation of HASMCs in culture, up-regulated Mfn-2, and down-regulated the expression of p-c-Raf and p-ERK1/2. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated gene knockdown of Mfn-2 antagonized EGCG-induced anti-proliferation and down-regulation of Ras, p-c-Raf and p-ERK1/2. These results suggest that EGCG inhibits the proliferation of HASMCs in vitro largely via Mfn-2-mediated suppression of the Ras-Raf-ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.     

S-adenosylmethionine inhibits ubiquitin-proteasome system in vitro and on rat vascular smooth muscle cells

S-adenosylmethionine is a metabolite regulating many biological processes; S-adenosylmethionine effect on ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has not been studied yet. We investigated S-adenosylmethionine effects on UPS activity both in vitro, by inhibitor screening assay, and in rat vascular smooth muscle cells, by Western Blot of proteasomal targets. We found that S-adenosylmethionine inhibited UPS activity.     

The dynamics of cardiolipin synthesis post-mitochondrial fusion

Alteration in mitochondrial fusion may regulate mitochondrial metabolism. Since the phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) is required for function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, we examined the dynamics of CL synthesis in growing Hela cells immediately after and 12 h post-fusion. Cells were transiently transfected with Mfn-2, to promote fusion, or Mfn-2 expressing an inactive GTPase for 24 h and de novo CL biosynthesis was examined immediately after or 12 h post-fusion. Western blot analysis confirmed elevated Mfn-2 expression and electron microscopic analysis revealed that Hela cell mitochondrial structure was normal immediately after and 12 h post-fusion. Cells expressing Mfn-2 exhibited reduced CL de novo biosynthesis from [1,3-³H]glycerol immediately after fusion and this was due to a decrease in phosphatidylglycerol phosphate synthase (PGPS) activity and its mRNA expression. In contrast, 12 h post-mitochondrial fusion cells expressing Mfn-2 exhibited increased CL de novo biosynthesis from [1,3-³H]glycerol and this was due to an increase in PGPS activity and its mRNA expression. Cells expressing Mfn-2 with an inactive GTPase activity did not exhibit alterations in CL de novo biosynthesis immediately after or 12 h post-fusion. The Mfn-2 mediated alterations in CL de novo biosynthesis were not accompanied by alterations in CL or monolysoCL mass. [1-¹⁴C]Oleate incorporation into CL was elevated at 12 h post-fusion indicating increased CL resynthesis. The reason for the increased CL resynthesis was an increased mRNA expression of tafazzin, a mitochondrial CL resynthesis enzyme. Ceramide-induced expression of PGPS in Hela cells or in CHO cells did not alter expression of Mfn-2 indicating that Mfn-2 expression is independent of altered CL synthesis mediated by elevated PGPS. In addition, Mfn-2 expression was not altered in Hela cells expressing phospholipid scramblase-3 or a disrupted scramblase indicating that proper CL localization within mitochondria is not essential for Mfn-2 expression. The results suggest that immediately post-mitochondrial fusion CL de novo biosynthesis is “slowed down” and then 12 h post-fusion it is “upregulated”. The implications of this are discussed.     

Adenoviral-induced islet cell cytotoxicity is not counteracted by Bcl-2 overexpression

BACKGROUND: The ability to transfer immunoregulatory, cytoprotective, or anti-apoptotic genes into pancreatic islet cells may allow enhanced resistance against the autoimmune destruction of these cells in type 1 diabetes. We describe here an inducible transduction system for expression of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene in insulin-producing cells as a potential tool for protecting against beta-cell death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isolated pancreatic rat islet cells or rat insulinoma (RINm5F) cells were transduced using a progesterone antagonist (RU 486) inducible adenoviral vector system, expressing the bcl-2 gene. Bcl-2 overexpression was measured by Western blot assays and flow cytometry analysis. Following exposure to cytokines or to the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP, cell survival was determined using fluorescence and electron microscopy, and a colorimetric assay (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]- 2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide [XTT]-based) for cell viability. The mitochondrial membrane potential ((m)) was assessed using the lipophilic cationic membrane potential-sensitive dye JC-1. RESULTS: The adenoviral gene transfer system induced Bcl-2 expression in more than 70% of beta-cells and the protein expression levels were successfully regulated in response to varying concentrations of progesterone antagonist RU 486. Exposure of islet cells to proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma, or to the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP resulted in disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential ((m)) and beta-cell death. Bcl-2 overexpression stabilized (m) and prevented cell death in RINm5F cells but not in islet cells. In addition, prolonged in vitro culture revealed adenoviral-induced islet cell necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: The RU 486-regulated adenoviral system can achieve an efficient control of gene transfer at relatively low doses of the adenoviral vector. However, Bcl-2 overexpression in islet cells did not prevent adenoviral- or cytokine-induced toxicity, suggesting that the specific death pathway involved in adenoviral toxicity in beta-cells may bypass the mitochondrial permeability transition event.     

Proteomic profiling and identification of cofilin responding to oxidative stress in vascular smooth muscle

We used 2-DE and MALDI-TOF/TOF to identify proteins of vascular smooth muscle cells whose expression was or was not altered by exposure to 500 microM H2O2 for 30 min. We detected more than 800 proteins on silver-stained gels of whole protein extracts from rat aortic smooth muscle strips. Of these proteins, 135 clearly unaffected and 19 having levels altered by exposure to H2O2 were identified. Protein characterization revealed that the most prominent vascular smooth muscle proteins were those with antioxidant, cytoskeletal structure, or muscle contraction. In addition, cofilin, an isoform of the actin depolymerizing factor family, shifted to its basic site on the 2-DE gel as a result of H2O2 treatment. In Western blot analysis of proteins from A7r5 aortic smooth muscle cells, the phosphorylation, but not the expression, of cofilin was decreased by H2O2 in a dose-dependent manner. The H2O2-induced dephosphorylation of cofilin and apoptosis was inhibited by Na3VO4, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). These results suggest that cofilin is one of the proteins regulated by H2O2 treatment in vascular smooth muscle, and has an important role in the induction of vascular apoptosis through PTP-dependent mechanisms.     

Polyamine synthesis inhibition induces S phase cell cycle arrest in vascular smooth muscle cells

Polyamines are important for cell growth and proliferation and they are formed from arginine and ornithine via arginase and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Arginine may alternatively be metabolised to NO via NO synthase. Here we study if vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation can be reversed by polyamine synthesis inhibitors and investigate their mechanism of action. Cell proliferation was assessed in cultured vascular smooth muscle A7r5 cells and in endothelium-denuded rat arterial rings by measuring [³H]-thymidine incorporation and by cell counting. Cell cycle phase distribution was determined by flow cytometry and polyamines by HPLC. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting. The ODC inhibitor DFMO (1–10 mM) reduced polyamine concentration and attenuated proliferation in A7r5 cells and rat tail artery. DFMO accumulated cells in S phase of the cell cycle and reduced cyclin A expression. DFMO had no effect on cell viability and apoptosis as assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Polyamine concentration and cellular proliferation were not affected by the arginase inhibitor NOHA (100–200 μM) and the NO synthase inhibitor l-NAME (100 μM). Lack of effect of NOHA was reflected by absence of arginase expression. Polyamine synthesis inhibition attenuates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by reducing DNA synthesis and accumulation of cells in S phase, and may be a useful approach to prevent vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in cardiovascular diseases.     

CD/TK单、双自杀基因重组腺病毒的制备及初步应用

为制备表达大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶 (cytosinedeaminase ,CD)和单纯疱疹病毒 1 胸苷激酶(herpessimplexvirustype 1thymidinekinase ,TK)双自杀基因的重组腺病毒载体 ,为再狭窄基因治疗的应用奠定基础 ,首先构建了含单、双自杀基因的腺病毒穿梭载体 ,细菌内同源重组法获得重组腺病毒质粒 .脂质体介导下转染 2 93细胞进行包装并大量扩增得到Ad TK、Ad CD、Ad TK CD、Ad LacZ 4种重组腺病毒 .氯化铯 (CsCl)梯度离心法纯化后利用报告基因绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)测定病毒滴度 ,可达 10 9pfu ml .PCR和Western印迹法对外源基因进行鉴定 ,证明单、双自杀基因均已整合入腺病毒基因组并表达 .重组腺病毒感染血管平滑肌细胞后 ,用MTT法比较了单、双自杀基因的杀伤作用 ,发现在感染复数≤ 2 0时 ,双自杀基因对细胞的抑制作用明显高于单基因 .成功地构建腺病毒双自杀基因共表达载体 ,为进一步的体内外实验奠定了基础 .