不同耐盐品种棉花根系主要指标对盐分胁迫的响应

以盐敏感品种‘中棉所45’(CCRI45)、弱耐盐品种‘新陆早17号’(XLZ17)、中等耐盐品种‘新陆早13号’(XLZ13)和耐盐品种‘中棉所35’(CCRI35)为试验材料,利用根系分析系统研究盐分胁迫下棉花根系形态特征及其与棉株耐盐性的关系.结果表明:盐分胁迫显著降低棉花根和叶的干质量以及K^+/Na^+,其中耐盐品种CCRI35和中等耐盐品种XLZ13的根干质量、叶干质量以及根中K^+/Na^+分别比盐敏感品种CCRI45提高了69.3%~104.4%、24.8%~45.3%和25.0%~45.8%;盐分胁迫显著抑制棉花根系生长发育,其中CCRI 35和XLZ13的总根长、根系总表面积、根系总体积以及0~10 cm土层中直径为0~1.2 mm内的根长、根表面积和根体积均显著高于CCRI45,分别增加了15.2%~85.8%、12.0%~68.5%、31.7%~217.8%、27.2%~73.9%、39.6%~74.3%和99.0%~309.7%.主成分分析表明,比根长、浅层根长比例和细根比例受基因型差异的影响较为明显,是区分不同耐盐品种棉花根系形态差异的主要指标.逐步回归分析显示,比根长、0~10 cm土层的粗根根长、细根根表面积、粗根根表面积、粗根体积、中根比例,以及10~20 cm粗根根长、粗根表面积、粗根体积等根系参数对盐分响应敏感.耐盐棉花品种可通过维持表层根长比例、细根比例和比根长的增加来适应盐分胁迫.     

Structural changes in root and shoot ofBacopa monniera in response to salt stress

Various concentrations of salt (NaCI) were shown to have an influence on the differentiation of tissues in the root and stem ofBacopa monniera (L) Wettst. Higher concentrations induced drastic changes in roots grown on salt-supplemented media; epidermal and cortical cells experienced changes in shape, size, and orientation and/or were got disintegrated. A low concentration of salt induced a profuse development of root hairs which gradually disappeared at higher concentrations. Air spaces in the stem cortex were enlarged and xylem cell walls in the vascular ring were thickened.     

Morphological factors determining salt tolerance in citrus seedlings: the shoot to root ratio modulates passive root uptake of chloride ions and their accumulation in leaves

The results presented in this work were obtained with two citrus genotypes, the chloride-tolerant Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.) and the chloride-sensitive Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. The data show that chloride uptake under salinization is driven by passive forces. In both species, net rates of chloride root uptake increased linearly, without saturation, with the increase of external NaCl concentrations (30–240 mol m^–3). Uptake rates, on a μ g g root dry weight^–1 h^–1 basis, in Cleopatra and Carrizo decreased (from 38 to 21) and increased (from 21 to 35), respectively, with the increase (about three-fold) of the shoot to root ratio. With the appropriate shoot to root ratio in each genotype, it was demonstrated that at identical external doses of NaCl, Cl^– uptake rates and Cl^– xylem concentrations in the two species were very similar. Root pruning and defoliation showed that the amount of chloride taken by the plant was a function of the size of the root system, whereas leaf chloride concentration, the parameter responsible for salt damage, was dependent upon leaf biomass. Measurements of water transpiration suggested that chloride root uptake and leaf accumulation might be linked to water absorption and transpiration rates, respectively. The data indicate that plant morphology is a crucial factor determining salt-tolerance in citrus.     

Salt tolerance, salt accumulation, and ionic homeostasis in an epidermal bladder-cell-less mutant of the common ice plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

The aerial surfaces of the common or crystalline ice plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L., a halophytic, facultative crassulacean acid metabolism species, are covered with specialized trichome cells called epidermal bladder cells (EBCs). EBCs are thought to serve as a peripheral salinity and/or water storage organ to improve survival under high salinity or water deficit stress conditions. However, the exact contribution of EBCs to salt tolerance in the ice plant remains poorly understood. An M. crystallinum mutant lacking EBCs was isolated from plant collections mutagenized by fast neutron irradiation. Light and electron microscopy revealed that mutant plants lacked EBCs on all surfaces of leaves and stems. Dry weight gain of aerial parts of the mutant was almost half that of wild-type plants after 3 weeks of growth at 400 mM NaCl. The EBC mutant also showed reduced leaf succulence and leaf and stem water contents compared with wild-type plants. Aerial tissues of wild-type plants had approximately 1.5-fold higher Na(+) and Cl(-) content than the mutant grown under 400 mM NaCl for 2 weeks. Na(+) and Cl(-) partitioning into EBCs of wild-type plants resulted in lower concentrations of these ions in photosynthetically active leaf tissues than in leaves of the EBC-less mutant, particularly under conditions of high salt stress. Potassium, nitrate, and phosphate ion content decreased with incorporation of NaCl into tissues in both the wild type and the mutant, but the ratios of Na(+)/K(+) and Cl(-)/NO(3)(-)content were maintained only in the leaf and stem tissues of wild-type plants. The EBC mutant showed significant impairment in plant productivity under salt stress as evaluated by seed pod and seed number and average seed weight. These results clearly show that EBCs contribute to succulence by serving as a water storage reservoir and to salt tolerance by maintaining ion sequestration and homeostasis within photosynthetically active tissues of M. crystallinum.     

Assessing the effect of solar radiation on plant salt tolerance as defined by the static and dynamic indices

Any interaction between plant salt tolerance and environment is critical to crop breeders, geneticists, molecular biologists, soil-water-crop modelers and all researchers interested in 'global change'. A common criterion used for plant salt tolerance is a threshold value of root zone salinity, a static index that delimits the onset of yield reduction. According to this criterion, it was discovered that tomato salt tolerance decreases significantly with reduced solar radiation. In contrast, the threshold values of a new index based on the dynamic processes of salt accumulation relative to growth, are invariant to solar radiation. The variability and stability of the respective indices provides new insights for accessing physical and biochemical processes governing plant response in saline environments.     

Tuning plant signaling and growth to survive salt

Download : Download video (27MB)     

根系氮吸收过程及其主要调节因子

氮（N）是植物根系吸收最多的矿质元素之一．全球变化将使土壤中N的有效性发生改变,影响陆地生态系统碳分配格局与过程．研究根系N吸收及其调控对预测生态系统结构和功能具有重要理论意义．由于土壤中存在多种形态的N源,长期的生物进化和环境适应导致植物根系对不同形态N的吸收部位、机理及调控有较大差别．因此,植物长期生长在以某一形态N源为主的土壤上就形成了不同的N吸收机制和策略．本文简述了近年来在植物根系N吸收和调控方面的最新研究进展,重点评述了不同形态N在土壤中的生物有效性,根系N吸收部位,N在木质部中的装载和运输,不同形态N（NO3^-、NH4^＋和有机氮）的吸收机制,以及根系N吸收的自身信号调控和环境因子对根系N吸收的影响．在此基础上,提出了目前根系N吸收研究中存在的几个问题．     

盐胁迫下树种幼苗生长及其耐盐性

采用盆栽方法,以11个树种实生幼苗为材料,用不同浓度(0、3、5、8 g·kg-1和10 g·kg-1)NaCl溶液进行1次性浇灌处理,对盐胁迫下各树种的形态表现、生长及耐盐性进行了研究,结果表明:(1)当盐含量达到8 g·kg-1时,欧洲荚蒾、甜桦和光叶漆植株死亡,当含量增加到10 g·kg-1时,沃氏金链花植株死亡,其它各存活树种也均出现不同程度的盐害症状;(2)盐胁迫后,各树种的苗高生长量下降、生物量累积减少,且随着处理浓度的增加均呈下降趋势,其中榆桔、甜桦和光叶漆的降幅最大;(3)盐处理后,各树种的根冠比值增大,其中盐胁迫对光叶漆、银水牛果和沃氏金链花有显著影响(p<0.05);(4)综合分析各树种的生长和形态表现,认为日本丁香、银水牛果、三裂叶漆和豆梨具有高度耐盐性,沃氏金链花、金雀儿、鹰爪豆和榆桔具有中高度耐盐性,而欧洲荚蒾、甜桦和光叶漆具有中度耐盐性.     

湿地植物根形态结构和泌氧与盐和重金属吸收、积累、耐性关系的研究进展

目前大面积湿地面临着重金属污染和盐渍化问题.利用湿地植物修复这些受损生态系统和提高海水稻的产量、减少毒性金属元素在稻米中的积累是当前面临的重要任务.湿地植物(包括水稻)已发展出各种策略和机制来耐受不同的环境胁迫,它们的根系发育具有可塑性,如根形态和解剖结构会随外界条件的变化而变化,这些变化直接影响其对环境胁迫的适应性能...     

NaCl胁迫下棉花体内 Na~+ 、K~+分布与耐盐性

采用盐化土壤方法 ,选择苗期耐盐性较强的陆地棉品种枝棉 3号和中棉所 1 9及耐盐性较弱的品种泗棉 2号和苏棉 1 2号 ,研究了盐胁迫下棉苗体内 Na+、K+的运输和分配与耐盐性的关系。结果表明 ,耐盐品种根系具有一定的截留 Na+作用。棉花地上部盐分器官水平上的区域化分布特征明显 :2 0 0 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下 ,枝棉 3号叶片中的 Na+含量显著低于泗棉 2号 ,茎及叶柄中的 Na+含量显著高于泗棉 2号 ;棉株地上部茎、叶柄、叶片中的 Na+含量分别由下而上逐渐减小 ,相同节位的茎、叶柄中的 Na+含量大于叶片 ,枝棉 3号更显著。1 0 0 mmol/L和 1 50 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下 ,枝棉 3号和中棉所 1 9K+/Na+显著高于泗棉 2号和苏棉 1 2号。Na+在茎和叶柄中滞留和积累 ,根中的 K+向地上部选择性运输 ,以维持叶片中较高的 K+/Na+,是棉花耐盐性的一个重要特点     

Transport and accumulation of ions in two spring wheat lines differing in salt tolerance

Fifty-two-day old plants of a salt tolerant line, S24 and a salt sensitive, Yecora Rojo were subjected for 15 days to 125 mol·m⁻³ NaCl in Hoagland’s nutrient solution under glass-house conditions. The dry matter of shoots and roots of the salt tolerant line was significantly greater over all time intervals in saline substrate than the salt sensitive line, Yecora Rojo. In the leaves of salt-treated former line concentration of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ was lower as compared to the latter line. The lower Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations in the leaves of S24 were found to be associated with lower transport of these ions to the shoots whereas the reverse was true for Yecora Rojo. The lines did not differ in accumulation of either ion in roots. It is concluded that salt tolerance in these two genotypes of spring wheat is associated with restricted accumulation of toxic Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions to the shoots or with restricted transport.     

Salinity tolerance of citrus rootstocks: Effects of salt on root and leaf mineral concentrations

The effects of three concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) on seven citrus rootstocks were studied under greenhouse conditions. Leaf and root mineral concentrations and seedling growth were measured. Sodium chloride was added to the nutrient solution to achieve final osmotic potentials of –0.10, –0.20, and –0.35 MPa. Increasing the concentration of NaCl in the nutrition solution reduced growth proportionally and altered leaf and root mineral concentrations of all rootstocks. Significant differences in leaf and root mineral concentration among rootstocks were also found under stressed and non-stressed conditions. Salinity caused the greatest growth reduction in Milam lemon and trifoliate orange and the least reduction in sour orange and Cleopatra mandarin. No specific nutrient deficiency was the sole factor reducing growth and causing injury to citrus rootstocks. Sodium chloride sensitivity of citrus rootstocks in terms of leaf burn symptoms and growth reduction could be attributed more to Cl than to Na. Sodium and Cl concentrations were greater in the leaves than in the roots, particularly at the medium and high salinity levels. Root Cl was not useful for assessing injury because no differences were found in root Cl concentrations among rootstocks. Increasing salinity level did not affect the level of N and Ca in the roots but did reduce N and Ca levels in the leaves. No relationship in mineral concentration or accumulation seemed to exist between citrus leaves and roots. At the –0.10 MPa salinity level, sour orange, rough lemon, and Milam were not able to exclude either Na or Cl from their leaves. Trifoliate orange and its two hybrids (Swingle citrumelo and Carrizo citrange) excluded Na at the lowest salt level used, but were unable to exclude Na at the higher salinity levels. Similarly, Cleopatra mandarin excluded Cl at the lowest salt level, but was not able to exclude Cl at higher salt concentrations. Hence, the ability of citrus rootstocks to exclude Na or Cl breaks down at higher salt concentrations.Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-02276.     

盐胁迫对4树种叶片中K^＋和Na^＋的影响及其耐盐能力的评价

通过盆栽试验,对我国南方银杏（Ginkgo biloba L.)、侧柏[Patycladus orentalis(L.)Franco]、火炬松（Pinus taeda L.)和剌槐(Robinia Pseudoacacia L.)4造林树种苗木叶片中K^ 、N^ 浓度浓度和N^ ／K^ 比进行测定,盐处理水平为0.0％（CK）、0.1%、0.3%和0.5％。随着盐浓度的提高,各树种叶片中Na^ 浓度和N^ ／K^ 有逐渐升高的趋势,但K^ 浓度变化较小;随着盐胁迫时间的推移,各树种叶片中Na^ 、K^ 浓度和Na^ /K^ 比都没有明显的变化规律。方差分析和多层比较表明,侧柏、火炬松和剌槐叶片中Na^ 、K^ 浓度和N^ ／K^ 比在4组处理间的差异均达显著或极显著水平。4树种中剌槐和侧柏的耐盐能力最强,银杏次之,火炬松最弱。     

Mechanism of calcium-dependent salt tolerance in cells of Nitellopsis obtusa: role of intracellular adenine nucleotides

Abstract. The tonoplasts of internodal cells of Nitellopsis were removed by perfusing the vacuoles with media containing a Ca² chelator, EGTA. Treatment of tonoplast-free cells with 100 mol m³ NaCl induces a large membrane depolarization, a drastic decrease in the membrane resistance and an increase in Na⁺ influx. These events are identical to those that occur in intact cells subjected to high NaCl. These responses to NaCl are prevented if 10 mol m³ Ca²⁺ is supplied together with 100 mol m³ NaCl. The protective effect of Ca²⁺ is evident only when the intracellular ATP concentration exceeds 0.1 mol m³ and does not occur full when the intracellular ATP is removed. AMP at concentrations greater than 0.5 mol m³ or 0.25 mol m³ AMPPNP can replace ATP. It is concluded that ATP does not act as an energy source nor as a substrate for protein phosphorylation. ATP seems to exert its effects as a coeffector with Ca²⁺ in regulating the Na⁺ permeability of the plasma membrane.     

植物WRKY转录因子在应对盐胁迫中的作用研究进展

土壤中的高含盐量严重限制了植物的生长和作物的产量。植物的许多转录因子在植物逆境胁迫中发挥着重要的作用,但仍有很多转录因子的分子机制目前尚不清楚。WRKY转录因子作为高等植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,参与并影响着植物生长发育的多个方面,在盐胁迫的多种不同响应途径中发挥重要作用。WRKY蛋白对基因表达的调控主要是通过与DNA特定顺式调控元件——W-box元件（TTGACC）的结合来实现的。近年来,从模式植物拟南芥（Arabidopsis）到农作物,已经有许多研究揭示了WRKY家族成员的作用和机制。本文综述了WRKY转录因子在应对盐胁迫方面的最新研究进展,探讨了WRKY转录因子研究目前存在的问题和未来的展望。     

NaCl胁迫对5种绿化植物幼苗生长和生理指标的影响及耐盐性综合评价

采用分次浇灌的方法,对2、4、6、8和10 mg·g-1 NaCl胁迫条件下光叶决明(Cassiafloribunda Cav.)、紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)、海滨木槿(Hibiscus hamabo Sieb.et Zucc.)、决明[Senna tora(L.)Roxb.]和田菁[Sesbania cannabina(Retz.)Poir.]幼苗的3个生长指标和6个生理指标的变化进行了测定和分析,采用相关性分析、主成分分析(PCA)与隶属函数法相结合的方法对5种植物对NaCl的耐性进行了鉴定和综合评价,并利用回归分析确定了5种植物的生长临界NaCl浓度(C50).结果表明:在2～10 mg·g-1 NaCl胁迫条件下,5种植物幼苗的株高生长量和全株干质量总体上小于对照,且总体上随着NaCl质量浓度的提高而降低.随NaCl质量浓度的提高,5种植物幼苗的相对电导率、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量和SOD活性均受到不同程度的影响,说明5种植物对NaCl胁迫的响应不同.除MDA含量外,5种植物的生长和生理指标间大多存在显著或极显著的相关性.通过主成分分析和隶属函数法获得的5种植物的综合评价值D及C50均表明田菁和海滨木槿对NaCl的耐性较强,其次为紫穗槐和决明,光叶决明对NaCl的耐性最差.     

In vitro response of promising mulberry (Morus sp.) genotypes for tolerance to salt and osmotic stresses

An in vitro technique for screening mulberry genotypes tolerant to salt and osmotic stress has been standardized.Five mulberry genotypes, namely G2, G3, G4 along with control varieties i.e., S34 and S13, were tested on salt and osmotic stress media. Out of 14 media combinations tested, the optimum responses were observed on Kn 1 mg/l, in the case of G3 genotype, on Kn 2 mg/l with G2 genotype, on BAP 1 mg/l with G4 genotype and on BAP 2 mg/l with S34 and S13 genotypes.With regard to their performance on salt-stress media fortified with NaCl (0.1--2.0%), Na₂CO₃ + NaHCO₃ (pH 8.5--10.0), the data revealed that the genotype G4 ranked the highest in terms of sprouting percentage and shoot length, in comparison to the control variety (S34) at each concentration of NaCl up to 1.0% and pH up to 9.5. However, in the case of osmotic stress condition (media supplemented with 1.0--10.0% PEG),the control variety i.e. S13 itself exhibited the highest sprouting percentage and shoot growth compared to the other test genotypes. The genotype G4 has been screened as a salt tolerant genotype which can be tested under respective in vivo condition.