幽影病毒引起的几种主要植物病害*

幽影病毒的基因组不编码外壳蛋白,不形成通常的病毒粒体结构。这类病毒往往和黄症病毒复合侵染引起植物病害,蚜虫传播是病害在田间传播流行的主要方式。对幽影病毒引起的胡萝卜杂色矮缩病、花生丛簇病以及烟草丛顶病等几种主要病害的症状、发生与危害、病原物特性以及病害的控制等进行了综述。     

幽影病毒属病毒的研究现状与展望

幽影病毒是一类较为特殊的植物病毒,其基因组不编码外壳蛋白,因此不形成通常的病毒粒体结构。这类病毒可以通过机械摩擦方式传播,在黄症病毒的帮助下也可以通过蚜虫传播。幽影病毒属病毒由7个确定种和3个暂定成员组成,烟草丛顶病毒是目前国内发现的幽影病毒属唯一成员。幽影病毒的寄主范围较窄,体外抗性也较差。幽影病毒感病组织中含有大量dsRNA。有些病毒还含有卫星RNA。幽影病毒的基因组为单分体的 ssRNA,编码4个非结构蛋白,其中的ORF3蛋白在病毒RNA的稳定性及寄主体内的长距离运输中起到非常重要的作用。文章综述了国内外幽影病毒的研究现状,并对未来的相关研究趋势和研究领域进行了展望。     

浙江和河北发生的一种水稻、小麦、玉米矮缩病是水稻黑条矮缩病毒引起的

以浙江省的水稻黑条矮缩病和河北省的玉米粗缩病的病毒分离物为材料,对我国南北方两种病毒分离物进行了比较研究。两种病毒分离物的粒子大小形态相似,且在血清学上密切相关;二者的介体、寄主相同,并引起相同的症状,提纯两种病毒分离物的基因组片段凝胶电泳显示它们相应的基因组片段之间大小极相似。根据水稻黑条矮缩病毒（Rice black strecaked dwarf virus),RBSDV的S7和S8设计引物,利用PR－PCR技术,在两种病毒分离物中均可特异扩增到预期大小的片段,序列测定比较分析表明：它们的同源性达97．0％－98．9％,与日本RBSDV的同源性（92．2％－95．5％）高于与意大利MRDV的同源性（76．6％－88．4％）。从而认为我国南方的水稻黑条矮缩病和北方和玉米粗缩病都是同一种病毒－RBSDV引起的,也就是说我国北方的玉米粗缩病病原实际上是水稻黑条矮缩病毒,而不玉米粗缩病毒。     

浙江和河北发生的一种水稻、小麦、玉米矮缩病是水稻黑条矮缩病毒引起的

以浙江省的水稻黑条矮缩病和河北省的玉米粗缩病的病毒分离物为材料,对我国南北方两种病毒分离物进行了比较研究.两种病毒分离物的粒子大小形态相似,且在血清学上密切相关;二者的介体、寄主相同,并引起相同的症状.提纯两种病毒分离物的基因组片段凝胶电泳显示它们相应的基因组片段之间大小极其相似.根据水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Rice black streaked dwarf     

我国南方花生发生一种由蕃茄斑萎病毒引起的新病害

我们于1984和1985年6月上、中旬,在广州市郊、县,湛江市郊以及广西南宁市郊、县,北海市郊和合蒲县等花生产区,调查花生病毒病时,除了发现花生轻斑驳病毒病外,还发现一种新的病毒病害。其症状特征是:病株顶端叶片上出现很多褪绿黄斑或环斑,有的环斑变     

几种常见花生病毒血清学关系的研究

花生是世界上重要的经济作物,中国也是个花生消费大国,但是常有8种重要的花生病毒危害,包括花生斑驳病毒(PMV)、花生条纹病毒(PStV)、花生丛簇病毒(GRV)、花生丛矮病毒(PCV)、蕃茄斑萎病毒(TSWV)、花生芽枯病毒(BNN)、花生矮化病毒(PSV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV).70年代以来在全国各地多次爆发花生病毒病,并引起大面积减产,经济损失巨大,因而花生病毒的检测和转基因花生抗毒株的选育变得尤为重要[1～3].本研究应用免疫双扩散和酶联免疫法(ELISA)对几种花生病毒的血清学关系进行了研究.     

几种常见花生病毒血清学关系的研究

花生是世界上重要的经济作物,中国也是个花生消费大国,但是常有8种重要的花生病毒危害,包括花生斑驳病毒（PMV）、花生条纹病毒（PStV）、花生丛簇病毒（GRV）、花生丛矮病毒（PCV）、著茄斑萎病毒（TSWV）、花生芽枯病毒（BNN）、花生矮化病毒（PSV）和黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV）。70年代以来在全国各地多次爆发花生病毒病,并引起大面积减产,经济损失巨大,因而花生病毒的检测和转基因花生抗毒株的选育变得尤为重要［‘－’］。本研究应用免疫双扩散和酶联免疫法（ELISA）Z4几种花生病毒的血清学关系进行了研究。三材料与方法…     

烟草脉扭病毒基因组部分序列的克隆和分析

烟草脉扭病毒(Tobacco vein distorting virus,TVDV)是引起烟草丛顶病的两种病毒之一.TVDV被归为黄症病毒科的暂定成员.应用黄症病毒科的通用引物和根据马铃薯卷叶病毒属成员核酸序列设计的简并引物,通过RT-PCR从烟草丛顶病烟株总RNA中扩增到了TVDV基因组的部分序列.序列分析获得了长度为1654 bp的序列,编码推测的TVDV复制酶基因的部分序列、外壳蛋白基因及运动蛋白基因的全部序列.根据这三个基因编码的氨基酸序列构建的分子进化树分析表明,TVDV为黄症病毒科的确定成员.根据其基因间隔区的长度特征和各ORF编码的氨基酸的分子进化分析,我们推测TVDV应当是马铃薯卷叶病毒属的一个新成员.这是TVDV的分子生物学特征的首次报道.     

A variant of the satellite RNA of groundnut rosette virus that induces brilliant yellow blotch mosaic symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana

Some Malawian cultures of groundnut rosette virus (GRV) give rise to variants that, although still causing symptoms of the chlorotic type of rosette in groundnut, induce brilliant yellow blotch mosaic symptoms, instead of the usual veinal chlorosis and mild mottle, in Nicotiana benthamiana. One such isolate (YB) induced the formation in infected plants of a 0.9 kbp dsRNA having extensive sequence homology with molecules of similar size in other naturally occurring isolates of GRV. These dsRNA molecules were shown to be double-stranded forms of single-stranded satellite RNA molecules. Experiments in which the satellite was removed from and restored to isolate YB, or exchanged with those from other GRV isolates, showed that it carries the determinant for yellow blotch mosaic symptoms. Plants inoculated with the 0.9 kbp dsRNA (denatured or undenatured) developed yellow blotch mosaic even when the satellite-free GRV helper was not inoculated until 11 days later. The satellite RNA is therefore a very stable molecule. Prior infection of N. benthamiana with a GRV isolate containing a normal form of the satellite protected against expression of yellow blotch mosaic symptoms when the plants were later inoculated with isolate YB, whereas prior infection with satellite-free isolates did not. This provides a simple method of determining whether a GRV isolate has an associated satellite RNA. The YB satellite seems to be a newly recognised variant additional to those known to cause the chlorotic, green and other forms of groundnut rosette disease.     

烟草脉扭病毒基因组部分序列的克隆和分析

烟草脉扭病毒（Tobacco vein distorting virus,TVDV）是引起烟草丛顶病的两种病毒之一。TVDV被归为黄症病毒科的暂定成员。应用黄症病毒科的通用引物和根据马铃薯卷叶病毒属成员核酸序列设计的简并引物,通过RT－PCR从烟草丛顶病烟株总RNA中扩增到了TVDV基因的部分序列。序列分析获得了长度为1654bp的序列,编码推测的TVDV复制酶基因的部分序列,外壳蛋白基因及运动蛋白基因的全部序列。根据这三个基因编码的氨基酸序列构建的分子进化树分析表明,TVDV为黄症病毒科的确定成员。根据其基因间隔区的长度特征和各ORF编码的氨基酸的分子进化分析,我们推测TVDV应当是马铃薯卷叶病毒属的一个新成员。这是TVDV的分子生物学特征的首次报道。     

Different variants of the satellite RNA of groundnut rosette virus are responsible for the chlorotic and green forms of groundnut rosette disease*

Groundnut plants with symptoms of rosette disease contain groundnut rosette virus (GRV), but GRV is transmitted by Aphis craccivora only from plants that also contain groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV). Two main forms of rosette disease are recognised, ‘chlorotic rosette’ and ‘green rosette’. GRV cultures invariably possess a satellite RNA and this is the major cause of rosette symptoms: satellite-free isolates derived from GRV cultures from Nigerian plants with chlorotic or green rosette, or from Malawian plants with chlorotic rosette, induced no symptoms, or only transient mild mottle or interveinal yellowing, in groundnut. When the satellite RNA species from GRV cultures from Nigerian green or Malawian chlorotic rosette were reintroduced into the three satellite-free isolates in homologous and heterologous combinations, the ability to induce rosette symptoms was restored and the type of rosette induced was that of the cultures from which the satellite RNA was derived. Thus different forms of the satellite are responsible for the different forms of rosette disease. Other forms of the satellite induce only mild chlorosis or mottle symptoms in groundnut. Individual plants may contain more than one form of the satellite, and variations in their relative predominance are suggested to account for the variable symptoms (ranging from overall yellowing to mosaic) seen in some plants graft-inoculated with chlorotic rosette.     

Sources of resistance to groundnut rosette disease in global groundnut germplasm*

About 6800 groundnut germplasm accessions originating from South America, Africa, and Asia were evaluated for resistance to rosette disease using an infector row technique between the 1990/91 and 1996/97 growing seasons. Of these, 116 germplasm accessions, including 15 short-duration Spanish types, have shown high levels of resistance to rosette disease. A high percentage of these resistant accessions were from West Africa and a few were from Asia and southern Africa. Only one out of 1400 accessions from South America showed resistance to rosette disease. All disease-resistant accessions were susceptible to groundnut rosette assistor virus. This is the first report to identify sources of resistance to rosette disease in groundnut germplasm from Asia and South America. These additional sources of resistance provide an opportunity to broaden the genetic base of resistance to rosette disease. The origins of rosette resistance in groundnut are discussed.     

Nonradioactive Screening Method for Isolation of Disease-Specific Probes To Diagnose Plant Diseases Caused by Mycoplasmalike Organisms

DNA fragments of tomato big bud (BB) mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) in diseased periwinkle plants (Catharanthus roseus L.) were cloned to pSP6 plasmid vectors and amplified in Escherichia coli JM83. A nonradioactive method was developed and used to screen for MLO-specific recombinants. Cloned DNA probes were prepared by nick translation of the MLO recombinant plasmids by using biotinylated nucleotides. The probes all hybridized with nucleic acid from BB MLO-infected, but not healthy, plants. Results from dot hybridization analyses indicated that several MLOs, e.g., those of Italian tomato big bud, periwinkle little leaf, and clover phyllody, are closely related to BB MLO. The Maryland strain of aster yellows and maize bushy stunt MLOs are also related to BB MLO. Among the remaining MLOs used in this study, Vinca virescence and elm yellows MLOs may be very distantly related, if at all, to BB MLO. Potato witches' broom, clover proliferation, ash yellows, western X, and Canada X MLOs are distantly related to BB MLO. Southern hybridization analyses revealed that BB MLO contains extrachromosomal DNA that shares sequence homologies with extrachromosomal DNAs from aster yellows and periwinkle little leaf MLOs.     

杭州地区发生的玉米花叶病由甘蔗花叶病毒引起

从杭州地区呈现玉米矮花叶典型症状的玉米病组织中提纯得到大量线状病毒粒子,大多数长度为750nm。病组织中含有大量风轮状内含体和板状集结体,病毒外壳蛋白为33.6kD。病毒RNA1 3'端序列（1.8kb）与甘蔗茶花经叶病毒（SCMV）同源性最高,达71.5%-99.1%,与高梁花叶病毒（SrMV）同源性次之,为67.8%-68.5%,与玉米矮花叶病毒（MDMV）同泊性最低,仅为38.4%-48.4%,从而初步认为此病害由SCMV引起。根据已发表的SCMV外壳蛋白氨基酸序列作亲缘性分析,表明SCMV可分为美国、南非、澳大利亚、德国和中国三大类。     

朊病毒和朊病毒病研究进展

朊病毒病即海绵状脑病,是人和动物中的一类致死性中央神经系统疾病,近几年来在朊病毒病的致病机制及其诊断技术和防治策略方面取得了很大的研究进展.     

Soilborne Plant Diseases Caused by Pythium spp.: Ecology,Epidemiology, and Prospects for Biological Control

Soilborne root diseases caused by plant pathogenic Pythium species cause serious losses in a number of agricultural production systems, which has led to a considerable effort devoted to the development of biological agents for disease control. In this article we review information on the ecology and biological control of these pathogens with the premise that a clear understanding of the ecology of the pathogen will assist in the development of efficacious biocontrol agents. The lifecycles of the pathogens and etiology of host infection also are reviewed, as are epidemiological concepts of inoculum-disease relationships and the influence of environmental factors on pathogen aggressiveness and host susceptibility. A number of fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents are discussed and parallels between their ecology and that of the target pathogens highlighted. The mechanisms by which these microbial agents suppress diseases caused by Pythium spp., such as interference with pathogen survival, disruption of the process of plant infection, and induced host resistance, are evaluated. The possibilities for enhancement of efficacy of specific biological control agents by genetic manipulation or deployment tactics are discussed, as are conceptual suggestions for consideration when developing screening programs for antagonists.