松嫩平原农业区土壤理化性质与真菌代谢产物——球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的关系

对不同土壤深度的真菌特征代谢产物球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)与土壤理化性质相关关系的研究,有助于揭示土壤真菌在不同土壤深度对养分的调节作用。本研究在松嫩平原农田5个土层(0~100 cm)采集360个土样,分析了易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(EE-GRSP)、总提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(T-GRSP)含量和11个土壤理化性质指标及其相关关系。结果表明:表层EE-GRSP和T-GRSP平均含量为0.74和6.0 mg·g-1,随土层加深均呈显著下降趋势;深层土壤养分储量较大,有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾储量在深层(40~100 cm)占总储量的41.2%~62.8%;土壤p H、容重、含水量和电导率也表现了明显的垂直变化规律;各理化性质在不同土层与GRSP的相关关系不同,有机碳在全部深度与GRSP均有显著的相关关系,而p H与GRSP均在20~100 cm深度有极显著的相关性(P0.01),且与EE-GRSP、T-GRSP显著相关的理化性质指标分别在60~80、20~60 cm最多,在表层最少;GRSP在深层土壤与各指标的相关性与表层不同,可能会影响GRSP对不同土壤深度养分的调节功能;鉴于深层土壤中GRSP与养分显著相关,本研究提出,种植与土壤真菌具有共生关系的深根性植物是对富集养分的深层土壤进行生物修复的有效方法。     

丘塘景观土壤养分的空间变异

理解土壤养分空间分布的异质性对于评价和管理土地资源具有重要意义。利用地理信息系统和地统计学方法定量研究了丘塘景观土壤养分的空间异质性特征。结果表明 ,土壤全氮的有效变程最大 (为 16 5 m) ,有机碳次之 (10 2 m) ,而全磷的变程最小(90 m)。土壤有机碳含量由高到低 5个不同级别的土壤面积与丘塘景观整个面积的比值的变化范围较小 (10 .5 4 %～ 2 3.15 % ) ,土壤全氮含量比值变化范围较大 (5 .79%～ 32 .73% ) ,土壤全磷的比值的变化范围最大 (1.80 %～ 4 2 .0 6 % )。土壤有机碳和土壤全氮的分布情况较为一致 ,不同级别斑块分布也很相似 ,土壤有机碳含量高的地方土壤全氮也高。表层土壤有机碳和全磷的空间异质分布用球状模型拟合最佳 ,而全氮的空间分布规律更宜用指数模型来拟合。景观尺度的半方差拟合总体上优于斑块尺度。相对有机碳和全氮 ,全磷的空间异质性更多由随机因素 (如人类施肥活动 )引起和决定。土壤全氮的取样尺度应大于 16 5 m,而有机碳、全磷的取样距离则分别可大于 10 3m和 90 m。     

祁连山不同类型草地的土壤理化性质与植被特征

祁连山草地生态系统在维护我国西部生态安全方面起着举足轻重的作用。为了解祁连山不同类型草地土壤水分、养分等理化性质与植被分布特征,及土壤理化性质与植被特征的相关关系,于祁连山选取7种类型的草地,测定土壤水分含量、养分含量、容重、颗粒组成和植被特征,计算土壤颗粒的分形维数、0～40 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷储量、植物多样性指数。结果表明: 祁连山不同类型草地的土壤理化性质与植被特征差异显著,高寒草甸相比于其他类型草地具有较高的土壤水分、养分和黏粒含量,及较低的容重和砂粒含量;0～40 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷储量变化范围分别为3084～45247、164～2358、100～319 g·m^-2,整体表现为有机碳和全氮含量高、全磷含量低;土壤全磷储量与植物多样性指数呈显著正相关关系,表明土壤全磷含量是祁连山草地植物多样性的关键影响因素。相比其他草地类型,高寒草甸具有较好的植被状况和土壤水分、养分条件。     

不同生态保护地植物特征和土壤性质的对比研究——以黑河中游湿地为例

选择黑河中游张掖国家湿地公园和张掖黑河湿地国家级自然保护区为研究对象,对比分析了植物组成、物种多样性、植物生长状态、土壤养分、土壤理化性质及植物土壤间关系。结果显示:湿地公园的植物高度和土壤养分含量(有机碳、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效钾)显著高于自然保护区,土壤理化性质含量(容重、pH)显著低于自然保护区,表明湿地公园有利于植物生长发育、土壤养分固存、改善土壤质地;自然保护区的植物科属种、多度、物种多样性(多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数)显著高于湿地公园,表明自然保护区有利于维持植物多样性;两种保护地中影响植物多样性的土壤因子不同,湿地公园物种多样性与土壤全磷和速效磷显著正相关,而自然保护区物种多样性与土壤盐分显著负相关。     

基于地形因子的长白山高山苔原土理化性质空间差异

为说明长白山高山苔原土壤理化性质的空间差异,并为反演长白山高山苔原变化过程提供基础数据,在长白山苔原带选取132个土壤采样点,提取海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位4个地形维度;测定13项土壤理化指标,对其进行变异分析、相关分析及因子分析;对土壤理化指标与地形维度进行回归分析和冗余分析。结果表明:(1)长白山高山苔原土的有机质和速效养分含量均较高,有机质含量为22.96%;土壤偏酸性,p H平均值为4.86;去除砾石后土壤颗粒组成中,粉粒含量最高,沙粒次之,黏粒再次。各理化性质指标之间存在较高的相关性,经过因子分析,将13个理化性质转化为无机养分供应因子、颗粒组成因子、有机养分供应因子。(2)海拔主要影响土壤的养分供应因子,包括无机养分和有机养分,在研究区海拔范围内(2049~2239 m),与养分含量呈正相关;坡度主要影响土壤的有机养分供应因子,与养分含量呈负相关;坡位主要影响颗粒组成因子。(3)冗余分析结果表明,海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位4个地形因子能解释42.8%的土壤理化性质变化,第一轴解释了28.2%的变化信息,第二轴解释了14.6%的变化信息。在长白山苔原带,影响土壤理化性质空间分异的主要地形因子是海拔和坡度。     

大青山不同树种根围土壤酶活性与微生物群落丰度的研究

针对大青山山地森林不同树种的根围土壤,探讨微生物丰度与土壤酶活性之间的联系以及受控因子。利用荧光实时定量PCR方法研究不同树种土壤微生物丰度的变化情况,分析土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和过氧化物酶(Pod)活性以及土壤理化性质的变化趋势。采用主成分分析(PCA)和皮尔森相关性分析方法研究土壤理化因子对土壤微生物群落丰度的影响。结果显示,土壤理化性质和微生物细菌、真菌群落丰度从春季到秋季均显著增高,如有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳和氮数量及细菌、真菌丰度等;大青山森林土壤βG、Pod酶活性夏季较高,而NAG酶活性秋季较高。皮尔森相关性分析表明大青山不同树种土壤酶活性与土壤微生物丰度有明显的相关性。与NAG酶活性极显著正相关(P0.05);与Pod酶活性呈极显著负相关(P0.05);而βG只与细菌群落丰度呈极显著负相关(P0.05)。土壤理化因子(有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳氮)与土壤微生物群落丰度均表现为极显著正相关。主成分分析认为,土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳和氮、细菌和真菌群落丰度、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶等可作为影响不同树种根围土壤养分特性的重要因子。在大青山山地森林生态系统,不同树种对土壤理化指标、土壤微生物丰度和土壤酶活性影响较大,并且随着季节变化响应较强。理化指标和土壤微生物群落丰度是调控大青山森林植被根围土壤微生物群落的主要生态因子。     

甘南高寒草甸植物元素含量与土壤因子对坡向梯度的响应

通过测定甘南高寒草甸不同坡向条件下25科86种植物叶片氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量、有机碳(C)含量、叶片含水量和相对叶绿素(SPAD)值,以及不同坡向的土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷含量等土壤指标,分析了不同坡向植物叶片元素含量与土壤环境因子之间的关系。研究结果表明,在南坡-北坡梯度上,随着土壤含水量的增加,植物叶片P含量、叶K含量和叶片含水量显著增加,而相对叶绿素显著降低。土壤养分含量与植物叶片P、叶K含量和叶含水量显著正相关,与叶片相对叶绿素显著负相关。说明不同坡向条件下叶片养分含量受土壤因子的影响显著,土壤的水分及养分状况对植物叶片元素含量的贡献不同。土壤含水量是坡向梯度上影响植物叶片特征的最主要因子。坡向梯度上土壤含水量对植物叶片各种元素含量的影响和植物叶片含水量对不同土壤因子的响应模式支持了生长在南坡的植物能以提高水分和养分利用效率而适应南坡较为干旱和贫瘠的生境。     

贺兰山西坡不同海拔梯度土壤氨基糖积累特征

为探明旱区山地不同海拔梯度土壤氨基糖积累特征,明确氨基糖对土壤有机碳库的贡献以及影响因素。以2021年8月在贺兰山西坡不同海拔(1848-2940 m)采集的土壤为研究对象,分析土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构、氨基糖含量、氨基糖对土壤有机碳贡献变化特征以及引起该变化的驱动因素。结果表明:沿海拔梯度上升,土壤理化性质表现出显著差异,土壤含水率、有机碳、全氮表现为升高趋势,pH和容重表现为降低趋势,全磷无明显变化规律。沿海拔梯度上升,土壤真菌、细菌、放线菌以及丛枝菌根真菌磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)含量表现为先增加后减少的趋势,在中海拔区域(2110-2360 m)微生物PLFAs含量更高。沿海拔梯度上升,总氨基糖含量和氨基糖单体(氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖、胞壁酸和氨基甘露糖)分别表现为持续增加和先减少后增加的变化趋势,并且总氨基糖和氨基糖单体含量均在最高海拔达到峰值,中海拔区域真菌和细菌残体碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率均小于高海拔(2707-2940 m)和低海拔(1848-1910 m),且在不同海拔梯度上真菌残体碳对土壤有机碳贡献率占据主导地位。方差分解结果显示,土壤理化性质和微生物PLFAs含量共同解释了土壤氨基糖含量及对有机碳贡献率的55.2%,其中土壤理化性质解释变异的52.9%,微生物PLFAs含量解释变异的26.9%,冗余分析同步验证土壤理化性质是影响氨基糖及氨基糖对土壤有机碳贡献率的主要因素。本研究结果揭示了贺兰山西坡微生物驱动土壤有机碳存储与转化机制,可为进一步研究旱区山地微生物残体对土壤有机碳的贡献提供理论依据。     

森林植物多样性、树种重要值与土壤理化性质对球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的影响

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(glomalin-related soil protein, GRSP)在土壤物理结构调节和土壤碳库稳定性中发挥着重要作用,但植物多样性和优势种如何影响GRSP还缺乏系统性研究。本研究依托东北林业大学哈尔滨实验林场的72块样地, 对1 m深土壤剖面分5层采样, 测定土壤易提取球囊霉素(easily extractable GRSP, EEG)、总提取球囊霉素(total GRSP, TG)及土壤理化性质, 并同时计算植物多样性指数及优势种重要值(importance value, IV), 进一步通过相关分析和冗余排序分析判断影响GRSP的主要因素与贡献。结果表明: (1)在整个土壤剖面上均表现为TG和EEG与土壤有机碳(SOC)正相关, 在部分土层深度与全氮(total nitrogen, TN)和含水量(moisture content, MC)正相关, 而与电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)和pH值负相关。(2)部分土层TG和EEG与黑皮油松(Pinus tabuliformis var. mukdensis)、樟子松(P. sylvestris var. mongolica)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)优势种重要值显著相关, 表现为黑皮油松重要值越高, 而黄檗、榆树重要值越小, 越有利于EEG的积累, 并且伴随EEG-C/SOC (EEG中C占SOC比例)增加、EEG/TG增大; 群落中胡桃楸、黄檗、榆树更有利于TG积累, 黑皮油松、落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、樟子松不利于TG的积累。(3)植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、物种丰富度与EEG、TG、EEG/TG无显著相关性, 而与EEG-C/SOC、EEG-N/TN (EEG中N占TN的比例)、TG-C/SOC (TG中C占SOC比例)、TG-N/TN (TG中N占TN的比例)显著负相关; 土壤EEG/TG和EEG-N/TN与植物均匀度指数显著正相关, 在1 m土壤不同土层趋势类似。(4)方差分解分析表明: 生物因子对GRSP变化的解释率是20.2%, 土壤理化因子解释率为7.8%, 而生物因子中植物优势种重要值的解释率最大(16.4%), 而植物物种多样性指数解释率仅为0.4%。冗余排序发现常绿针叶树种(黑皮油松和樟子松)越多且阔叶树种越少时, GRSP含量和GRSP对土壤碳氮的贡献越高(P < 0.01), 其机制可能与树种菌根类型有关: 外生菌根树种重要值与TG显著负相关, 丛枝菌根树种重要值与TG显著正相关。本研究解析了植物物种多样性对GRSP含量的重要影响, 并强调未来土壤管理和评估可以通过调整优势物种而不是树种多样性来促进GRSP积累。     

贺兰山不同海拔植被下土壤微生物群落结构特征

为明确海拔变化对干旱区山地森林土壤微生物群落的影响,揭示环境因子改变后土壤微生物群落结构特征及影响因素。对贺兰山5个海拔梯度土壤理化性质进行测定,同时采用磷酸脂肪酸(PLFA)图谱法分析土壤微生物群落组成,通过主成分分析、冗余分析(RDA)探究土壤理化性质与土壤微生物群落相对丰度之间的相关关系。结果表明:土壤养分含量在不同海拔之间差异性显著(P<0.05),土壤有机碳和全氮含量随海拔的升高而升高,全磷含量随海拔升高先升高再降低再升高;土壤微生物量随海拔升高先升高后降低,土壤微生物的相对丰度在不同海拔之间存在差异(P<0.05);主成分分析表明,与第1主成分相关性较强的微生物类群为革兰氏阳性细菌(G~+)、革兰氏阴性细菌(G~-)和真菌;与第2主成分相关性较强的微生物类群为放线菌、原生动物和非特异性细菌。非特异性细菌和真菌与各土壤因子之间均有显著相关关系,而放线菌、G~+和G~-与各土壤因子相关性较弱,原生动物与土壤全磷含量的关系密切。海拔是影响特征微生物分布的重要因素,特征微生物的含量和相对丰度随海拔的升高先升高后降低,符合山地生态学中的"中部膨胀"理论。探明了贺兰山不同海...     

Thermal acclimation in widespread heterotrophic soil microbes

Respiration by plants and microorganisms is primarily responsible for mediating carbon exchanges between the biosphere and atmosphere. Climate warming has the potential to influence the activity of these organisms, regulating exchanges between carbon pools. Physiological ‘down‐regulation’ of warm‐adapted species (acclimation) could ameliorate the predicted respiratory losses of soil carbon under climate change scenarios, but unlike plants and symbiotic microbes, the existence of this phenomenon in heterotrophic soil microbes remains controversial. Previous studies using complex soil microbial communities are unable to distinguish physiological acclimation from other community‐scale adjustments. We explored the temperature‐sensitivity of individual saprotrophic basidiomycete fungi growing in agar, showing definitively that these widespread heterotrophic fungi can acclimate to temperature. In almost all cases, the warm‐acclimated individuals had lower growth and respiration rates at intermediate temperatures than cold‐acclimated isolates. Inclusion of such microbial physiological responses to warming is essential to enhance the robustness of global climate‐ecosystem carbon models.     

Soil steaming effects on weed seedling emergence under the influence of soil type,soil moisture,soil structure and heat duration

Soil steaming applied in bands is a new technology with the potential to radically lower the burden of hand‐weeding intra‐row weeds in non‐herbicidal vegetable cropping. Preliminary studies with band‐steaming have shown effective control of viable weed seeds when the maximum soil temperatures reach 60–80°C. This temperature range has a particular agronomic interest, and the present study aimed at investigating the influence of soil factors and heat duration on weed seed mortality of soil steaming targeting 60–80°C. Two soil types (sand versus sandy loam) and two moisture levels (moist versus dry) were studied in one experiment (expt) while two levels of structure of a sandy loam (coarse versus fine) were included in a second experiment. A third experiment was focussing on the significance of heat duration expressed as the speed of cooling‐down after steaming had been stopped. Weed control efficacy was generally greater in sand than in sandy loam and soil irrigation further improved weed control. Steam application to the finely structured soil improved weed control efficacy relative to that obtained with the coarse soil of larger aggregate size. The rapidity of cooling from the maximum temperature did not affect the efficacy of the treatment on weed seed mortality. Based on these experiments, a maximum soil temperature of 80°C should ensure satisfactory weed control under moist soil conditions, especially if the soil is cultivated prior to steaming.     

有机肥对石灰性土壤肥力属性的长期影响

用常规化学分析和差热分析方法研究了长期不同施肥模式下有机肥对土壤生态肥力的影响。结果表明,长期施用有机肥(厩肥、高秸处理)可显著提高土壤有机碳含量,其水散性G0复合体减少;水稳性G1、G2复合体增加,3种胶散复合体的有机碳含量提高,重组复合体中活性强的松结合态腐殖质较多。施入有机肥不仅可提高土壤有机无机复合体的总能量水平,而且也能提高复合体中松结态、稳结态、紧结态腐殖质的能态。高秸、厩肥处理的原土、重组、稳紧态复合体、紧结态复合体和3种胶散复合体焓变值较高,具有较高能态。施用有机肥的土壤全氮、全磷、重组磷及C/N比均呈提高趋势,pH值降低,其原土和重组复合体的阳离子交换量较高。     

Thermal adaptation of microbial respiration persists throughout long-term soil carbon decomposition

Soil microbial respiration is expected to show adaptations to changing temperatures, greatly weakening the magnitude of feedback over time, as shown in labile carbon substrates. However, whether such thermal adaptation persists during long-term soil carbon decomposition as carbon substrates decrease in decomposability remains unknown. Here, we conducted a 6-year incubation experiment in natural and arable soils with distinct properties under three temperatures (10, 20 and 30°C). Mass-specific microbial respiration was consistently lower under higher long-term incubation temperatures, suggesting the occurrence and persistence of microbial thermal adaptation in long-term soil carbon decomposition. Furthermore, changes in microbial community composition and function largely explained the persistence of microbial respiratory thermal adaptation. If such thermal adaptation generally occurs in large low-decomposability carbon pools, warming-induced soil carbon losses may be lower than previously predicted and thus may not contribute as much as expected to greenhouse warming.     

Embracing a new paradigm for temperature sensitivity of soil microbes

The temperature sensitivity of soil processes is of major interest, especially in light of climate change. Originally formulated to explain the temperature dependence of chemical reactions, the Arrhenius equation, and related Q₁₀ temperature coefficient, has a long history of application to soil biological processes. However, empirical data indicate that Q₁₀ and Arrhenius model are often poor metrics of temperature sensitivity in soils. In this opinion piece, we aim to (a) review alternative approaches for characterizing temperature sensitivity, focusing on macromolecular rate theory (MMRT); (b) provide strategies and tools for implementing a new temperature sensitivity framework; (c) develop thermal adaptation hypotheses for the MMRT framework; and (d) explore new questions and opportunities stemming from this paradigm shift. Microbial ecologists should consider developing and adopting MMRT as the basis for predicting biological rates as a function of temperature. Improved understanding of temperature sensitivity in soils is particularly pertinent as microbial response to temperature has a large impact on global climate feedbacks.     

桃园套种黑牧草对土壤热状况的影响及其模拟研究

在实地试验的基础上,分析和模拟了桃园套种黑牧草对土壤热状况的影响．结果表明,在牧草种植区和自然裸露区,阴天条件下平均土壤容积热容量分别为２．５４和２．５３Ｊ·ｃｍ－３·Ｃ－１,平均土壤导温率分别为１６．９和１０．４ｃｍ２·ｈ－１;土壤净热通量分别为１３６．６和１６７．６Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·ｄ－１;晴天条件下分别为２．９３和２．６１Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·℃－１,１６．３和５．８ｃｍ２·ｈ－１,８０．４和８５．２Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·ｄ－１．不同深度的土壤温度以一阶正弦波形式为主,土壤温度振幅随深度呈指数规律变化,自然裸露区的衰减系数大于牧草种植区;土壤温度位相落后随深度变化为０,４ｈ·ｃｍ－１     

全球变暖背景下土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性:证据、机理和争议

土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性被认为是决定陆地生态系统对全球变暖反馈作用的潜在重要机制,可能显著改变未来的气候变化趋势,然而学术界对于这一机制是否真实存在尚有分歧。阐述了土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性概念,从证据、机理和争议3方面对已有研究进展进行了综述和分析。土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性是微生物在群落尺度上对温度变化的适应性,具有坚实的生物学与生态学理论基础,研究者们运用各类指标已在许多实验中证实土壤微生物物种及群落的呼吸过程能够在高温环境产生适应性变化。土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性机理涉及生物膜结构变化、酶活性变化、微生物碳分配比例变化和微生物群落结构变化等方面。关于土壤微生物呼吸热适应性的争议可能是由研究方法、微生物物种及环境条件的差异引起的。根据对已有研究的分析,认为土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性是真实存在的,未来的研究可进一步探索土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性机理,深入研究环境和全球变化对土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性影响,定量评估土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性对陆地生态系统反馈过程的影响。     

Thermal adaptation of heterotrophic soil respiration in laboratory microcosms

Respiration of heterotrophic microorganisms decomposing soil organic carbon releases carbon dioxide from soils to the atmosphere. In the short term, soil microbial respiration is strongly dependent on temperature. In the long term, the response of heterotrophic soil respiration to temperature is uncertain. However, following established evolutionary trade‐offs, mass‐specific respiration (R_mass) rates of heterotrophic soil microbes should decrease in response to sustained increases in temperature (and vice‐versa). Using a laboratory microcosm approach, we tested the potential for the R_mass of the microbial biomass in six different soils to adapt to three, experimentally imposed, thermal regimes (constant 10, 20 or 30 °C). To determine R_mass rates of the heterotrophic soil microbial biomass across the temperature range of the imposed thermal regimes, we periodically assayed soil subsamples using similar approaches to those used in plant, animal and microbial thermal adaptation studies. As would be expected given trade‐offs between maximum catalytic rates and the stability of the binding structure of enzymes, after 77 days of incubation R_mass rates across the range of assay temperatures were greatest for the 10 °C experimentally incubated soils and lowest for the 30 °C soils, with the 20 °C incubated soils intermediate. The relative magnitude of the difference in R_mass rates between the different incubation temperature treatments was unaffected by assay temperature, suggesting that maximum activities and not Q₁₀ were the characteristics involved in thermal adaptation. The time taken for changes in R_mass to manifest (77 days) suggests they likely resulted from population or species shifts during the experimental incubations; we discuss alternate mechanistic explanations for those results we observed. A future research priority is to evaluate the role that thermal adaptation plays in regulating heterotrophic respiration rates from field soils in response to changing temperature, whether seasonally or through climate change.     

Thermal adaptation of soil microbial respiration to elevated temperature

In the short‐term heterotrophic soil respiration is strongly and positively related to temperature. In the long‐term, its response to temperature is uncertain. One reason for this is because in field experiments increases in respiration due to warming are relatively short‐lived. The explanations proposed for this ephemeral response include depletion of fast‐cycling, soil carbon pools and thermal adaptation of microbial respiration. Using a > 15 year soil warming experiment in a mid‐latitude forest, we show that the apparent ‘acclimation’ of soil respiration at the ecosystem scale results from combined effects of reductions in soil carbon pools and microbial biomass, and thermal adaptation of microbial respiration. Mass‐specific respiration rates were lower when seasonal temperatures were higher, suggesting that rate reductions under experimental warming likely occurred through temperature‐induced changes in the microbial community. Our results imply that stimulatory effects of global temperature rise on soil respiration rates may be lower than currently predicted.     

Microbial physiology and soil CO2 efflux after 9 years of soil warming in a temperate forest – no indications for thermal adaptations

Thermal adaptations of soil microorganisms could mitigate or facilitate global warming effects on soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and soil CO₂ efflux. We incubated soil from warmed and control subplots of a forest soil warming experiment to assess whether 9 years of soil warming affected the rates and the temperature sensitivity of the soil CO₂ efflux, extracellular enzyme activities, microbial efficiency, and gross N mineralization. Mineral soil (0–10 cm depth) was incubated at temperatures ranging from 3 to 23 °C. No adaptations to long‐term warming were observed regarding the heterotrophic soil CO₂ efflux (R₁₀ warmed: 2.31 ± 0.15 μmol m^?2 s^?1, control: 2.34 ± 0.29 μmol m^?2 s^?1; Q₁₀ warmed: 2.45 ± 0.06, control: 2.45 ± 0.04). Potential enzyme activities increased with incubation temperature, but the temperature sensitivity of the enzymes did not differ between the warmed and the control soils. The ratio of C : N acquiring enzyme activities was significantly higher in the warmed soil. Microbial biomass‐specific respiration rates increased with incubation temperature, but the rates and the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀ warmed: 2.54 ± 0.23, control 2.75 ± 0.17) did not differ between warmed and control soils. Microbial substrate use efficiency (SUE) declined with increasing incubation temperature in both, warmed and control, soils. SUE and its temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀ warmed: 0.84 ± 0.03, control: 0.88 ± 0.01) did not differ between warmed and control soils either. Gross N mineralization was invariant to incubation temperature and was not affected by long‐term soil warming. Our results indicate that thermal adaptations of the microbial decomposer community are unlikely to occur in C‐rich calcareous temperate forest soils.