降水变化对科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮矿化和淋溶的影响

为研究降水量减少对沙地森林土壤氮循环过程的影响,以科尔沁沙地15年生樟子松人工林为研究对象,野外模拟不同降水量（自然降水、减少30%和50%）对沙地樟子松人工林土壤无机氮（SIN）含量、氮矿化速率和淋溶动态的影响。研究结果发现,沙地樟子松人工林SIN主要以硝态氮形态存在,模拟降水减少降低土壤硝态氮含量（P<0.05）和硝态氮/SIN值（P<0.001）,而增加土壤铵态氮含量（P<0.05）。与自然降水相比,降水减少降低土壤净硝化速率和净矿化速率（P=0.002）,但不同降雨处理的土壤净氨化速率差异不显著（P=0.86）。科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤以硝态氮淋溶为主,不同降雨处理土壤硝态氮淋溶量差异不显著（P=0.09）,但模拟降水减少降低土壤铵态氮淋溶（P=0.04）。此外,沙地樟子松人工林SIN含量、净氮矿化速率和淋溶量具有明显月动态特征,与降雨月动态规律基本一致。降水处理和采样时间对SIN含量和净氮矿化速率具有显著交互作用,但土壤氮淋溶量的交互作用不显著。可见,降水变化能够显著影响科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮有效性、氮矿化速率和淋溶等过程,未来干旱加剧可能降低科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮的可利用性。     

干湿交替对科尔沁沙地人工林叶凋落物分解和养分释放的影响

在干旱/半干旱地区,土壤干湿交替现象非常明显.在全球气候变化背景下,预测未来科尔沁沙地的土壤干湿交替变化强度将进一步加剧.本研究采用室内原位土柱培养方法,模拟干湿交替对科尔沁沙地小叶杨和樟子松叶凋落物分解速率及养分释放的影响.试验设置3个处理:恒湿处理(CM)、轻度干湿交替处理(DW₁,10 d干燥+20 d湿润)和重度干湿交替处理(DW₂,20 d干燥+10 d湿润).整个培养试验共处理180 d,其中进行4次干湿交替循环处理,并在干湿交替处理结束后,将各处理置于相同土壤水分条件(60%田间持水量)延时培养60 d.结果表明: 小叶杨和樟子松叶凋落物分解及养分释放对干湿交替的响应一致.在干湿交替期间,DW₂处理显著抑制叶凋落物分解及叶凋落物C、木质素和总酚释放;与CM相比,DW₂处理叶凋落物质量、C、木质素和总酚残留率分别增加17.4%、23.8%、35.2%和32.7%,而干湿交替对叶凋落物N和P养分释放无显著影响.干湿交替处理结束和延时培养结束时,不同干湿处理叶凋落物分解及养分残留率的变化具有一致性.而延时培养期间DW₂处理凋落物分解速率、叶凋落物C和木质素释放加快,表明干湿交替对叶凋落物分解及养分释放具有短期延时效应.     

科尔沁沙地草地营造樟子松人工林对土壤化学和生物学性状的影响

以科尔沁沙地东南缘沙质草地和不同年龄樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica）人工林（15、24和30年生）为对象,研究草地造林对土壤pH,土壤C、N、P含量,无机N（铵态氮、硝态氮）含量,C、N矿化速率,微生物生物量C含量以及土壤酶（脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶）活性的影响.结果表明：草地造林初期,林地土壤C、N、P含量逐渐降低,随着林龄增加而逐渐恢复;与草地相比,24年生樟子松人工林土壤C、N、P含量最低,分别下降29%、34%和33%,而30年生樟子松人工林土壤C和N含量与草地差异不显著.草地造林能够影响土壤无机N存在形式,使土壤铵态氮含量逐渐增加,硝态氮含量下降.草地造林对土壤潜在N矿化速率和硝化速率影响不显著,但能够改变土壤C矿化速率,不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤C矿化速率依次为：24年生>30年生>草地>15年生.草地造林初期,土壤微生物生物量C含量和土壤转化酶活性明显降低,随着林龄的增加又逐渐增加;草地造林对土壤脲酶活性影响不显著,而使土壤过氧化氢酶活性逐渐增加.科尔沁沙地草地造林能够显著改变土壤化学和生物学性状,且随着林龄的变化而有所差异.     

干湿交替频率对不同土壤CO2和N2O释放的影响

干旱、半干旱和地中海气候区,乃至一些湿润地区,由干湿交替引起的土壤碳、氮的短暂脉冲式释放很大程度上决定着长时间尺度温室气体释放的总量,是土壤碳、氮温室气体释放的关键过程.选择我国降雨梯度下的森林、农田、草地和荒漠生态系统,采集土样进行实验室统一控制条件下的多重干湿交替循环,对比探讨不同生态系统土壤干湿交替频率对CO2和N2O释放的影响模式.结果表明:(1)干湿交替能够显著的激发土壤中CO2和N2O的释放,森林、农田、草地和荒漠土壤CO2和N2O释放速率对干湿交替的响应模式基本一致,其响应强度与土壤本底中碳和氮的含量有关;(2)在一定培养时间内,随着干湿交替频率的增加,土壤再湿润阶段CO2释放速率降低,但是,气体释放的总量较之于恒湿对照组有所增加.(3)不同土壤N2O的释放总量对于湿交替频率的响应模式表现出很大的差异,其中农田和荒漠土壤响应模式类似.     

水分状况与不同形态氮添加对亚热带森林土壤氮素净转化速率及N2O排放的影响

通过室内模拟试验,研究40%、70%和110%土壤饱和持水量(WHC)下,不同形态氮(硝态氮和铵态氮)添加对亚热带森林红壤氮素转化的影响.结果表明:70%WHC下土壤净矿化和氨化速率最高,40%WHC下最低;与对照相比,70%WHC下添加硝态氮使土壤净矿化和氨化速率分别降低56.1%和43.0%,110%WHC下分别降低68.2%和19.0%,但提高了氨化速率占矿化速率的比例,表明添加硝态氮抑制了硝化.110%WHC下,添加硝态氮后,土壤净硝化速率最低,但氧化亚氮(N2O)浓度最高,最大值出现在第3~7天,表明N2O产生自反硝化途径,硝态氮也在同时段降低;而40%WHC和70%WHC下,N2O浓度在培养初期最大,即使在铵态氮和硝态氮添加处理下,试验后期N2O浓度也没有显著变化,表明自氧硝化是试验前期N2O产生的主要途径.40%WHC下,土壤可溶性有机碳含量增加最多,且在铵态氮添加处理下增加最多,可见添加铵态氮促进土壤有机质矿化,增加可溶性有机碳,但是土壤水分含量增多不利于有机质矿化.在40%WHC和110%WHC下,铵态氮添加处理土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)变化速率分别显著高于对照73.6%和176.6%,而在硝态氮添加处理下,只有40%WHC下显著高于对照78.7%,表明高水分条件和添加铵态氮有利于SON的形成.     

森林降水格局野外控制试验设施对土壤氮转化速率的影响

为探讨样地扰动对生态学野外控制试验的影响,在介绍一个较大型森林降水格局野外控制试验的基础上,分析了试验平台建设的设施对土壤化学性质和净氮(N)转化速率所产生的影响。结果表明,整个约0.7 hm2样地在5 - 9月间的土壤有机碳(SOC)、全N (TN)、硝态N、铵态N、微生物生物量C (MBC)、净N矿化速率和硝化速率均表现出一定的时空变异,但设施对SOC、TN、硝态N、铵态N和净矿化速率的影响统计学检验不显著;而设施建设和样方周边挖隔离沟对净N硝化速率在刚完成平台建设时有显著影响(P < 0.05),但恢复3个月后虽仍有差异,但统计学检验已不显著。这些提示了在分析和解释降水处理对净N硝化速率的影响效应时,应注意设施效应和坡位差异的潜在影响。     

氮硅添加对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响

为了解全球气候变化背景下氮沉降对土壤氮矿化的影响及硅添加对土壤氮矿化的促进作用, 该试验设置不同浓度的氮肥单独添加(0、20、40、60 g·m ^-2, 分别为对照CK、N20、N40、N60)以及与硅肥配施(硅酸4 g·m ^-2, Si4), 测定不同处理下0-20、20-40、40-60 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氨化速率以及净矿化速率。结果显示: (1)单独添加氮肥, 各土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量均随处理浓度的增加而增加, 0-20 cm土层N20、N40、N60处理下土壤硝态氮和铵态氮分别较CK增加63.48%、126.04%、247.03%和80.66%、152.52%、244.56%; 随着土层深度增加, 土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量均有下降, 20-40、40-60 cm土层较0-20 cm土层硝态氮含量分别平均减少53.90%、76.05%, 铵态氮含量分别平均减少48.62%、68.23%。(2)土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率及净矿化速率随着氮肥浓度增加均呈上升趋势。相同氮肥添加浓度下, 土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率和净矿化速率随着土层深度增加逐渐下降(除CK外)。(3)与单独添加氮肥比较, 氮硅肥配施, 土壤氮含量有显著提高, 在0-20 cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮较CK分别增加98.78%、192.62%、330.16%和99.96%、195.82%、306.32%, 20-40、40-60 cm土层也有类似趋势。同时, 氮硅配施促进了土壤氮矿化行为, 在0-20 cm土层, N60Si4处理下的土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率较单独施氮时分别增加35.88%、27.41%。以上结果表明, 与单独氮肥添加相比, 氮硅配施不但能提高土壤氮含量, 而且能促进土壤氮的矿化作用, 对大气氮沉降有一定的缓解作用。     

氮硅添加对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响

为了解全球气候变化背景下氮沉降对土壤氮矿化的影响及硅添加对土壤氮矿化的促进作用,该试验设置不同浓度的氮肥单独添加(0、20、40、60 g·m~(–2),分别为对照CK、N20、N40、N60)以及与硅肥配施(硅酸4 g·m~(–2), Si4),测定不同处理下0–20、20–40、40–60cm土层土壤硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氨化速率以及净矿化速率。结果显示:(1)单独添加氮肥,各土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量均随处理浓度的增加而增加, 0–20 cm土层N20、N40、N60处理下土壤硝态氮和铵态氮分别较CK增加63.48%、126.04%、247.03%和80.66%、152.52%、244.56%;随着土层深度增加,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量均有下降,20–40、40–60cm土层较0–20cm土层硝态氮含量分别平均减少53.90%、76.05%,铵态氮含量分别平均减少48.62%、68.23%。(2)土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率及净矿化速率随着氮肥浓度增加均呈上升趋势。相同氮肥添加浓度下,土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率和净矿化速率随着土层深度增加逐渐下降(除CK外)。(3)与单独添加氮肥比较,氮硅肥配施,土壤氮含量有显著提高,在0–20 cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮较CK分别增加98.78%、192.62%、330.16%和99.96%、195.82%、306.32%,20–40、40–60 cm土层也有类似趋势。同时,氮硅配施促进了土壤氮矿化行为,在0–20 cm土层, N60Si4处理下的土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率较单独施氮时分别增加35.88%、27.41%。以上结果表明,与单独氮肥添加相比,氮硅配施不但能提高土壤氮含量,而且能促进土壤氮的矿化作用,对大气氮沉降有一定的缓解作用。     

亚热带不同林分土壤矿质氮库及氮矿化速率的季节动态

以亚热带地区天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林为对象,采取PVC管原位培养连续取样法,对不同林分土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率及净氮矿化速率进行为期一年(2014年9月—2015年8月)的研究,分析林分类型和季节动态对土壤矿质氮库和净氮矿化速率的影响.结果表明: 硝态氮是该地区土壤矿质氮库的主要存在形式,天然林和杉木人工林土壤硝态氮含量分别占总土壤矿质氮库的55.1%～87.5%和56.1%～79.1%,林分间土壤铵态氮含量差异不显著,硝态氮含量差异显著,其中格氏栲人工林土壤硝态氮含量显著低于天然林和杉木人工林.土壤硝态氮库和矿质氮库在不同月份间差异显著,在植物非生长季节(10月至次年2月)较大,在植物生长季节(3—9月)较小.各林分全年土壤净硝化速率均较低,净氨化速率是净氮矿化速率的主要存在形式,林分类型对土壤净氨化速率有显著影响,其中杉木人工林显著低于天然林和格氏栲人工林.月份对土壤净氨化速率有显著影响,各林分土壤净氨化速率变化规律不一致,但均在11月和2月达到一年中的最低值.重复测量方差分析显示,林分类型和季节动态对土壤矿质氮库及氮矿化速率均有显著影响.温度和水分是影响土壤矿质库及氮矿化速率的重要因素,凋落物对土壤氮矿化速率的影响主要是通过质量控制而非数量控制.     

植被类型与坡位对喀斯特土壤氮转化速率的影响

土壤氮素转化对于植物氮素营养具有重要作用,尤其是对于受氮素限制的喀斯特退化生态系统。选取植被恢复过程中4种典型喀斯特植被类型(草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林)和3个坡位(上、中、下坡位)表层土壤(0—15cm)为对象,利用室内培养的方法,研究不同植被类型和坡位下土壤氮素养分与氮转化速率(氮净矿化率、净硝化率和净氨化率)的特征及其影响因素。结果表明,植被类型对土壤硝态氮含量、无机氮含量、氮净矿化率、净硝化率和净氨化率均有显著影响(P0.01),即随着植被的正向演替(草丛—灌丛—次生林—原生林),土壤硝态氮含量、无机氮含量、土壤氮净矿化速率和净硝化速率整体上呈增加趋势,而坡位以及坡位与植被类型的交互作用对上述土壤氮素指标无显著影响(P0.05)。冗余分析结果表明凋落物氮含量、凋落物C∶N比和硝态氮含量对土壤氮转化速率有显著影响,其中凋落物氮含量是影响土壤氮转化速率的主要因子(F=35.634,P=0.002)。可见,尽管坡位影响喀斯特水土再分配过程,但植被类型决定的凋落物质量(如凋落物氮含量等)对喀斯特土壤氮素转化速率的作用更为重要。因此,在喀斯特退化生态系统植被恢复初期,应注重植被群落的优化配置(如引入豆科植物)和土壤质量的改善(如降低土壤C∶N),促进土壤氮素转化及氮素的有效供给。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.