石羊河流域生态系统服务权衡与协同关系研究

生态系统服务权衡与协同研究是国际生态学、地理学等学科研究的热点。以石羊河流域为研究区,借助In VEST模型,对流域2005、2010和2015年的水源涵养、土壤保持、水质净化、碳储存和生物多样性五项服务进行精准测度,分析服务的时空格局及演变特征,并利用相关系数法逐像元定量计算5种服务之间的权衡与协同关系,从不同尺度分析权衡与协同关系的空间格局特征。结果表明:(1)各项服务具有空间异质性:水源涵养、土壤保持、碳储存、生物多样性呈"西南高-东北低"的空间格局,且水质净化、碳储存服务的高值区沿河流分布。(2) 10年期间,水源涵养、水质净化、碳储存、生物多样性服务呈现"整体增加-局部减少"的变化趋势,而土壤保持呈"整体减少-局部增加"的变化特征。(3)多种服务之间权衡与协同关系具有区域依赖特征:水源涵养与土壤保持、水源涵养与水质净化、水质净化与碳储存、水质净化与生物多样性、土壤保持与碳储存、土壤保持与生物多样性以权衡关系为主;水源涵养与碳储存、水源涵养与生物多样性、土壤保持与水质净化、碳储存与生物多样性以协同关系为主。定量可视化评估生态系统服务及权衡关系,为制定区域发展与生态保护双赢政策提供依据,同时也为其他流域的相关研究提供可靠参考。     

生态系统服务权衡与协同研究进展

作为链接人类福祉和生态系统的桥梁,生态系统服务成为地理学、生态学和其他相关学科的重要研究内容。掌握生态系统服务权衡与协同关系,对提升生态系统服务总体效益和人类福祉至关重要,并可辅助自然资源管理和生态规划实践,目前已成为生态系统服务研究的热点。在归纳生态系统服务内涵、分类及价值评估研究进展基础上,从理论基础、类型划分和研究方法等方面系统梳理了生态系统服务权衡与协同研究进展,并从以下4个方面提出未来可能的研究趋势,包括丰富权衡与协同理论基础,建构多学科综合研究体系;完善生态系统服务分类体系,量化权衡与协同非线性特征;刻画生态系统服务空间流动,加强权衡与协同跨时空集成;系统化揭示权衡与协同机理,推动成果在国土领域的应用。     

承灾脆弱性视角下的生态系统服务需求评估及供需空间匹配

生态系统服务供需空间分布格局及匹配关系是生态系统服务领域的热点问题。将生态系统服务聚焦于增强城市系统承受自然灾害的能力和恢复力功能上,引入承灾脆弱性表征生态系统服务需求。选择首批经济特区之一的珠海市为案例研究区,土壤保持服务为供需分析的对象,利用承灾脆弱性评价城市系统及居民的服务需求并刻画需求的空间异质性,采用基于"3S技术"的In VEST模型定量评估服务供给潜力,从流域与镇、街道两种尺度分析生态系统服务供需匹配状况,以期为市级土地利用管理、景观格局优化及城市经济建设提供建议。研究结果表明:根据供需空间匹配状况,珠海市包含高供给高需求、低供给高需求、低供给低需求与高供给低需求四种供需匹配类型。珠海市土壤保持服务供需空间错位状况较为严重,人口密集的城镇区域需求极高但供给严重缺乏,部分生态源地的高供给无法惠及周边区域人口;兼顾经济建设与生态保护的高供给高需求地区仅占全域面积的8.7%;以农业导向且经济发展缓慢的低供给低需求地区分布较广。是对生态系统服务供给与需求的空间异质性刻画及供需空间匹配的重要尝试,为城市建设和生态管理提供参考。     

大宁河流域生态系统服务权衡关系梯度效应

深入理解生态系统服务权衡关系是推动生态系统有效管理和实现区域高质量发展的基础。然而,目前涉及生态系统服务权衡关系梯度效应的研究仍相对较少。选取三峡库区大宁河流域为研究区域,对典型平水年份2018年粮食生产、碳固持、土壤保持和产水量4种生态系统服务进行了量化评估和空间制图,探讨了海拔、降雨量、植被覆盖度3种环境因子梯度下生态系统服务的空间分异规律,采用均方根偏差进一步分析了生态系统服务权衡关系梯度效应。研究结果表明：粮食生产在空间上呈现中部、南部高,北部低的趋势,碳固持由西北向东南递减,土壤保持和产水量高值区均分布在西部。海拔、降雨量和植被覆盖度显著影响了生态系统服务,碳固持、土壤保持总体上随着环境梯度的增加而增加,而粮食生产随着3种环境因子梯度的增加呈下降的趋势。从生态系统服务权衡方面来看,碳固持与产水量为弱权衡关系,土壤保持与粮食生产为中度权衡,生态系统服务之间多为强权衡关系。由于多种环境梯度的相互作用,生态系统服务权衡关系随海拔梯度变化无明显规律,植被覆盖度增加显著加强了生态系统服务权衡关系,而降雨量增加显著减弱了生态系统服务权衡关系。因此,今后以流域生态系统服务协调和功能整体提升为目标的生态修复工程中,应更加注重统筹不同环境梯度区域内生态系统服务权衡关系。     

长时间序列生态系统服务权衡与协同驱动因素——以芜湖市生态系统服务功能极重要区为例

人类对生态系统的管理和干预促使生态系统服务权衡向协同转化,有助于生态系统服务综合效益提升。但当前缺乏对长时间序列分析背景下生态系统服务权衡协同驱动因素及其非线性影响的理解与把握。以芜湖市“生态系统服务功能极重要区”为研究案例,考虑生境质量、碳固定和土壤保持三种关键生态系统服务,基于多源数据,运用逐像元趋势叠加分析法评估1990—2020年间研究区生态系统服务变化趋势及其权衡协同空间分布规律,采用随机森林模型探索该区域生态系统服务权衡协同形成的关键驱动因素及其非线性影响效应。研究结果表明：(1)31年间芜湖市域生境质量显著下降区域面积约为提升面积的两倍,存在进一步衰退的风险。同时,城市扩张导致市郊边缘地带碳固定、土壤保持显著下降。(2)研究区生态系统服务供给能力受权衡协同影响显著,受影响区域总面积占比达64.48%。受权衡影响区域与协同影响区域存在显著空间差异。(3)土地利用强度是管理生态系统服务权衡向协同转化的主导因素。土地利用强度对权衡协同的影响表现出非线性特征并且存在影响阈值。当强度等级介于弱与中且偏向弱强度时对不同服务协同增益具有积极作用。     

丹江口水源区生态系统服务时空变化及权衡协同关系

研究区域多种生态系统服务之间的权衡协同关系特征,对不同生态系统服务、不同区域之间的协调发展,实现利益相关方效益最大化,达到区域发展与生态保护"双赢"具有重要意义。针对目前权衡协同定性分析、长时间动态变化研究不足的现状,以丹江口水源区为例,在采用"当量因子法"求得研究区生态系统服务价值的基础上,使用长时间整体分析占优的相关性分析方法和短时期动态变化分析占优的生态系统服务权衡协同度(ESTD)模型对研究区1990—2015年10种生态系统服务的权衡协同关系展开研究。结果表明:1990—1995年,丹江口水源区生态系统服务价值呈负增长,之后则呈不断上涨的时序变化趋势,增幅最大的生态系统服务为水资源供给。生态服务价值最高的用地类型为林地,其次为草地和水域。空间上,生态系统服务价值呈东南高西北低特征。在丹江口水源区生态系统服务之间相互关系中,协同关系占64%,是丹江口水源区生态系统服务之间的主导关系,权衡关系较少,且大多存在于供给服务与调节服务、文化服务、支持服务之间。丹江口大坝加高后,即2005年之后,水源区内生态系统服务之间的权衡协同方向有所改变,改变明显的生态服务有净化环境、水文调节和水资源供给。这3种生态系统服务与生态系统服务之间的权衡关系增多,除这3种生态系统服务外,其余几种单项生态系统服务与生态系统服务之间的权衡关系减少。     

国家公园生态系统服务研究与展望

国家公园是指由国家建立并主导管理的、旨在保护为人类提供福祉的自然资源和生态系统。学界已对国家公园的保护、管理与利用等开展了多方面、深层次的研究。生态系统服务是自然资源为人类提供福祉的重要基础,分析国家公园生态系统服务的研究态势可为我国在该领域的发展提供参考和借鉴,为建立和管理以国家公园为主的自然保护地体系提供理论依据。本文综述了国家公园生态系统服务与生物多样性的关系、在土地利用下的响应及机制、对气候变化的响应与反馈、价值的量化评估、服务权衡5个方面的研究进展。强调国家公园生态系统服务兼具综合性、复杂性和异质性等特点,提出该研究领域需以生态学理论为基础,同时紧密结合社科类研究,尤其重视机器学习和空间工具在生态系统服务评估框架、方法与模型研究中的应用。未来应当在加强研究国家公园生态系统服务驱动机制的同时,注重优化系统模型,聚焦大尺度、综合性研究,并持续关注国家公园生态系统服务与人类福祉的依存关系。     

陇中黄土丘陵区土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉时空关系研究——以安定区为例

基于土地利用和社会统计数据,构建了“土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉”多尺度分析框架,从县区和乡镇尺度探讨了定西市安定区1990—2015年土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉的时空权衡/协同关系。结果表明:1990—2015年安定区土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉关系变化存在区域整体相似性和乡镇局部差异性;土地利用强度的增加,提高了供给服务和生产资料供给福祉,但弱化了调节和支持服务;供给与支持服务权衡主要集中于安定区北部和西南部。该区生态系统服务间的权衡程度较高,不利于生态系统服务保育和居民福祉的持续提升。区域的脱贫致富因立足于提高居民福祉,退耕还林还草、发展特色高效产业、劳务输出等是实现该区社会生态系统的经济收益与生态效益共赢的有效途径。     

陇中黄土丘陵区土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉时空关系研究——以安定区为例

基于土地利用和社会统计数据,构建了"土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉"多尺度分析框架,从县区和乡镇尺度探讨了定西市安定区1990—2015年土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉的时空权衡/协同关系。结果表明:1990—2015年安定区土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉关系变化存在区域整体相似性和乡镇局部差异性;土地利用强度的增加,提高了供给服务和生产资料供给福祉,但弱化了调节和支持服务;供给与支持服务权衡主要集中于安定区北部和西南部。该区生态系统服务间的权衡程度较高,不利于生态系统服务保育和居民福祉的持续提升。区域的脱贫致富因立足于提高居民福祉,退耕还林还草、发展特色高效产业、劳务输出等是实现该区社会生态系统的经济收益与生态效益共赢的有效途径。     

北京市生态系统服务时空变化与权衡分析

了解城市生态系统服务的时空变化与权衡关系对区域可持续发展具有重要意义.本研究以北京市为对象,基于InVEST模型与RUSLE模型定量评估了北京市1984、1995、2005和2018年碳贮存、产水量与土壤保持3项生态系统服务的时空变化特征,并分析了不同生态系统服务间的权衡关系.结果表明:1984-2018年,北京市土地...     

流域水碳过程耦合模拟——WaSSI-C模型的率定与检验

在复杂的气候变化条件下, 利用水碳耦合模型进行生态水文学研究成为主要的研究手段和途径。该文以杂谷脑河上游流域为例, 在确定生态水文模型WaSSI-C模拟尺度的基础上, 探讨水碳耦合模型在中国西南湿润地区的适用性。杂古脑河上游流域位于岷江上游, 隶属于长江流域。在分析和讨论了模型结构和机理的基础上, 分别对模型蒸散和融雪计算进行了补充改进, 以提高模型的适用性。将1988-1996年作为模型的率定期, 1997-2006年作为模型的验证期, 分别在率定期和验证期利用实测的径流数据和中分辨率成像光谱仪数据的总初级生产力、蒸散(ET)数据, 对模拟结果进行对比验证。并利用决定系数(R²)和Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(NS)两个指标对模拟效果进行评价。流域总径流率定期和验证期对比验证的R²分别为0.86和0.78; NS分别为0.82和0.67。总生态系统生产力和ET验证期的R²分别为0.89和0.78。可见模型模拟结果的两个评价指标都处于较为理想的区间内, 说明WaSSI-C模型在研究区内具有较好的适用性。并对模型的蒸散计算方法进行了讨论, 在此基础上提出了模型中存在的问题和改进的方向。     

生理房室药动学模型

生理药动学模型较ｎ房室模型能更准确地描述药物在体内的处置过程,但在实际应用中由于其计算结果有较大的误差而限制其应用和推广．在生理模型中,某一组织器官中血液分布容积相对于单位时间的血流量来说,如果太大,就去给计算结果带来较大的误差．本文提出的生理房室模型可以减小这种误差,从而更准确地模拟药物在体内的处置过程．文中对一组模拟的生理和生化参数分别求出了生理房室模型和生理模型的数值解．通过两组解的比较,说明生理房室模型可以描述药物在体内处置过程中的细微变化．     

Maintenance requirements: energy supply from simultaneous endogenous respiration and substrate consumption

Abstract A model is presented that describes energy for maintenance purposes (ATP) as being obtained simultaneously from biomass degradation as well as from substrate degradation in excess of growth requirements. The ratio between both catabolic processes was taken to be growth rate dependent. As such, this approach is intermediate between established models; its significant features are negative growth and the absence of substrate consumption at zero substrate concentration, and the attainability of the maximum specific growth rate (the model parameter μ _max) at elevated substrate concentrations. As a simple case, the amounts of ATP obtained from direct substrate catabolism or from the degradation of an equivalent amount of biomass were taken as identical. Also, the maintenance demand in terms of ATP per unit time and biomass was taken to be constant. True growth rate dependency of maintenance can be implemented by relaxing either of these assumptions.     

An EMG-driven model applied for predicting metabolic energy consumption during movement

The relationship between mechanical work and metabolic energy cost during movement is not yet clear. Many studies demonstrated the utility of forward-dynamic musculoskeletal models combined with experimental data to address such question. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of a muscle energy expenditure model at whole body level, using an EMG-driven approach.Four participants performed a 5-min squat exercise on unilateral leg press at two different frequencies and two load levels. Data collected were kinematics, EMG, forces and moments under the foot and gas-exchange data. This same task was simulated using a musculoskeletal model, which took EMG and kinematics as inputs and gave muscle forces and muscle energetics as outputs. Model parameters were taken from literature, but maximal isometric muscle force was optimized in order to match predicted joint moments with measured ones. Energy rates predicted by the model were compared with energy consumption measured by the gas-exchange data.Model results on metabolic energy consumption were close to the values obtained through indirect calorimetry. At the higher frequency level, the model underestimated measured energy consumption. This underestimation can be explained with an increase in energy consumption of the non-muscular mass with movement velocity.In conclusion, results obtained in comparing model predictions with experimental data were promising. More research is needed to evaluate this way of computing mechanical and metabolic work.     

Numerical model (switchable/dual model) of the human head for rigid body and finite elements applications

In this paper, a methodology for the development and validation of a numerical model of the human head using generic procedures is presented. All steps required, starting with the model generation, model validation and applications will be discussed. The proposed model may be considered as a dual one due to its capabilities to switch from deformable to a rigid body according to the application's requirements. The first step is to generate the numerical model of the human head using geometry files or medical images. The required stiffness and damping for the elastic connection used for the rigid body model are identified by performing a natural frequency analysis. The presented applications for model validation are related to impact analysis. The first case is related to Nahum's (Nahum and Smith 1970) experiments pressure data being evaluated and a pressure map generated using the results from discrete elements. For the second case, the relative displacement between the brain and the skull is evaluated according to Hardy's (Hardy WH, Foster CD, Mason, MJ, Yang KH, King A, Tashman S. 2001.Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral density technology and high-speed biplanar X-ray. Stapp Car Crash J. 45:337–368, SAE Paper 2001-22-0016) experiments. The main objective is to validate the rigid model as a quick and versatile tool for acquiring the input data for specific brain analyses.     

物种分布模型在海洋潜在生境预测的应用研究进展

海洋生物的栖息分布与环境要素的关联性一直是海洋生态学研究的热点之一.近年来,物种分布模型被广泛应用于预测海洋物种分布、潜在适宜性生境评价等研究,为保护海洋生物多样性、防治外来物种入侵及制定渔业管理措施等提供了一条有效途径.物种分布模型主要包括生境适宜性指数模型、机理模型和统计模型.本文对物种分布模型的理论基础进行了归纳和总结,回顾了物种分布模型在预测海洋物种潜在地理分布研究中的开发与应用,重点介绍了不同类型统计模型在海洋物种潜在分布预测中的研究实例.比较各种选取变量和模型验证方法,认为赤池信息准则对于选取模型变量具有优势,Kappa系数和受试者操作特征曲线下面积在验证模型精度中应用最广泛.阐述了物种分布模型存在的问题及未来发展趋势,随着海洋生物生理机制研究的进一步深入,机理模型将是今后物种分布模型发展的重点.     

On the mechanistic underpinning of discrete-time population models with complex dynamics

We present a mechanistic underpinning for various discrete-time population models that can produce limit cycles and chaotic dynamics. Specific examples include the discrete-time logistic model and the Hassell model, which for a long time eluded convincing mechanistic interpretations, and also the Ricker- and Beverton-Holt models. We first formulate a continuous-time resource consumption model for the dynamics within a year, and from that we derive a discrete-time model for the between-year dynamics. Without influx of resources from the outside into the system, the resulting between-year dynamics is always overcompensating and hence may produce complex dynamics as well as extinction in finite time. We recover a connection between various standard types of continuous-time models for the resource dynamics within a year on the one hand and various standard types of discrete-time models for the population dynamics between years on the other. The model readily generalizes to several resource and consumer species as well as to more than two trophic levels for the within-year dynamics.     

Conventional and newly developed bioheat transport models in vascularized tissues: A review

Heat transfer in a biological system is a complex process and its analysis is difficult. Heterogeneous vascular architecture, blood flow in the complex network of arteries and veins, varying metabolic heat generation rates and dependence of tissue properties on its physiological condition contribute to this complexity. The understanding of heat transfer in human body is important for better insight of thermoregulatory mechanism and physiological conditions. Its understanding is also important for accurate prediction of thermal transport and temperature distribution during biomedical applications. During the last three decades, many attempts have been made by researchers to model the complex thermal behavior of the human body. These models, viz., blood perfusion, countercurrent, thermal phase-lag, porous-media, perturbation, radiation, etc. have their corresponding strengths and limitations. Along with their biomedical applications, this article reviews various contextual issues associated with these models. After brief discussion of early bioheat models, the newly developed bioheat models are discussed in detail. Dependence of these models on biological properties, viz., thermophysical and optical properties are also discussed.     

On the mechanistic underpinning of discrete-time population models with Allee effect

The Allee effect means reduction in individual fitness at low population densities. There are many discrete-time population models with an Allee effect in the literature, but most of them are phenomenological. Recently, Geritz and Kisdi [2004. On the mechanistic underpinning of discrete-time population models with complex dynamics. J. Theor. Biol. 228, 261-269] presented a mechanistic underpinning of various discrete-time population models without an Allee effect. Their work was based on a continuous-time resource-consumer model for the dynamics within a year, from which they derived a discrete-time model for the between-year dynamics. In this article, we obtain the Allee effect by adding different mate finding mechanisms to the within-year dynamics. Further, by adding cannibalism we obtain a higher variety of models. We thus present a generator of relatively realistic, discrete-time Allee effect models that also covers some currently used phenomenological models driven more by mathematical convenience.     

Computational framework to model and design surgical meshes for hernia repair

Surgical procedures for hernia surgery are usually performed using prosthetic meshes. In spite of all the improvements in these biomaterials, the perfect match between the prosthesis and the implant site has not been achieved. Thus, new designs of surgical meshes are still being developed. Previous to implantation in humans, the validity of the meshes has to be addressed, and to date experimental studies have been the gold standard in testing and validating new implants. Nevertheless, these procedures involve long periods of time and are expensive. Thus, a computational framework for the simulation of prosthesis and surgical procedures may overcome some disadvantages of the experimental methods. The computational framework includes two computational models for designing and validating the behaviour of new meshes, respectively. Firstly, the beam model, which reproduces the exact geometry of the mesh, is set to design the weave and determine the stiffness of the surgical prosthesis. However, this implies a high computational cost whereas the membrane model, defined within the framework of the large deformation hyperelasticity, is a relatively inexpensive computational tool, which also enables a prosthesis to be included in more complex geometries such as human or animal bodies.