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1.
Alice L. Clarke 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1993,4(2):109-135
In a recent study, female dispersal in nineteenth-century Sweden has been found to correlate negatively with access to resources:
women with limited access to local resources tended to migrate more frequently. In this paper I review the literature to explore
whether this observed correlation was derived from a relationship in which a woman’s limited access to resources worsened
her position in the marriage market and led to migration, as a strategy to improve resources and this position. Many studies
within a variety of disciplines indicate that a woman’s propensity to disperse from her parish of birth variedinversely with her propensity to inherit resources. My review of the literature suggests that the less likely a woman was to inherit
resources, the lower her probability of marriage, the later her expected age at marriage, and the earlier she left home, presumably
to improve her resource base for marriage.
This work was funded in part by the Population and Environment Dynamics Program and by the Evolution and Human Behavior Program,
University of Michigan.
Alice L. Clarke is a doctoral candidate in the School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Her dissertation research examines the ecology of human dispersal in nineteenth-century Sweden. Her broader research interests
include the ecological basis of human demography and resource use. 相似文献
2.
Iwu Ikwubuzo 《Dialectical Anthropology》2007,31(1-3):307-317
Rev. Mother (Dr.) Mary Angela Uwalaka was a distinguished and devoted religious woman linguist. Her major area of research
was Igbo syntax, where she made tremendous contributions, through published texts and scholarly articles towards the development
of a unified Igbo language and the field of Linguistics. As a renowned scholar, her research interest was not limited to Linguistics
only. In the words of Prof. Ben Elugbe, her colleague at the University of Ibadan where Mother Uwalaka worked until her demise
in January 7 2007, she also “found time and ability to work and publish in the areas of religion and Igbo culture.” Ọfọ: Its Juridical and Linguistic Potency, which we shall review here, is an evidence that Uwalaka’s interests extended to other areas of Igbo studies, apart from
the Igbo language. 相似文献
3.
The vast network of Drosophila geneticists spawned by Thomas Hunt Morgan’s fly room in the early 20th century has justifiably received a significant amount
of scholarly attention. However, most accounts of the history of Drosophila genetics focus heavily on the “boss and the boys,” rather than the many other laboratory groups which also included large
numbers of women. Using demographic information extracted from the Drosophila Information Service directories from 1934 to 1970, we offer a profile of the gendered division of labor within Drosophila genetics in the United States during the middle decades of the 20th century. Our analysis of the gendered division of labor
supports a reconsideration of laboratory practices as different forms of work. 相似文献
4.
The beginning of the twentieth century saw the emergence of the discipline of genetics. It is striking how many female scientists were contributing to this new field at the time. At least three female pioneers succeeded in becoming professors: Kristine Bonnevie (Norway), Elisabeth Schiemann (Germany) and the Tine Tammes (The Netherlands). The question is which factors contributed to the success of these women’s careers? At the time women were gaining access to university education it had become quite the norm for universities to be sites for teaching and research. They were still expanding: new laboratories were being built and new disciplines were being established. All three women benefited from the fact that genetics was considered a new field promising in terms of its utility to society; in the case of Tammes and Schiemann in agriculture and in the case of Bonnevie in eugenics. On the other hand, the field of genetics also benefited from the fact that these first female researchers were eager for the chance to work in science and wanted to make active contributions. They all worked and studied in environments which, although different from one another, were positive towards them, at least at the start. Having a patron was generally a prerequisite. Tammes profited from her teacher’s contacts and status. Bonnevie made herself indispensable through her success as a teacher and eventually made her position so strong that she was no longer dependent on a single patron. The case of Schiemann adds something new; it shows the vulnerability of such dependency. Initially, Schiemann’s teacher had to rely on the first generation of university women simply because he was unable to attract ambitious young men to his institute. In those early, uncertain years of the new discipline, male scientists tended to choose other, better established, and more prestigious disciplines. However, when genetics itself had become an established field, it also became more attractive to men. Our case studies also demonstrate that a new field at first relatively open to women closes its doors to them once it becomes established. 相似文献
5.
Melinda Gormley 《Journal of the history of biology》2009,42(1):33-72
During the 1920s and 1930s geneticist L.C. Dunn of Columbia University cautioned Americans against endorsing eugenic policies
and called attention to eugenicists’ less than rigorous practices. Then, from the mid-1940s to early 1950s he attacked scientific
racism and Nazi Rassenhygiene by co-authoring Heredity, Race and Society with Theodosius Dobzhansky and collaborating with members of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization) on their international campaign against racism. Even though shaking the foundations of scientific discrimination
was Dunn’s primary concern during the interwar and post-World War II years, his campaigns had ancillary consequences for the
discipline. He contributed to the professionalization of genetics during the 1920s and 1930s and sought respectability for
human genetics in the 1940s and 1950s. My article aims to elucidate the activist scientist’s role in undermining scientific
discrimination by exploring aspects of Dunn’s scientific work and political activism from the 1920s to 1950s. Definitions
are provided for scientific discrimination and activist scientist. 相似文献
6.
Ogilvie MB 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(3):467-507
Helen Dean King’s scientific work focused on inbreeding using experimental data collected from standardized laboratory rats
to elucidate problems in human heredity. The meticulous care with which she carried on her inbreeding experiments assured
that her results were dependable and her theoretical explanations credible. By using her nearly homozygous rats as desired
commodities, she also was granted access to venues and people otherwise unavailable to her as a woman. King’s scientific career
was made possible through her life experiences. She earned a doctorate from Bryn Mawr College under Thomas Hunt Morgan and
spent a productive career at the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology in Philadelphia where she had access to the experimental
subjects which made her career possible. In this paper I examine King’s work on inbreeding, her participation in the debates
over eugenics, her position at the Wistar Institute, her status as a woman working with mostly male scientists, and her involvement
with popular science. 相似文献
7.
Giambattista Brocchi’s (1814) monograph (see Dominici, Evo Edu Outreach, this issue, 2010) on the Tertiary fossils of the Subappenines in Italy—and their relation to the living molluscan fauna—contains a theoretical,
transmutational perspective (“Brocchian transmutation”). Unlike Lamarck (1809), Brocchi saw species as discrete and fundamentally stable entities. Explicitly analogizing the births and deaths of species
with those of individual organisms (“Brocchi’s analogy”), Brocchi proposed that species have inherent longevities, eventually
dying of old age unless driven to extinction by external forces. As for individuals, births and deaths of species are understood
to have natural causes; sequences of births and deaths of species produce genealogical lineages of descent, and faunas become
increasingly modernized through time. Brocchi calculated that over 50% of his fossil species are still alive in the modern
fauna. Brocchi’s work was reviewed by Horner (1816) in Edinburgh. Brocchi’s influence as a transmutational thinker is clear in Jameson’s (1827) “geological illustrations” in his fifth edition of his translation of Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth (read by his student Charles Darwin) and in the anonymous essays of 1826 and 1827 published in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal—which also carried a notice of Brocchi’s death in 1827. The notion that new species replace older, extinct ones—in what today
would be called an explicitly phylogenetic context—permeates these essays. Herschel’s (1830) discussion of temporal replacement of species and the modernization of faunas closely mirrors these prior discussions. His
book, dedicated to the search for natural causes of natural phenomena, was read by Charles Darwin while a student at Cambridge.
Darwin’s work on HMS Beagle was in large measure an exploration of replacement patterns of “allied forms” of endemic species
in time and in space. His earliest discussions of transmutation, in his essay February 1835, as well as the Red Notebook and the early pages of Notebook B (the latter two written in 1837 back in England), contain Brocchi’s analogy, including
the idea of inherent species longevities. Darwin’s first theory of the origin of species was explicitly saltational, invoking
geographic isolation as the main cause of the abrupt appearance of new species. We conclude that Darwin was testing the predicted
patterns of both Brocchian and Lamarckian transmutation as early as 1832 at the outset of his work on the Beagle. 相似文献
8.
Comfort NC 《Journal of the history of biology》1999,32(1):133-162
In the standard narrative of her life, Barbara McClintock discovered genetic transposition in the 1940s but no one believed
her. She was ignored until molecular biologists of the 1970s “rediscovered” transposition and vindicated her heretical discovery.
New archival documents, as well as interviews and close reading of published papers, belie this narrative. Transposition was
accepted immediately by both maize and bacterial geneticists. Maize geneticists confirmed it repeatedly in the early 1950s
and by the late 1950s it was considered a classic discovery. But for McClintock, movable elements were part of an elaborate
system of genetic control that she hypothesized to explain development and differentiation. This theory was highly speculative
and was not widely accepted, even by those who had discovered transposition independently. When Jacob and Monod presented
their alternative model for gene regulation, the operon, her controller argument was discarded as incorrect. Transposition,
however, was soon discovered in microorganisms and by the late 1970s was recognized as a phenomenon of biomedical importance.
For McClintock, the award of the 1983 Nobel Prize to her for the discovery of movable genetic elements, long treated as a
legitimation, may well have been bittersweet. This new look at McClintock's experiments and theory has implications for the
intellectual history of biology, the social history of American genetics, and McClintock's role in the historiography of women
in science.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Richard L. Michalski Todd K. Shackelford Catherine A. Salmon 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2007,18(1):74-84
Using data collected from people with at least one brother and one sister, and consistent with an evolutionary perspective,
we find that older men and women (a) are more upset by a brother’s partner’s sexual infidelity than by her emotional infidelity and (b) are more upset by a sister’s partner’s emotional infidelity than by his sexual infidelity. There were no effects of participant
sex or sex of in-law on upset over a sibling’s partner’s infidelities, but there was an effect of participant sex on reports
of upset over one’s own partner’s infidelities. The results suggest that the key variable among older participants is the
sex of the sibling or, correspondingly, the sex of the sibling’s partner, as predicted from an evolutionary analysis of reproductive
costs, and not the sex of the participant, as predicted from a socialization perspective. Discussion offers directions for
future work on jealousy. 相似文献
10.
Koichi Negayama Takako Negayama Kiyomi Kondo 《International journal of primatology》1986,7(4):365-378
Parturitional behavior in 12 caged Macaca fuscatawas analyzed. Wild-caught mothers showed adequate maternal behaviors immediately following the neonate’s expulsion. Parity
differences existed in the behaviors; primiparae were more idiosyncratic than were multiparae. Among multiparae, those with
two or more offspring were uniformly adequate, but those with a single birth experience varied in the adequacy of the maternal
care they provided at parturition. Mothers embraced and licked their neonates and had ventroventral contact with them frequently
immediately after parturition but decreased these behaviors after expulsion of the placenta. In contrast, mothers showed allogrooming
after consuming the placenta. Placentophagy was correlated with the level of orality represented by maternal licking behaviors.
An isolation-reared primipara reacted to her newborn in a basically negative manner, although she showed little actual aggression.
She showed a rapid shift in her negative behavior during the immediate postpartum period. This mother’s newborn sought contact
with her, indicating the neonate’s active role in establishing a stable mother-neonate bond. 相似文献
11.
James Tabery 《Journal of the history of biology》2008,41(4):717-761
This essay examines the origin(s) of genotype–environment interaction, or G × E. “Origin(s)” and not “the origin” because the thesis is that there were actually two distinct concepts of G × E at this beginning: a
biometric concept, or G × EB, and a developmental concept, or G × ED. R. A. Fisher, one of the founders of population genetics and the creator of the statistical analysis of variance, introduced
the biometric concept as he attempted to resolve one of the main problems in the biometric tradition of biology – partitioning
the relative contributions of nature and nurture responsible for variation in a population. Lancelot Hogben, an experimental
embryologist and also a statistician, introduced the developmental concept as he attempted to resolve one of the main problems
in the developmental tradition of biology – determining the role that developmental relationships between genotype and environment
played in the generation of variation. To argue for this thesis, I outline Fisher and Hogben’s separate routes to their respective
concepts of G × E; then these separate interpretations of G × E are drawn on to explicate a debate between Fisher and Hogben
over the importance of G × E, the first installment of a persistent controversy. Finally, Fisher’s G × EB and Hogben’s G × ED are traced beyond their own work into mid-20th century population and developmental genetics, and then into the infamous
IQ Controversy of the 1970s. 相似文献
12.
David C. Geary M. Catherine DeSoto Mary K. Hoard Melanie Skaggs Sheldon M. Lynne Cooper 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2001,12(4):299-320
The relation between sex hormones and responses to partner infidelity was explored in two studies reported here. The first
confirmed the standard sex difference in relationship jealousy, that males (n=133) are relatively more distressed by a partner’s sexual infidelity and females (n=159) by a partner’s emotional infidelity. The study also revealed that females using hormone-based birth control (n=61) tended more toward sexual jealousy than did other females, and reported more intense affective responses to partner infidelity
(n=77). In study two, 47 females were assessed four times across one month. Patterns of response to partner infidelity did not
vary by week of menstrual cycle, but significant relations between salivary estradiol level and jealousy responses were obtained
during the time of rising and high fertility risk. The implications, at least for females, are that any evolved psychological,
affective, or behavioral dispositions regarding reproduction-related relationships are potentially moderated by estradiol,
and that the use of synthetic hormones may disrupt this relation.
David C. Geary is the Frederick A. Middlebush Professor of Psychological Sciences at the University of Missouri at Columbia.
He has published nearly 100 articles and chapters across a wide range of topics, including cognitive and developmental psychology,
education, evolutionary biology, and medicine. His two books, Children’s Mathematical Development (1984) and Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences (1988), have been published by the American Psychological Association.
M. Catherine DeSoto recently completed her Ph.D. in psychological sciences at the University of Missouri at Columbia and is
currently assistant professor of psychobiology at the University of Northern Iowa. Her research primarily focuses on the interface
between biology and behavior, including the relation between sex hormones and personality disorders.
Mary K. Hoard is completing her Ph.D. studies in psychological sciences at the University of Missouri at Columbia and is currently
a research specialist in the Department of Psychological Sciences. Her research interests focus on children’s cognitive development,
as well as the relation between sleep and cognitive and psychological functioning.
Melanie Skaggs Sheldon is a graduate student in the Department of Psychological Sciences at the University of Missouri at
Columbia. Her research interests include social cooperation, sexual behavior, and personality, as understood from an evolutionary
perspective.
M. Lynne Cooper is a professor of psychological sciences and director of the training program in social psychology at the
University of Missouri at Columbia. She is an associate editor of the Journal of Personality and the author of more than 60 articles and chapters in the areas of personality and social psychology. Her primary research
efforts involve directing a longitudinal study of risky sexual behavior of adolescents and young adults. 相似文献
13.
Marsha L. Richmond 《Journal of the history of biology》2006,39(3):565-605
In the early years of Mendelism, 1900–1910, William Bateson established a productive research group consisting of women and men studying biology at Cambridge. The empirical evidence they provided through investigating the patterns of hereditary in many different species helped confirm the validity of the Mendelian laws of heredity. What has not previously been well recognized is that owing to the lack of sufficient institutional support, the group primarily relied on domestic resources to carry out their work. Members of the group formed a kind of extended family unit, centered on the Batesons’ home in Grantchester and the grounds of Newnham College. This case illustrates the continuing role that domestic environments played in supporting scientific research in the early 20th century. 相似文献
14.
Carla Keirns 《Journal of the history of biology》1999,32(1):163-195
Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize in 1983 for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. Her Nobel work began in 1944,
and by 1950 McClintock began presenting her work on “controlling elements.” McClintock performed her studies through the use
of controlled breeding experiments with known mutant stocks, and read the action of controlling elements (transposons) in
visible patterns of pigment and starch distribution. She taught close colleagues to “read” the patterns in her maize kernels,
“seeing” pigment and starch genes turning on and off. McClintock illustrated her talks and papers on controlling elements
or transposons with photographs of the spotted and streaked maize kernels which were both her evidence and the key to her
explanations. Transposon action could be read in the patterns by the initiated, but those without step by step instruction
by McClintock or experience in maize often found her presentations confusing. The photographs she displayed became both McClintock's
means of communication, and a barrier to successful presentation of her results. The photographs also had a second and more
subtle effect. As images of patterns arrived at through growth and development of the kernel, they highlight what McClintock
believed to be the developmental consequences of transposition, which in McClintock's view was her central contribution, over
the mechanism of transposition, for which she was eventually recognized by others. Scientific activities are extremely visual,
both at the sites of investigation and in communication through drawings, photographs, and movies. Those visual messages deserve
greater scrutiny by historians of science.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
16.
Practice and Politics in Japanese Science: Hitoshi Kihara
and the Formation of a Genetics Discipline
Kaori Iida 《Journal of the history of biology》2010,43(3):529-570
This paper examines the history of Japanese genetics in the 1920s to 1950s as seen through the work of Hitoshi Kihara, a prominent
wheat geneticist as well as a leader in the development of the discipline in Japan. As Kihara’s career illustrates, Japanese
genetics developed quickly in the early twentieth century through interactions with biologists outside Japan. The interactions,
however, ceased due to the war in the late 1930s, and Japanese geneticists were mostly isolated from outside information until
the late 1940s. During the isolation in wartime and under the postwar U.S. Occupation, Kihara adapted to political changes.
During wartime, he developed a research institute focusing on applied biology of various crops, which conformed to the national
need to address food scarcity. After the war, he led the campaign for the establishment of a national institute of genetics
and negotiated with American Occupation officers. The Americans viewed this Japanese effort with suspicion because of the
rising popularity of the controversial theory of the Russian agronomist, Trofim Lysenko, in Japan. The institute was approved
in 1949 partly because Kihara was able to bridge the gap between the American and Japanese sides. With Kihara’s flexible and
generous leadership, Japanese genetics steadily developed, survived the wartime, and recovered quickly in the postwar period.
The article discusses Kihara’s interest in cytoplasmic inheritance and his synthetic approach to genetics in this political
context, and draws attention to the relation between Kihara’s genetics and agricultural practice in Japan. 相似文献
17.
Elson Boles 《Dialectical Anthropology》2006,30(1-2):27-70
Critics and defenders continue to debate the meanings and uses of Ruth Benedict’s Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture (1946). Recently reporters have used Benedict’s ideas to justify the U.S. invasion of Iraq, citing, for example, Pauline
Kent’s defense of Benedict published in Dialectical Anthropology (1999; 24(2): 181–192). This essay examines the flaws of Chrysanthemum and Kent’s views, including Kent’s attacks on the best critique of Chrysanthemum to date by Lummis (1981). Drawing from Lummis, it highlights Benedict’s radical political transformation during the 1940s,
her embracement of U.S. nationalism, and subsequent reversals of her anthropological positions. It shows how in Chrysanthemum Benedict compared nationalist cultures and ideologies rather than ethnic cultures, but demonstrates that Benedict’s methodology
remained consistent. Finally, it scrutinizes the logic of Benedict’s vision and portrayal of Japanese ethnicity as a “shame
culture” and her argument for saving the emperor system and culturally rehabilitating the Japanese.
相似文献
18.
Harman OS 《Journal of the history of biology》2006,39(1):165-197
This article considers the reception of British cytogeneticist C.D. Darlington’s controversial 1932 book, Recent Advances in Cytology. Darlington’s cytogenetic work, and the manner in which he made it relevant to evolutionary biology, marked an abrupt shift
in the status and role of cytology in the life sciences. By focusing on Darlington’s scientific method – a stark departure
from anti-theoretical, empirical reasoning to a theoretical and speculative approach based on deduction from genetic first
principles – the article characterises the relationships defining the “disciplinary landscape” of the life sciences of the
time, namely those between cytology, genetics, and evolutionary theory. 相似文献
19.
Hüseyin Yilmaz 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1968,30(3):455-479
The author’s theory of speech perception, as applied to time-dependent speech sounds, leads to many testable predictions.
While some of these predictions are consistent with conventional knowledge, others are new and quite unexpected. A few are
in contradiction to long accepted experimental results. A computer-aided experimental program, designed to test the theory,
wholly supported these predictions. In view of this outcome, it seems desirable to test other predictions of the theory and
to reexamine some conventionally accepted views in order to arrive at a more comprehensive theory of speech. The present findings
indicate that, apart from categorization, consonants are similar to vowels: they exhibit parallel organizations and transformation
properties.
Supported by National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Electronics Research Center, Cambridge, under Contract NAS-12-129.
The first part of the work appeared inBull. Math. Biophysics, Vol.,29, 793–825, 1967. 相似文献
20.
H G Floss 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2001,27(3):183-194
The evolution of the field of biosynthesis from the unravelling of the mode of formation of natural products to the use of
such knowledge to create new compounds is reviewed using examples from the author's laboratory. The discussion focuses on
the mode of operation of type II (spore pigment PKS) and type I (rifamycin PKS) polyketide synthases and their diversion to
generate unnatural products, and on the genetics and biochemistry of deoxysugar formation in granaticin biosynthesis as a
prerequisite to combinatorial enzymatic synthesis of unusual glycosides. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 183–194.
Received 21 September 1999/ Accepted in revised form 13 September 2000 相似文献