RADS1和BRCA1在结直肠癌中的表达及临床意义

目的观察结直肠癌中RAD51和BRCA1基因的表达,探讨二者与结直肠癌发生发展及治疗的关系。方法收集结直肠癌癌灶及癌旁正常组织各42例,采用免疫组织化学法及逆转录一聚合酶链反应（reverse transeription-PCR,RTPCR）检测标本组织中RAD51、BRCA1蛋白和mRNA的表达水平。分析RAD51、BRCA1在结直肠癌中的表达水平与临床病理特征的关系以及二者之间的相互关系。结果在结直肠癌组织中RAD51（33例,78．6％）、BRCA1（30例,71．4％）的表达较癌旁正常组织RAD51（7例,16．7％）、BRCA1（18例,42．9％）高（P〈0．05）;结直肠癌中RAD51mRNA（0．51±0．26）和BRCA1 mRNA（O．70±0．96）的值较两者在正常组织中mRNA（0．10±0．22）高（P〈0．01）;两者蛋白及mRNA的表达水平与性别、年龄、分化程度、TNM分期等均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）;BRCA1与RAD51在结直肠癌中的表达水平成明显正相关（蛋白：r=0．731,P〈0．01mRNA：r=0．572,P〈0．01）。结论BRCA1与RAD51在结直肠癌组织中高表达,且二者的表达水平呈明显正相关;BRCAl与RAD51的表达异常可能与结直肠癌的发生发展有关。     

BRCA1在人类肿瘤细胞中的表达

人类乳癌易感基因1(BRCA1)是乳癌,卵巢癌和前列腺癌的危险因素之一,而且表现出许多的生物功能.采用WesternBlotting和半定量RT-PCR的方法,我们检测了内源性BRCA1蛋白质和mR-NA在从十一种人类肿瘤组织中建立的四十三种肿瘤细胞系的表达水平.在不同的肿瘤细胞中BR-CA1的表达水平是各不一样的.而且并没有发现BRCA1的表达和细胞的内源性p53基因状况有明显的相关性.通过采用细胞转染乳头状瘤病毒-E6致癌基因或采用畸变的p53基因(143Ala→Va1)而导致的p53基因功能失活并不对内源性BRCA1本底表达水平产生任何的影响,但两种与p53功能有关p21(-/-)和Gadd45基因剔除则轻微地增加BRCA1蛋白质的表达.因此,虽然我们目前还不清楚BRCA1在人类肿瘤细胞中不同表达的功能意义,但本文的结果为进一步研究BRCA1在不同肿瘤细胞系的生物功能提供了有价值的背景资料.     

Elevated expression of exogenous Rad51 leads to identical increases in gene-targeting frequency in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells with both functional and dysfunctional p53 genes

The Rad51 gene is the mammalian homologue of the bacterial RecA gene and catalyses homologous recombination in mammalian cells. In some cell types Rad51 has been shown to interact with p53, leading to inhibition of Rad51 activity. Here, we show a two- to four-fold increase in gene-targeting frequency at the HPRT locus using murine ES clones preengineered to overexpress Rad51, and a twofold increase in targeting frequency when a Rad51 expression cassette was cointroduced to wild-type ES cells with the targeting construct. In addition to its effect on homologous recombination, we show that Rad51 may down-regulate illegitimate recombination. We investigated the dependence of these phenomena upon p53 and found no evidence that the Rad 51-mediated increase is affected by the functional status of p53, a conclusion supported by the observed cytoplasmic localisation of p53 in ES cells following electroporation. Furthermore, in the absence of additional Rad51, p53-deficient ES cells do not have elevated rates of homologous recombination with extrachromosomal DNA. These findings demonstrate that Rad51 levels modify both homologous and illegitimate recombination, but that these phenomena are independent of p53 status.     

A BRCA1-interacting lncRNA regulates homologous recombination

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important players in diverse biological processes. Upon DNA damage, cells activate a complex signaling cascade referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). Using a microarray screen, we identify here a novel lncRNA, DDSR1 (DNA damage-sensitive RNA1), which is induced upon DNA damage. DDSR1 induction is triggered in an ATM-NF-κB pathway-dependent manner by several DNA double-strand break (DSB) agents. Loss of DDSR1 impairs cell proliferation and DDR signaling and reduces DNA repair capacity by homologous recombination (HR). The HR defect in the absence of DDSR1 is marked by aberrant accumulation of BRCA1 and RAP80 at DSB sites. In line with a role in regulating HR, DDSR1 interacts with BRCA1 and hnRNPUL1, an RNA-binding protein involved in DNA end resection. Our results suggest a role for the lncRNA DDSR1 in modulating DNA repair by HR.     

青鳉p53基因克隆、结构分析及同源重组载体构建

应用“Long PCR”技术 ,用 6对 p5 3引物从青胚胎干细胞基因组DNA中扩增出 6个相互重叠的片段 ,其中最大的片段长达 4 5kb ,这 6个PCR片段覆盖了整个 p5 3基因。序列分析表明青p5 3基因长约 8 7kb ,由 11个外显子和 10个内含子组成。结构比较表明 ,青 p5 3基因在大小上与人和小鼠 p5 3基因存在较大差异。青p5 3基因的内含子 1仅为 0 85kb ,而人和小鼠p5 3基因的内含子 1则分别长达 10kb和 6kb ;青 p5 3基因的外显子 3(86bp)明显大于人和小鼠 p5 3基因的外显子 3(2 2bp) ;外显子 4 (170bp)比人 (2 80bp)和小鼠 (2 6 0bp)的外显子 4小 ;内含子 10 (3 5kb)则比人和小鼠内含子 10 (0 7kb和 0 9kb)大得多。用SVTK neo基因作正选择标记基因 ,用SVTK tk基因作负选择标记基因 ,用青 p5 3基因组片段作同源序列 ,构建了鱼类 p5 3基因同源重组载体。将此载体转染青胚胎干细胞 ,并经G4 18和Ganc药物选择后证明上述正、负选择标记基因在干细胞中能够有效表达 ,并提供对G4 18的抗性和对Ganc的敏感性。     

Endogenous levels of Rad51 and Brca2 are required for homologous recombination and regulated by homeostatic re-balancing

Stable expression of Rad51 siRNA was used to generate mouse hybridoma cell lines in which endogenous Rad51 levels were depleted by as much as 60%. Stable Rad51 knockdowns feature reduced homologous recombination responses. The relative ease with which stable Rad51 knockdowns were recovered was surprising, given the embryonic lethality of Rad51 ablation. Interestingly, Rad51-depleted hybridoma cell lines are characterized by reduced levels of p53 protein. Completely unexpected, was the finding that Rad51-depleted hybridoma cell lines are also reduced for the breast cancer susceptibility 2 (Brca2) protein. Additionally, hybridoma cell lines that are siRNA depleted for mouse Brca2 show a corresponding reduction in Rad51 and p53 proteins. Furthermore, cellular levels of Rad51, Brca2 and p53 can be elevated in these cell lines by ectopic expression of wild-type human Rad51 and wild-type human BRCA2. In marked contrast, hybridoma cell lines that are siRNA depleted for mouse p53 feature relatively normal Rad51 and Brca2 levels. These results suggest that cellular levels of Brca2 and Rad51 are mutually dependent on each other, and that low levels of these proteins provide selective pressure for reduction of p53, which permits cell growth.     

Homologous recombination proteins are associated with centrosomes and are required for mitotic stability

In response to DNA damage, cells need robust repair mechanisms to complete the cell cycle successfully. Severe forms of DNA damage are repaired by homologous recombination (HR), in which the XRCC2 protein plays a vital role. Cells deficient in XRCC2 also show disruption of the centrosome, a key component of the mitotic apparatus. We find that this centrosome disruption is dynamic and when it occurs during mitosis it is linked directly to the onset of mitotic catastrophe in a significant fraction of the XRCC2-deficient cells. However, we also show for the first time that XRCC2 and other HR proteins, including the key recombinase RAD51, co-localize with the centrosome. Co-localization is maintained throughout the cell cycle, except when cells are finishing mitosis when RAD51 accumulates in the midbody between the separating cells. Taken together, these data suggest a tight functional linkage between the centrosome and HR proteins, potentially to coordinate the deployment of a DNA damage response at vulnerable phases of the cell cycle.     

Functional attributes of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae meiotic recombinase Dmc1

The role of Dmc1 as a meiosis-specific general recombinase was first demonstrated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Progress in understanding the biochemical mechanism of ScDmc1 has been hampered by its tendency to form inactive aggregates. We have found that the inclusion of ATP during protein purification prevents Dmc1 aggregation. ScDmc1 so prepared is capable of forming D-loops and responsive to its accessory factors Rad54 and Rdh54. Negative staining electron microscopy and iterative helical real-space reconstruction revealed that the ScDmc1-ssDNA nucleoprotein filament harbors 6.5 protomers per turn with a pitch of ～106 Å. The ScDmc1 purification procedure and companion molecular analyses should facilitate future studies on this recombinase.     

重组人磷脂酶D1/腺病毒表达载体的构建与表达

将磷脂酶D1基因及其功能缺陷点突变基因从真核表达载体pCGNPLD1亚克隆至带有绿色荧光标记蛋白的穿梭质粒pAdTrackCMV中;再与腺病毒骨架载体一起在大肠杆菌BJ5183中进行同源重组;阳性重组子经PacⅠ线性化后,转染入病毒组装细胞系293细胞,成功构建磷脂酰胆碱专一性磷脂酶D1重组腺病毒; 并用该病毒颗粒感染嗜铬细胞瘤细胞PC12细胞,高效表达磷脂酶D1蛋白。证明大蛋白基因,如磷脂酶D1基因的同源重组腺病毒表达构建切实可行,为研究其在细胞内的生理功能提供了有力工具。     

Primary structure-based function characterization of BRCT domain replicates in BRCA1

BRCA1 is a large protein that exhibits a multiplicity of functions in its apparent role in DNA repair. Certain mutations of BRCA1 are known to have exceptionally high penetrance with respect to familial breast and ovarian cancers. The structures of the N-terminus and C-terminus of the protein have been determined. The C-terminus unit consists of two alpha-beta-alpha domains designated BRCT. We predicated two homologous BRCT regions in the BRCA1 internal region, and subsequently produced and purified these protein domains. Both recombinant domains show significant self-association capabilities as well as a preferential tendency to interact with each other. These results suggest a possible regulatory mechanism for BRCA1 function. We have demonstrated p53-binding activity by an additional region, and confirmed previous results showing that two regions of BRCA1 protein bind p53 in vitro. Based on sequence analysis, we predict five p53-binding sites. Our comparison of binding by wild-type and mutant domains indicates the sequence specificity of BRCA1-p53 interaction.