Biological control of Rhamnus cathartica: is it feasible? A review of work done in 2002–2012

Rhamnus cathartica (common buckthorn) is a shrub (or small tree) of Eurasian origin, which has become invasive in North America. Internal feeders and sap suckers were prioritized for biological control from over 30 specialized insects identified from the target plant in its native European range. Five leaf‐feeding moths were also considered for further investigations. Field observations and preliminary host range tests with the stem‐boring beetle Oberea pedemontana, the root‐boring moth Synanthedon stomoxiformis, the shoot‐tip‐boring moth Sorhagenia janiszewskae and the leaf‐feeding moths Ancylis apicella, A. unculana, Triphosa dubitata, Philereme transversata and P. vetulata confirmed that all of these species were lacking host specificity in no‐choice conditions. Choice oviposition tests carried out with most of the prioritized species to assess their ecological host range yielded unreliable results. Three psyllids, Trichochermes walkeri, Cacopsylla rhamnicolla and Trioza rhamni are promising in terms of host specificity, but are infected with the plant disease ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma rhamni’. Fruit‐ or seed‐feeding insects may present the best potential for biological control of buckthorn in directly reducing seed set and thus seedling establishment. However, it was not possible to obtain adult fruiting trees of native North American Rhamnus species for testing. It is concluded that there are no promising arthropod agents based on what is known to date. Pathogens could offer new opportunities for biological control of R. cathartica in North America.     

韩国三种卷蛾科幼虫形态记述(鳞翅目)

卷蛾科幼虫的前胸L毛3根,腹部L1与L2接近,第8腹节SD1一般位于气门上方,第9腹节两D毛常在同一或邻近毛片上,趾钩为单序或双序。幼虫隐蔽生活,生境多异,可卷叶、潜叶、蛀茎、造瘿等,有许多种类为农林重要害虫。本文详细地记述了韩国卷蛾科的重要害虫Ancylis partitana(Christoph),Ancylis hylaea Meyrick和Hoshinoa longicellana(Walsingham)老熟幼虫的形态特征,并提供了形态特征图。所有标本均保存在韩国江原国立大学山林科学学院昆虫标本室。     

枣镰翅小卷蛾雄蛾对性信息素的行为反应

在风洞中观察了枣镰翅小卷蛾Ancylis sativa雄蛾对合成性信息素不同组分(E9-12∶Ac和Z9-12∶Ac)的行为反应。E9-12∶Ac组分能够引起少量雄蛾(8-3%)完成从兴奋到接触诱芯并呈现交配企图的全部行为反应,而雄蛾对Z9-12∶Ac组分无反应。E9-12∶Ac+Z9-12∶Ac混合物中前者占60%～65%效果最好,能使71.7%～76.7%雄蛾到达诱芯并呈现交配企图。E9-12∶Ac与Z9-12∶Ac为6.5∶3.5时,200 ng～2 000 ng的剂量效果最好,有76.7%～81.7%雄蛾到达诱芯。     

枣镰翅小卷蛾性信息素通讯系统

采用单个雌蛾性信息素腺体分析技术对枣镰翅小卷蛾Ancylis sativa Liu雌蛾性信息素的组分和组分间的精确比例进行了测定,结果表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾雌蛾的性信息素系统由二个顺反异构体组分组成,即反-9-十二碳烯醋酸酯(E9-12∶Ac)和顺-9-十二碳烯醋酸酯(Z9-12∶Ac)组成,E9-12∶Ac与Z9-12∶Ac的比例为6.5∶3.5;雌蛾产生和释放性信息素具有时辰节律性,在光周期14L∶10D、温度为21℃时,性信息素产生的高峰期为进入黑暗期6.5 h;不同日龄雌蛾产生的性信息素有差异,1日龄最低,2日龄最高,3～5日龄居中,不同日龄雌蛾产生的性信息素组分间的比例无显著差异;对3个世代雌蛾产生的性信息素的量及组分间的比例的研究表明,越冬代含量最高,为(10.1±7.0)ng/头,第2代为(9.5±4.6)ng/头,第1代仅为(1.4±1.0)ng/头,3个世代性信息素组分间的比例无显著差异,在63.1%～64.3%(E)范围内。     

A contribution to the rust flora (Uredinales) of southern Africa,with an emphasis on Namibia

Five new rust species are described and hitherto unknown spore states for the following seven species are reported: Puccinia desertorum on Evolvulus alsinoides, Uromyces comptus on Merremia bipinnatipartita, Puccinia halsei on Acacia hereroensis, Ravenelia transvaalensis on Acacia mellifera, Puccinia abutili on Abutilon angulatum, on Abutilon cf. austroafricanum, and on Abutilon cf. rehmannii, Puccinia lycii on Lycium sp. and Puccinia turgida on Lycium europaeum and on Lycium cf. oxycarpum. We also examined Uredo combreticola on Combretum cf. engleri, on Combretum hereroense, and on Combretum zeyheri, Puccinia afra on Lycium sp., and Uredopeltis cf. chevalieri on Grewia flavescens. All mentioned rust fungi are described in detail and are shown by line drawings. Selected species are illustrated with SEM-photographs. Part 220 in the series “Studies in Heterobasidiomycetes” from the Botanical Institute, University of Tübingen     

Three ascomycetes on leaves of evergreen Ilex trees from Japan: Rhytisma ilicis-integrae sp. nov., R. ilicis-latifoliae, and R. ilicis-pedunculosae sp. nov.

Three species belonging to the genus Rhytisma causing tar spot were collected on leaves in evergreen trees of Ilex species from Japan. Rhytisma ilicis-latifoliae, the known species, is found on Ilex latifolia, and R. ilicis-integrae sp. nov. and R. ilicis-pedunculosae sp. nov. are found on I. integra and I. pedunculosa, respectively. Ascomata are formed on the abaxial part of the stromata in all the Rhytisma species studied, and spermogonia are formed on the amphigenous parts in R. ilicis-latifoliae and on the adaxial part in R. ilicis-integrae and R. ilicis-pedunculosae. Shape and size of asci, ascospores, and spermatia are distinctly different among the three species. The morphology of germination tubes from ascospores and appressoria is unique for each Rhytisma species. Yellowish spots arise on the newly developing leaves in mid-May, then abundant spermatia are produced in spermogonia in the three Rhytisma species. In the next year, ascospores are produced in ascomata from early April to late May in R. ilicis-integrae and from early April to early June in R. ilicis-latifoliae and R. ilicis-pedunculosae, and they are considered to be the inocula of disease infection.     

Rust fungi in the subantarctic islands of New Zealand

Twenty-four species of rust fungi known from Auckland Islands and Campbell Island are listed, together with details of their host plants. Several species are recorded for the first time in these subantarctic islands. Four species are newly described and illustrated, viz., Milesia polystichi-vestiti on Polystichum vestitum (Dryopteridaceae), Petersonia dracophylli on Dracophyllum longifolium (Epacridaceae), Puccinia austrina on Isolepis habra (Cyperaceae), and Puccinia chathamica on Carex trifida (Cyperaceae). Uredo inflatus is transferred to Uromyces (as Uromyces inflatus comb. nov.) following recognition of the spores on Anisotome latifolia (Apiaceae) as teliospores.     

The genus Hyalomma. VI. Systematics of H. (Euhyalomma) truncatum and the closely related species, H. (E.) albiparmatum and H. (E.) nitidum (Acari: Ixodidae)

The geographic distribution of three closely related Hyalomma species, namely Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) truncatum Koch, 1844, Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) albiparmatum Schulze, 1919 and Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) nitidum Schulze, 1919 is confined to Africa. A detailed comparison of all stages of development of the three taxa reveals that they possess many more shared than distinguishing characters. In fact differentiation between these species is based on single or dual qualitative characters on their adults. These are a conspicuous, ivory-coloured parma on H. (E.) albiparmatum males, and the absence or reduction in clarity of ivory-coloured bands on the leg segments of H. (E.) nitidum adults, as well as the shape of the external cuticular preatrial fold of the genital operculum of females of the latter species. The adults of all three species and the larva of H. (E.) truncatum are redescribed. The nymph of H. truncatum and the larva and nymph of H. (E.) albiparmatum and H. (E.) nitidum are described for the first time. Data on their geographic distributions and hosts are provided.     

Additions to the rust fungi of South Africa

This paper presents new species, combinations, national reports and host records for the South African rust fungi (Uredinales/Pucciniales). Endophyllum mpenjatiense on cf. Hibiscus sp. (Malvaceae), Phakopsora combretorum (anamorph Uredo combreticola) on the new host Combretum apiculatum (Combretaceae) and Uredo sekhukhunensis on Ziziphus mucronata (Rhamnaceae) are described as new species. Dietelia cardiospermi and E. metalasiae are proposed as new combinations to replace Aecidium cardiospermi on Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) and A. metalasiae on Metalasia spp. (Asteraceae), respectively. Four species are new records for South Africa: Crossopsora antidesmae-dioicae on Antidesma venosum (Euphorbiaceae), Phakopsora ziziphi-vulgaris on Z. mucronata, and Uromyces cypericola and Puccinia subcoronata, both on a new host, Cyperus albostriatus (Cyperaceae). The record of P. subcoronata is the first one from outside the New World. Puccinia scirpi is reported as a possible addition to the South African rust fungi. New host records and observations are presented for Pucciniastrum agrimoniae that is recorded on two new host genera and species, Cliffortia odorata and Leucosidea sericea (Rosaceae), Uromyces cypericola whose urediniospores are described for the first time, Phakopsora stratosa in that spermogonia and Uredo-like aecia were discovered, and for Sphaerophragmium dalbergiae in that characters of the urediniospores are re-evaluated. A lectotype is selected for Aecidium garckeanum and spermogonia are reported for this rust for the first time. The rust fungi of Ehrharta (Poaceae) are discussed and critically evaluated in the light of spore morphology and host species.     

Species distribution of genus Quadraceps (Mallophaga: Philopteridae) on New Zealand endemic plovers

Abstract

The louse genus Quadraceps Clay & Meinertzhagen is represented on New Zealand endemic Charadriinae by Q. dominella Timmermann, Q. novaeseelandiae Timmermann, and Q. cedemajori Timmermann, which are parasitic on Charadrius obscurus (Gmelin), Thinornis novaeseelandiae (Gmelin), and Anarhynchus frontalis Quoy & Gaimard respectively. Charadrius bicinctus Jardine & Selby is parasitised by both Q. novaeseelandiae and Q. cedemajori. This pattern of distribution is unusual, in that two Quadraceps species are sympatric on the same host individuals, and host species that are not closely related have louse species in common. It seems probable that C. bicinctus has been secondarily colonised by two species of Quadraceps. One species appears to have primarily evolved on 7 novaeseelandiae and the other on A. frontalis.     

The species of Ardeicola (Phthiraptera) on Threskiornis (Aves)

The species of Ardeicola parasitic on the Ibis genus Threskiornis are reviewed-clayae Brelih, freemani sp.n., ibis Le Souef & Bullen, indicus Brelih, intermedia sp.n., nippon Hajela & Tandan-and a key for their identification is presented. Notes on the affinities of the species and a discussion on the distribution of Ardeicola on Threskiornis are included.     

Ribosome Specificity of Transfer Factors from Unicellular Algae

Abstract

Ribosome specificity of polymerizing enzymes prepared from Nostoc muscorum and from photosynthesizing and non-photosynthesizing strains of Euglena gracilis and Chlorella vulgaris was determined by assaying protein synthesis in vitro with Escherichia coli (70 S type) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (80 S type) ribosomes. Polymerizing enzymes prepared from the prokaryote N. muscorum are active only on E. coli ribosomes, while the enzymes prepared from the photosynthesizing strains of E. gracilis and C. vulgaris are active on both 70 S and 80 S type ribosomes. Polymerizing enzymes from dark-grown cells of E. gracilis and of an achloric strain are active only on 80 S type ribosomes, and the activity on E. coli ribosomes may be restored by adding E. coli transfer factor T. In addition, activity on 70 S ribosomes becomes evident a few hours after exposure to light of dark-grown cells of E. gracilis. On the contrary, polymerizing enzymes prepared from a non-photosynthetic strain of C. vulgaris, and from the naturally occuring achloric alga Prototheca zopfii are active on both types of ribosomes. C. vulgaris and its achloric strain contain both 70 S and 80 S type ribosomes, while in P. zopfii only 80 S type ribosomes are evident.     

The protozoan epizooites found on the gills of Gammarus pulex

Four protozoan epizooites are found attached to the gills of Gammarus pulex collected from Rutland Water. The suctorian, Dendrocometes paradoxus, and the peritrichs, Epistylis sp. and Lagenophrys sp., are relatively abundant, but the chonotrich, Spirochona gemmipara is only occasionally found. SEM studies of various aspects of these protozoa are described. SEM has been useful in distinguishing between the two species of Lagenophrys found on Gammarus. L. ampulla is found on the gills and L. nassa is found on the limbs. The two species are distinguished by the differences in the structure of the loricastome. The relationship between the epizooites and their host is discussed briefly.     

Addition and reexamination of Japanese species belonging to the genus Cercospora and allied genera. IX. Newly recorded species from Japan (4)

Pseudocercospora cyatheae C. Nakash. & S. Inaba on Cyathea sp. as a new species is described. Three species belonging to the genus Cercospora and allied genera are newly added to the mycoflora of Japan. They are Cercospora armoraciae on Armoracia rusticana, Passalora passaloroides on Amorpha fruticosa, and Pseudocercospora nogalesii on Cytisus scoparius.     

Fungus gnats of the genera Anatella,Allodia and Cordyla in Japan (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)†

Six new mycetophilid species from three genera belonging to the tribe Exechiini are described: Anatella prominens on a fungus of the Polyporaceae, Allodia bipexa and Allodia conifera on fungi of the Russulaceae, Allodia quadrata on fungi of the Hygrophoraceae, Tricholomataceae, Rhodophyllaceae, Russulaceae and Fistulinaceae, Allodia laccariae on a fungus of the Tricholomataceae, and Cordyla bidenticulata on a fungus of the Boletaceae. Their characteristic male genitalia are illustrated. Cordyla flaviceps Staeger, Cordyla fusca Meigen and Cordyla pusilla Edwards are newly recorded from Japan.     

Bambusicolous fungi in Japan (1): four <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaeosphaeria</Emphasis> species

Four Phaeosphaeria species on bamboos are reported. Leptosphaeria lelebae on culms of Bambusa multiplex is synonymized with P. oryzae. A Phaeosphaeria sp. on leaves of Sasa kurilensis is noted to have some similarities to Leptosphaeria sasae. Cultural characteristics of P. brevispora collected from culms of Sasa sp. are first recorded. Phaeosphaeria bambusae on leaves of Pleioblastus simoni is redescribed. In addition, the history of taxonomic studies on bambusicolous fungi in Japan is briefly reviewed.     

Allele specific, gene unspecific suppressors in Aspergillus nidulans.

Summary Seven suppressor mutations have been isolated in Aspergillus nidulans by coreversion of alleles in physiologically unrelated genes namely, alX, sB, alcA, putative structural genes for allantoinase, sulphate permease and alcohol dehydrogenase respectively. The suppressors are allele specific, gene unspecific. Those described map in four loci, suaA, B, C, D. suaA and suaB are on linkage group III, suaC and suaD on VII. suaB111, suaD103 and suaD108 are semi-dominant in their suppression of alX4 and sB43. suaA101, suaA105 and suaC109 are recessive and have a pleiotropic effect on morphology. SuaC109 is cold sensitive for growth as is sua115, an unmapped mutation on linkage group III which is similar in morphology to suaC109. The two mutations, SuaA101 and suaA105 have different spectra of suppression and morphologies. suaA105 weakly suppresses alX4 and sB43 whereas suaA101 strongly suppresses these and alcA125. suaD103 and suaD108 have the same spectrum of suppression. The properties of these suppressors are consistent with their being informational suppressors of the nonsense type.     

The genus Callicarpa (Lamiaceae) on Borneo

The Bornean species of Callicarpa (Lamiaceae) are revised. Twenty three species are recognized: of these, four are described as new ( C. argentii , C. coriacea , C. subaequalis and C. teneriflora ) and two are raised to species level from variety ( C. endertii and C. hispida ). All 23 species described are assessed for World Conservation Union (IUCN) conservation status. Distribution maps and an identification key are provided. The historic confusion between the genera Geunsia and Callicarpa is discussed. Geunsia is included as a synonym of Callicarpa based on the examination of morphological characters and molecular data. Geunsia is suggested to be nested within Callicarpa based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), partial matK and trnD‐T sequences of 30 taxa using maximum parsimony. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 416–455.