白洋淀异养鞭毛虫群落特征及其与环境因子的相关性

于2010年4月至2011年3月调查了白洋淀3个典型湖区表层水体异养鞭毛虫丰度和生物量及环境因子的周年变化,分析了异养鞭毛虫群落与环境因子的相关关系。白洋淀表层水体异养鞭毛虫的丰度和生物量分别介于100-3200 个/mL和35.98-2328.85 μg/L之间,周年平均值分别为1054 个/mL和532.93 μg/L。白洋淀小型异养鞭毛虫(＜7 μm)的丰度占总丰度的47.11%,而生物量只占总生物量的6.82%;中型异养鞭毛虫(约7-14 μm)的丰度占总丰度的37.42%,生物量占总生物量的39.21%;大型异养鞭毛虫(＞14 μm)的丰度虽只占总丰度的15.47%,却贡献了53.97%的生物量。相关性分析表明,异养鞭毛虫丰度与总氮和氨氮呈显著性负相关,与pH值、细菌丰度、纤毛虫丰度及叶绿素a含量呈显著性正相关;异养鞭毛虫生物量与pH值、溶解氧、纤毛虫丰度及叶绿素a含量显著正相关,与总氮、氨氮呈显著负相关。结果表明异养鞭毛虫群落在微食物环中起着枢纽作用。     

克拉玛依油田石油污染土壤细菌群落结构与环境因子的关系

【目的】以16S rRNA为分子标记,探讨克拉玛依油田石油污染土壤中细菌群落多样性和系统发育,并分析环境因子对群落分布的影响,为生物降解石油污染物提供理论基础。【方法】在克拉玛依油田分别采集深度为5、20、50 cm的石油污染土壤样品,测定环境参数;提取石油污染土壤细菌群落基因组DNA,分别构建3个土层细菌16S rRNA基因文库,利用限制性片段长度多态性分析(Restriction fragment length polymorphisms RFLP)技术初步分群,确定各文库中的代表菌株并测定16S rRNA基因序列;利用软件Biodap计算各群落多样性和丰富度指数,以Neighbor-Joining法构建3个土层细菌的系统发育树;运用软件CANOCO 4.5结合不同样品环境因子的差异进行典型对应分析(CCA),并探讨了环境因子对细菌多样性的影响。【结果】环境参数结果表明20 cm土层总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)含量最低,50 cm含量最高;5 cm土层中有机碳(TOC)含量最高,50 cm含量最低。基于16S rRNA序列的生物多样性和物种丰富度指数表明20 cm土层生物多样性和丰富度指数较高,而50 cm土层各项指数均较低。各土层供试序列RFLP聚类分析表明,克拉玛依油田石油污染土壤细菌种群具有丰富的多样性。Neighbor-Joining构建的系统发育分析表明,石油污染土壤被分为5个类群(I–V),分别为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicute)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、浮霉状菌门(Planctomycetes),其中群Ⅰ占78.57%,广泛分布于不同的生态环境;其中来自5 cm土层代表菌的69.23%分布于群Ⅰ。CCA分析结果显示TN、TP和TOC对大部分细菌影响较大;TOC含量对Pseudomonas影响明显。【结论】克拉玛依油田石油污染土壤细菌群落具有丰富的多样性;环境因子是影响石油污染土壤细菌群落空间分布的重要因素。     

博斯腾湖细菌丰度时空分布及其与环境因子的关系

于2010年6月—2011年6月在新疆博斯腾湖共进行了9次采样,获得了140份样品,采用表面荧光显微镜直接计数法及广义可加模型(Generalized Additive Models,GAM)研究了表层水体中细菌丰度的时空分布规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明博斯腾湖细菌丰度平均值为(1.48±0.95)×106个/mL;细菌丰度季节差异显著,夏季最高(2.05×106个/mL),冬季最低(3.81×105个/mL)。在大湖区,春季和冬季细菌丰度最大值均位于湖区中部,冬季细菌丰度由湖区中部向东南、西南逐渐减少。夏季和秋季细菌丰度分布与春季大致相反,湖区中部较低,西北部较高。GAM分析结果表明,温度、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、叶绿素a、电导率、浊度等5个环境因子对细菌丰度总偏差解释率为81.2%,其中温度贡献最大,贡献率为63.3%,DOC、叶绿素a和电导率,贡献率分别为12.5%、2.7%和1.7%;浊度对偏差的解释率仅为1.0%。在温度超过22℃时,影响博斯腾湖细菌丰度空间分布的主要因子是DOC。     

Microbial community in a geothermal aquifer associated with the subsurface of the Great Artesian Basin, Australia

To investigate the biomass and phylogenetic diversity of the microbial community inhabiting the deep aquifer of the Great Artesian Basin (GAB), geothermal groundwater gushing out from the aquifer was sampled and analyzed. Microbial cells in the groundwater were stained with acridine orange and directly counted by epifluorescence microscopy. Microbial cells were present at a density of 10⁸–10⁹ cells per liter of groundwater. Archaeal and bacterial small-subunit rRNA genes (rDNAs) were amplified by PCR with Archaea- and Bacteria-specific primer sets, and clone libraries were constructed separately. A total of 59 clones were analyzed in archaeal and bacterial 16S rDNA libraries, respectively. The archaeal 16S rDNA clones were divided into nine operated taxonomic units (OTUs) by restriction fragment length polymorphism. These OTUs were closely related to the methanogenic genera Methanospirillum and Methanosaeta, the heterotrophic genus Thermoplasma, or miscellaneous crenarchaeota group. More than one-half of the archaeal clones (59% of total 59 clones) were placed beside phylogenetic clusters of methanogens. The majority of the methanogen-related clones (83%) was closely related to a group of hydrogenotrophic methanogens (genus Methanospirillum). The bacterial OTUs branched into seven phylogenetic clusters related to hydrogen-oxidizing thermophiles in the genera Hydrogenobacter and Hydrogenophilus, a sulfate-reducing thermophile in the genus Thermodesulfovibrio, chemoheterotropic bacteria in the genera Thermus and Aquaspirillum, or the candidate division OP10. Clones closely related to the thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizers in the genera Hydrogenobacter and Hydrogenophilus were dominant in the bacterial clone library (37% of a total of 59 clones). The dominancy of hydrogen-users strongly suggested that H₂ plays an important role as a primary substrate in the microbial ecosystem of this deep geothermal aquifer.     

Effect of biostimulants on 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) degradation and bacterial community composition in contaminated aquifer sediment enrichments

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a toxic and persistent explosive compound occurring as a contaminant at numerous sites worldwide. Knowledge of the microbial dynamics driving TNT biodegradation is limited, particularly in native aquifer sediments where it poses a threat to water resources. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of organic amendments on anaerobic TNT biodegradation rate and pathway in an enrichment culture obtained from historically contaminated aquifer sediment and to compare the bacterial community dynamics. TNT readily biodegraded in all microcosms, with the highest biodegradation rate obtained under the lactate amended condition followed by ethanol amended and naturally occurring organic matter (extracted from site sediment) amended conditions. Although a reductive pathway of TNT degradation was observed across all conditions, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed distinct bacterial community compositions. In all microcosms, Gram-negative γ- or β-Proteobacteria and Gram-positive Negativicutes or Clostridia were observed. A Pseudomonas sp. in particular was observed to be stimulated under all conditions. According to non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis of DGGE profiles, the microcosm communities were most similar to heavily TNT-contaminated field site sediment, relative to moderately and uncontaminated sediments, suggesting that TNT contamination itself is a major driver of microbial community structure. Overall these results provide a new line of evidence of the key bacteria driving TNT degradation in aquifer sediments and their dynamics in response to organic carbon amendment, supporting this approach as a promising technology for stimulating in situ TNT bioremediation in the subsurface.     

Stability of interstitial crustacean communities in an isolated alluvial aquifer

The temporal stability of interstitial crustacean communities was investigated in relation to environmental variability in a perched aquifer, characterized by limited connection with surface waters. The author hypothesized that strong physico-chemical stability would enhance persistence and affect dominance patterns for groundwater fauna. Fifteen wells were sampled four times over a two-year period in order to assess the global stability of ground waters and to evaluate temporal changes in species assemblages. For each station, environmental patterns displayed only minor changes, while between-site differences were much larger. At the scale of the aquifer, strong temporal stability was found for groundwater physical and chemical variables. Interstitial crustaceans displayed diverse assemblages dominated by cyclopoid taxa. High persistence characterized community composition and structure (species relative abundance patterns, species richness, Shannon's diversity index) over the study period. Most well faunas were dominated numerically by a single species, whether micro- or macrocrustacean assemblages were considered. Faunal persistence observed in the aquifer was greater than that reported in many surface waters and was probably related to the strong environmental stability.     

Metabolic rates of a hypogean and an epigean species of copepod in an alluvial aquifer

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Spatial variability in the abundance and composition of the free-living bacterioplankton community in the pelagic zone of Lake Bourget (France)

Spatial variations in the abundance and diversity of the free-living bacterioplankton community of a large Alpine lake, Lake Bourget (France), were investigated in the pelagic zone by means of two two-dimensional samplings taken in 2003. Lake-water samples were collected in winter during water mixing, and in early summer during stratification. The population abundance in each sample was determined by flow cytometry. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments from organisms measuring less than 2 mum was used to assess eubacterioplankton community composition. In winter, no obvious differences were observed in either the abundance or the diversity of the bacterial community, on either the horizontal or the vertical scales. The only influence detected was that of river water input, but this was at a very minor scale relative to the surface area of the lake. In early summer, changes were found in the community composition on the vertical scale related to the thermal stratification of the water column. There were also marked differences on the horizontal scale at 15 m depth due to internal waves. The implications of these findings for sampling strategies are very important from the perspective of comparative studies of free-living bacterial community diversity and functioning in large and deep lakes.     

Successful phytoremediation of crude-oil contaminated soil at an oil exploration and production company by plants-bacterial synergism

Phytoremediation is a promising approach for the cleanup of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. This study aimed to develop plant-bacterial synergism for the successful remediation of crude oil-contaminated soil. A consortia of three endophytic bacteria was augmented to two grasses, Leptochloa fusca and Brachiaria mutica, grown in oil-contaminated soil (46.8 g oil kg^?1 soil) in the vicinity of an oil exploration and production company. Endophytes augmentation improved plant growth, crude oil degradation, and soil health. Maximum oil degradation (80%) was achieved with B. mutica plants augmented with the endophytes and it was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the use of plants or bacteria individually. Moreover, endophytes showed more persistence, the abundance and expression of alkB gene in the rhizosphere as well as in the endosphere of the tested plants than in unvegetated soil. A positive relationship (r = 0.70) observed between gene expression and crude oil reduction indicates that catabolic gene expression is important for hydrocarbon mineralization. This investigation showed that the use of endophytes with appropriate plant is an effective strategy for the cleanup of oil-contaminated soil under field conditions.     

香蕉假茎生物炭对根际土壤细菌丰度和群落结构的影响

【目的】将香蕉假茎生物炭施加到土壤,探讨香蕉假茎生物炭对香蕉根际土壤微生物的影响。【方法】以香蕉假茎生物炭(BPB)0、1%、2%、3%的质量比与土壤均匀混合。盆栽培养3个月后分离香蕉根际土壤。采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对根际土壤细菌群落结构和丰度进行表征。【结果】提高BPB施用量可增加土壤有机质、有效钾、有效磷含量,提高土壤pH值,但降低有效氮浓度。在1%BPB样品中获得2278个OTUs,其显示细菌群落中的最大多样性。施加3%的BPB处理土壤,拟杆菌门、疣微菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度显著增加;放线菌门、酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门明显减少。主成分分析发现,1%BPB和2%BPB处理的样本之间土壤细菌群落相似。【结论】施加不同比例BPB改变了根际土壤中细菌丰度和群落结构,且高比例添加改变更加明显。     

淹水时间对水稻土中地杆菌科群落结构及丰度的影响

【目的】通过模拟水稻土淹水过程,探讨地杆菌科(Geobacteraceae)群落结构和相对丰度随淹水时间的动态变化特征,揭示其群落结构和相对丰度变化与微生物Fe(Ⅲ)还原的内在联系。【方法】提取水稻土淹水培养1 h、1 d、5 d、10 d、20 d和30 d后的微生物总DNA,构建地杆菌科16S rDNA克隆文库,采用PCR-RFLP方法分析地杆菌科的群落结构和多样性变化特征,通过Real-time PCR技术测定地杆菌科相对丰度的动态变化。采用厌氧泥浆培养方法,测定水稻土中Fe(Ⅱ)产生量变化。【结果】供试水稻土中,微生物Fe(Ⅲ)还原过程在淹水培养初期变化明显,培养20 d后达到稳定期,最大铁还原潜势为10.16 mg/g,最大反应速率为1.064 mg/(g.d),最大反应速率对应的时间为4.84 d。α多样性指数显示,水稻土中地杆菌科的多样性随淹水时间延长呈现波动性变化,淹水5 d和20 d处理出现2个峰值,而淹水10 d和30 d处理的多样性明显减小。β多样性指数表明淹水过程中群落结构存在明显差异。不同淹水时间共产生了10种地杆菌科优势类型,分别属于Clade 1和Clade 2。Real-time PCR结果表明,地杆菌科与总细菌16S rDNA丰度的比值在淹水培养1 d时最小(1.20%),而20 d时达到最大值(4.54%)。【结论】淹水培养的水稻土中,地杆菌科微生物的多样性和相对丰度的动态变化与微生物Fe(Ⅲ)还原过程密切相关。     

Effect of gap size and age on climber abundance and diversity in Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda

A study of the effects of gap size and age on climber abundance and diversity was carried out in Budongo Forest Reserve in Uganda. Data were collected from compartments N5, W21, B1 and B3. Stump records were used to locate and estimate the ages of 78 gaps. Sample plots 5 × 5 m were set up in the gaps to assess climber abundance and diversity.
Climbers were more abundant and diverse in gaps that were more than 400 m², 15 months old and had more than 25% canopy opening. Momordica foetida was the most abundant climber species occurring on stems, branches and crowns of seedlings and saplings. Therefore, in order to keep natural regeneration free from climber tangles and produce good quality timber, climber control should be a major activity in tropical high forest management.     

Effect of electric currents on bacterial detachment and inactivation

Since biofilms show strong resistance to conventional disinfectants and antimicrobials, control of initial bacterial adhesion is generally accepted as one of the most effective strategies for preventing biofilm formation. Although electrical methods have been widely studied, the specific properties of cathodic, anodic, and block currents that influence the bacterial detachment and inactivation remained largely unclear. This study investigated the specific role of electric currents in the detachment and inactivation of bacteria adhered to an electrode surface. A real-time bacterial adhesion observation and control system was employed that consisted of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (PAO1) with green fluorescent protein as the indicator microorganism and a flow cell reactor mounted on a fluorescent microscope. The results suggest that the bacteria that remained on the electrode surface after application of a cathodic current were alive, although the extent of detachment was significant. In contrast, when an anodic current was applied, the bacteria that remained on the surface became inactive with time, although bacterial detachment was not significant. Further, under these conditions, active bacterial motions were observed, which weakened the binding between the electrode surface and bacteria. This phenomenon of bacterial motion on the surface can be used to maximize bacterial detachment by manipulation of the shear rate. These findings specific for each application of a cathodic or anodic electric current could successfully explain the effectiveness of block current application in controlling bacterial adhesion.