季节性冻结初期川西亚高山/高山森林土壤细菌多样性

高山/亚高山显著的季节性冻结过程可能对土壤细菌多样性产生重要影响。为了解季节性冻结初期土壤完全冻结前后川西亚高山/高山森林群落土壤细菌多样性变化特征,于2008年11月5日(土壤冻结前期)—11月25日(土壤完全冻结期)期间,采用PCR-DGGE技术同步研究了原始冷杉(Abies faxoniana)林(PF)、针阔混交林(MF)和次生冷杉林(SF)的土壤细菌群落多样性变化特征。土壤完全冻结后,3个森林群落仍然具有较高的土壤细菌多样性。3个森林的土壤细菌类群总数在土壤冻结前表现为MFSFPF,但在土壤完全冻结后表现为PFMFSF。土壤冻结明显降低了土壤细菌多样性,但提高了土壤细菌群落的优势度。冻结作用对土壤细菌群落的影响随着土壤深度增加而降低,随着海拔升高而降低。这些结果表明季节性冻结过程对亚高山/高山森林土壤细菌多样性有着显著的影响,这对深入认识冬季土壤生态过程具有重要意义。     

Characterizing seasonal changes in physicochemistry and bacterial community composition in hyporheic sediments

The hyporheic zone of stream ecosystems is a critical habitat for microbial communities. However, the factors influencing hyporheic bacterial communities along spatial and seasonal gradients remain poorly understood. We sought to characterize patterns in bacterial community composition among the sediments of a small stream in southern Ontario, Canada. We used sampling cores to collect monthly hyporheic water and sediment microbial communities in 2006 and 2007. We described bacterial communities terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) and tested for spatial and seasonal relationships with physicochemical parameters using multivariate statistics. Overall, the hyporheic zone appears to be a DOC, oxygen, and nitrogen sink. Microbial communities were distinct from those at the streambed surface and from soil collected in the adjacent watershed. In the sediments, microbial communities were distinct between the fall, spring, and summer seasons, and bacterial communities were more diverse at streambed surface and near-surface sites compared with deeper sites. Moreover, bacterial communities were similar between consecutive fall seasons despite shifting throughout the year, suggesting recurring community assemblages associated with season and location in the hyporheic zone. Using canonical correspondence analysis, seasonal patterns in microbial community composition and environmental parameters were correlated in the following way: temperature was related to summer communities; DOC (likely from biofilm and allochthonous inputs) influenced most fall communities; and nitrogen associated strongly with winter and spring communities. Our results also suggest that labile DOC entering the hyporheic zone occurred in concert with shifts in the bacterial community. Generally, seasonal patterns in hyporheic physicochemistry and microbial biodiversity remain largely unexplored. Therefore, we highlight the importance of seasonal and spatial resolution when assessing surface- and groundwater interactions in stream ecosystems.     

亚高山/高山森林土壤有机层氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌丰度特征

为了解季节性冻融作用对川西亚高山/高山地区土壤氨氧化微生物群落的影响,采用qPCR技术,以氨单加氧酶基因的α亚基(amoA)为标记,在生长阶段、冻结阶段、融化阶段中的9个关键时期调查了该地区不同森林群落：岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)原始林(PF)、岷江冷杉(A. faxoniana)和红桦(Betula albosinensis)混交林(MF)、岷江冷杉次生林(SF)土壤有机层的氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)和氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)丰度的特征。结果表明,三个森林群落土壤有机层中都具有相当数量的氨氧化细菌和古菌,均表现出从生长阶段至冻结阶段显著降低,在冻结阶段最低,但冻结阶段后显著增加,在融化阶段为全年最高的趋势。土壤氨氧化微生物类群结构(AOA/AOB)受负积温影响明显。冻结后期三个森林群落土壤负积温最大时,AOA数量明显高于AOB,但其他关键时期土壤氨氧化微生物类群结构与群落类型密切相关。高海拔的PF群落土壤有机层表现为AOA>AOB(冻结初期除外),低海拔的SF群落中表现为AOB>AOA(冻结后期除外),而MF群落则仅在融冻期和生长季节末期表现为AOB>AOA。这些结果为认识亚高山/高山森林及其相似区域的生态过程提供了一定的科学依据。     

Seasonal comparison of bacterial communities in rhizosphere of alpine cushion plants in the Himalayan Hengduan Mountains

Positive associations between alpine cushion plants and other species have been extensively studied. However, almost all studies have focused on the associations between macrofauna. Studies that have investigated positive associations between alpine cushion plants and rhizospheric microbes have been limited to the vegetation growing season. Here, we asked whether the positive effects that alpine cushion plants confer on rhizospheric microbe communities vary with seasons. We assessed seasonal variations in the bacterial diversity and composition in rhizosphere of two alpine cushion plants and surrounding bare ground by employing a high throughput sequencing method targeting the V3 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Soil properties of the rhizosphere and the bare ground were also examined. We found that cushion rhizospheres harbored significantly more C, N, S, ammonia nitrogen, and soil moisture than the bare ground. Soil properties in cushion rhizospheres were not notably different, except for soil pH. Bacterial diversities within the same microhabitats did not vary significantly with seasons. We concluded that alpine cushion plants had positive effects on the rhizospheric bacterial communities, even though the strength of the effect varied in different cushion species. Cushion species and the soil sulfur content were probably the major factors driving the spatial distribution and structure of soil bacterial communities in the alpine communities dominated by cushion plants.     

川西亚高山/高山森林土壤氧化还原酶活性及其对季节性冻融的响应

川西亚高山/高山森林土壤通常具有明显的季节性冻融特征。为深入了解川西亚高山/高山森林冬季土壤生态过程,于2008年11月-2009年10月,在土壤初冻期、冻结期和融化期及生长季节,研究了不同海拔(3582 m、3292 m和3023 m)岷江冷杉林的土壤氧化还原酶活性及其对土壤冻融的响应。土壤冻结时间和冻融循环次数随海拔的增加而增加。冻融格局显著影响了土壤氧化还原酶活性,但不同土壤酶在不同海拔表现出明显差异。土壤过氧化物酶和脱氢酶活性受初冻期冻融循环和温度降低影响显著下降,而过氧化氢酶活性明显上升。3种土壤氧化还原酶活性在土壤温度相对稳定的冻结期变化不显著,但在融化期随着土壤温度急剧增加经历一个明显的活性高峰后快速降低,且冻结时间最长和冻融循环次数最多的3582 m变化更为显著。此外,海拔和土层的交互作用显著影响了过氧化物物活性,但对脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性不显著。脱氢酶活性与土壤温度极显著相关,但过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性与土壤温度的相关性随海拔差异而不同。这些结果表明川西亚高山/高山森林冬季土壤氧化还原酶仍然具有较高的活性,但受到季节性冻融及其变化的显著影响。     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸季节和昼夜变化特征及影响因子比较

 由于受到多种生物和非生物因素的影响,土壤呼吸在不同时间尺度上的动态变化可能不一致。对不同时间尺度的土壤呼吸动态变化的研究有助 于深入了解土壤呼吸变化的机理,也有利于精确推算土壤碳的排放。采用红外CO₂分析法测定哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林季节间(2004年4月～ 2005年3月)和昼夜间 (2004年7、9和11月及2005年1、3和5月共6次)的土壤呼吸。哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林中土壤呼吸的季节变化显著,其中 湿季(5～10月)的土壤呼吸高于干季(11月～翌年4月),全年土壤呼吸的平均值为0.442 g CO₂&;#8226;m^－2&;#8226;h^－1。6 次测定的土壤呼吸日变化模式并不 相同,7和9月、翌年1和3月夜间土壤呼吸大于昼间土壤呼吸,11月和翌年5月则相反;5、7和9月昼夜间的土壤呼吸最大值与最小值的差异比11 月、翌年1和3月的测定结果大。季节间土壤呼吸与土壤温度(p=0.000)和土壤含水量(p=0. 007) 均有显著的指数相关,土壤温度可以解释土壤 呼吸变化的56.1％,土壤含水量可以解释土壤呼吸变化的11.1％。不同季节测定的土壤呼吸日变化与土壤温度、气温和土壤含水量则没有显著 的指数相关。由土壤呼吸与土壤温度拟合的指数方程计算Q₁₀值,在温度为 5.9～16.6 ℃内,全年土壤呼吸的Q₁₀值为4.53,在温度为5.9～ 11.0 ℃内,干季土壤呼吸的Q₁₀值为7.17,在温度为10.3～16.6 ℃内,湿季土壤呼吸的Q₁₀值为2.34。在不同时间尺度上,生物和非生物因素 对哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林的土壤呼吸表现出不同的影响。土壤呼吸的季节变化主要受非生物因子温度和水分变化的调控,而土壤呼吸的昼 夜变化则可能主要受植物的生理活动周期性等生物因素的影响。通过温度的指数函数关系,用土壤呼吸的瞬时值来推算土壤呼吸的日通量和年 通量时,需要考虑温度和水分外的其它生物因子的影响。     

Seasonal changes in an alpine soil bacterial community in the colorado rocky mountains

The period when the snowpack melts in late spring is a dynamic time for alpine ecosystems. The large winter microbial community begins to turn over rapidly, releasing nutrients to plants. Past studies have shown that the soil microbial community in alpine dry meadows of the Colorado Rocky Mountains changes in biomass, function, broad-level structure, and fungal diversity between winter and early summer. However, little specific information exists on the diversity of the alpine bacterial community or how it changes during this ecologically important period. We constructed clone libraries of 16S ribosomal DNA from alpine soil collected in winter, spring, and summer. We also cultivated bacteria from the alpine soil and measured the seasonal abundance of selected cultured isolates in hybridization experiments. The uncultured bacterial communities changed between seasons in diversity and abundance within taxa. The Acidobacterium division was most abundant in the spring. The winter community had the highest proportion of Actinobacteria and members of the Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides (CFB) division. The summer community had the highest proportion of the Verrucomicrobium division and of beta-PROTEOBACTERIA: As a whole, alpha-Proteobacteria were equally abundant in all seasons, although seasonal changes may have occurred within this group. A number of sequences from currently uncultivated divisions were found, including two novel candidate divisions. The cultured isolates belonged to the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Proteobacteria, the Actinobacteria, and the CFB groups. The only uncultured sequences that were closely related to the isolates were from winter and spring libraries. Hybridization experiments showed that actinobacterial and beta-proteobacterial isolates were most abundant during winter, while the alpha- and gamma-proteobacterial isolates tested did not vary significantly. While the cultures and clone libraries produced generally distinct groups of organisms, the two approaches gave consistent accounts of seasonal changes in microbial diversity.     

西双版纳热带季节雨林与橡胶林土壤呼吸

季节雨林和橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)林是西双版纳热带森林生态系统中原始林和大面积种植人工林的两种代表类型。热带季节雨林层次结构复杂,多样性丰富,而橡胶林结构简单,乔木层只有橡胶树1种。应用碱吸收法,研究了这两种植被类型土壤呼吸速率、地下5 cm土壤温度、气温和土壤含水率的季节变化规律,以及土壤呼吸速率与地下5 cm土壤温度、气温和土壤含水率的关系。结果表明:1)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸速率、土壤温度、气温和土壤含水率都有明显的季节变化,而且两种林型的变化趋势基本一致;2)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸速率与地下5 cm土壤温度和气温之间具有显著的指数相关关系,显著水平达1%,与地下5 cm温度的相关性(r²分别为0.87和0.82)明显高于与气温的相关性(r²分别是0.80和0.72);3)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水率具有显著的线性相关(r²分别是0.73和0.63),显著水平达1%;4)橡胶林的土壤呼吸速率明显高于季节雨林,这与两种林型的结构有关;5)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸的Q₁₀分别为2.16和2.18,比文献报道的热带土壤的Q₁₀(1.96)稍高。     

武夷山常绿阔叶林土壤微生物多样性的季节动态

为了解武夷山自然保护区常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落特征和季节变化,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术分析了土壤微生物多样性的季节响应。结果表明,武夷山常绿阔叶林土壤为典型的南方酸性土壤,有效钾、土壤温度四季内存在显著差异,其他理化指标均无显著差异。土壤中的微生物多样性比较丰富,已鉴定出23门206属细菌和2门17属的古菌。夏季反映细菌总数的Chao指数最高,但反映细菌多样性的Shannon指数比春季低0.21,夏季古菌的Chao指数和Shannon指数分别比冬季高21.7%和0.27%。4个季节共有的细菌和古菌分别占总数的83.1%和70.0%,说明武夷山常绿阔叶林土壤不同季节的核心微生物组成具有很好的稳定性。在门和属水平的聚类树分析表明,春季和冬季的细菌和古菌群落组成最为接近,而夏季与其他3个季节的差异最大。冗余分析和热图分析结果表明,土壤p H是决定和影响细菌和古菌多样性的主要环境因子,有效钾、有效碳和总氮对微生物群落组成均有很大的影响。因此,随季节变化武夷山常绿阔叶林土壤微生物多样性呈现出规律性变化。     

Seasonal Altitudinal Movements of Mountain Goats

Abstract: I investigated seasonal altitudinal movements of 42 mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) in the Cascade Range of Washington, USA. Because mountain goats typically move to lower elevations during the winter, I partitioned locations from Global Positioning System collars into summer and winter seasons based on elevation. Using an iterative narrowing search, I identified summer and winter start dates for each individual and year and derived several measures of altitudinal movements from these, and examined differences in these measures on the basis of sex and year and their interrelationship. Generally, female mountain goats started summer about 2 weeks earlier than nondispersing males; winter start dates varied among years. Horizontal distance moved between seasons was unrelated to measures of altitudinal movement. Based on elevation, winters were generally longer than summers for mountain goats I studied, suggesting that the common perception of mountain goats as inhabitants of alpine and subalpine terrain is biased, because they spent the greater part of the year at lower elevations. Mountain goats showed a wide range of responses to seasonal environmental changes and individuals cannot be easily classified as migratory or nonmigratory. Because ecological conditions in mountain environments are closely related to elevation and horizontal and altitudinal movements were unrelated, studies of seasonal movements of mountain animals based on horizontal movement may be misleading. Because seasonal altitudinal movements of mountain goats are highly variable, the management needs of each population must be considered separately.     

温带草原11个植物群落夏秋土壤呼吸对气温变化的响应

 在夏秋季节,采用碱液吸收法对锡林郭勒草原11个群落的土壤呼吸进行了测定,比较和分析了各群落土壤呼吸的季节动态、平均呼吸速率、土壤呼吸对气温变化的响应。结果表明：1）各群落土壤呼吸有明显的季节变化,其动态与气温大体一致,但不完全同步; 2）生长季各群落平均呼吸速率介于565.07～1 349.56 mg C·m-2·d-1之间,总体差异极显著,各群落平均呼吸速率与平均气温无显著相关关系;3）指数模型能较好地表示土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应,温度能在一定程度上解释土壤呼吸的季节变化,但温度较低时模型的拟合好于温度较高时;4）各群落的Q10值介于1.47～1.84之间,与各群落的平均气温亦无显著相关关系,小麦群落的Q10高于所有草地群落,说明土地利用方式对土壤呼吸的温度敏感性有影响。     

Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy

In order to investigate the annual variation of soil respiration and its components in relation to seasonal changes in soil temperature and soil moisture in a Mediterranean mixed oak forest ecosystem, we set up a series of experimental treatments in May 1999 where litter (no litter), roots (no roots, by trenching) or both were excluded from plots of 4 m². Subsequently, we measured soil respiration, soil temperature and soil moisture in each plot over a year after the forest was coppiced. The treatments did not significantly affect soil temperature or soil moisture measured over 0–10 cm depth. Soil respiration varied markedly during the year with high rates in spring and autumn and low rates in summer, coinciding with summer drought, and in winter, with the lowest temperatures. Very high respiration rates, however, were observed during the summer immediately after rainfall events. The mean annual rate of soil respiration was 2.9 µ mol m^?2 s^?1, ranging from 1.35 to 7.03 µmol m^?2 s^?1. Soil respiration was highly correlated with temperature during winter and during spring and autumn whenever volumetric soil water content was above 20%. Below this threshold value, there was no correlation between soil respiration and soil temperature, but soil moisture was a good predictor of soil respiration. A simple empirical model that predicted soil respiration during the year, using both soil temperature and soil moisture accounted for more than 91% of the observed annual variation in soil respiration. All the components of soil respiration followed a similar seasonal trend and were affected by summer drought. The Q₁₀ value for soil respiration was 2.32, which is in agreement with other studies in forest ecosystems. However, we found a Q₁₀ value for root respiration of 2.20, which is lower than recent values reported for forest sites. The fact that the seasonal variation in root growth with temperature in Mediterranean ecosystems differs from that in temperate regions may explain this difference. In temperate regions, increases in size of root populations during the growing season, coinciding with high temperatures, may yield higher apparent Q₁₀ values than in Mediterranean regions where root growth is suppressed by summer drought. The decomposition of organic matter and belowground litter were the major components of soil respiration, accounting for almost 55% of the total soil respiration flux. This proportion is higher than has been reported for mature boreal and temperate forest and is probably the result of a short‐term C loss following recent logging at the site. The relationship proposed for soil respiration with soil temperature and soil moisture is useful for understanding and predicting potential changes in Mediterranean forest ecosystems in response to forest management and climate change.     

环境选择和扩散限制驱动温带森林土壤细菌群落的构建

环境选择和扩散限制是生态系统中生物群落构建的两个基本过程,而两者相对作用的大小因研究尺度、群落属性和类型等有所不同.目前对温带亚高山森林土壤微生物群落构建的驱动因子和机制尚缺乏了解.本文利用PCR-DGGE技术研究庞泉沟自然保护区内5种典型森林包括华北落叶松林、青杄林、白杄林、油松林以及桦树林的6个森林土壤细菌群落(Lp MC1、Lp MC2、Pw MC、Pm MC、Pt MC、BMC)的结构特征及其影响因素,分析细菌群落结构与环境因子的相关性,以及土壤因子、植被和空间因素对细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明:研究区各样地土壤细菌群落的结构和生物多样性具有显著差异,低海拔落叶松和油松土壤细菌群落多样性较高(20条带),白杄林土壤细菌群落(13条带)多样性最低,高海拔落叶松土壤细菌群落多样性最高;土壤环境因子,如pH、土壤含水量、总碳、总氮、土壤有机质、速效磷以及土壤酶活性与土壤细菌群落多样性和结构显著相关;样地土壤细菌群落的beta多样性与群落的空间距离呈显著相关,表明扩散限制对群落结构具有一定的影响;方差分解分析结果显示,6个样地细菌群落结构的驱动因素大小依次为土壤因子(0.27)、空间因素(0.19)和植被(0.15);将区域土壤微生物作为"源群落",微宇宙试验结果显示,土壤因子是细菌群落结构形成的主要驱动力(0.35),同时源群落丰富的物种多样性对微宇宙土壤细菌群落结构具有显著影响.总之,在局域尺度下,环境选择对温带森林土壤细菌群落结构动态和多样性发挥主导作用,地理距离对群落结构具有显著影响,即确定性过程和随机过程共同决定局域森林土壤细菌群落结构,前者占主导地位.对于土壤细菌群落而言,扩散群落的组成和结构受到源群落的多样性特征和环境因子的双重影响.     

川西亚高山针叶林土壤呼吸速率与不同土层温度的关系

采用密闭气室红外CO2分析法（IRGA）,在野外连续定位测定了川西亚高山冷杉原始林的土壤呼吸,并对其不同土层（0、5、10、15和20cm）的温度进行了同步测定．在此基础上,分析了土壤呼吸的日、季节动态变化,及其与不同土层温度的关系和土壤呼吸Q10值变化．结果表明：冷杉原始林土壤呼吸呈现明显的日变化和季节变化．土壤呼吸的日最高值出现在12：00-14：00,最低值出现在8：00—10：00,与土壤表面温度的日变化一致;土壤呼吸的季节变化表明：7—8月的土壤呼吸高于9-11月,与不同土层温度季节变化规律一致;土壤呼吸与不同土层温度呈显著的指数增长关系,土壤呼吸速率与土壤15cm深处温度的相关性明显高于其它土层;利用Q10模型计算0～20cm各土层的Q10值分别为2．36、4．75、4．90、6．27和5．46,表明海拔高、温度低的环境条件下,土壤呼吸的Q10值偏高．     

Seasonal Changes in an Alpine Soil Bacterial Community in the Colorado Rocky Mountains

The period when the snowpack melts in late spring is a dynamic time for alpine ecosystems. The large winter microbial community begins to turn over rapidly, releasing nutrients to plants. Past studies have shown that the soil microbial community in alpine dry meadows of the Colorado Rocky Mountains changes in biomass, function, broad-level structure, and fungal diversity between winter and early summer. However, little specific information exists on the diversity of the alpine bacterial community or how it changes during this ecologically important period. We constructed clone libraries of 16S ribosomal DNA from alpine soil collected in winter, spring, and summer. We also cultivated bacteria from the alpine soil and measured the seasonal abundance of selected cultured isolates in hybridization experiments. The uncultured bacterial communities changed between seasons in diversity and abundance within taxa. The Acidobacterium division was most abundant in the spring. The winter community had the highest proportion of Actinobacteria and members of the Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides (CFB) division. The summer community had the highest proportion of the Verrucomicrobium division and of β-Proteobacteria. As a whole, α-Proteobacteria were equally abundant in all seasons, although seasonal changes may have occurred within this group. A number of sequences from currently uncultivated divisions were found, including two novel candidate divisions. The cultured isolates belonged to the α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria, the Actinobacteria, and the CFB groups. The only uncultured sequences that were closely related to the isolates were from winter and spring libraries. Hybridization experiments showed that actinobacterial and β-proteobacterial isolates were most abundant during winter, while the α- and γ-proteobacterial isolates tested did not vary significantly. While the cultures and clone libraries produced generally distinct groups of organisms, the two approaches gave consistent accounts of seasonal changes in microbial diversity.     

Moderate Warming in Microcosm Experiment Does Not Affect Microbial Communities in Temperate Vineyard Soils

Changes in the soil microbial community structure can lead to dramatic changes in the soil ecosystem. Temperature, which is projected to increase with climate change, is commonly assumed to affect microbial communities, but its effects on agricultural soils are not fully understood. We collected soil samples from six vineyards characterised by a difference of about 2 °C in daily soil temperature over the year and simulated in a microcosm experiment different temperature regimes over a period of 1 year: seasonal fluctuations in soil temperature based on the average daily soil temperature measured in the field; soil temperature warming (2 °C above the normal seasonal temperatures); and constant temperatures normally registered in these temperate soils in winter (3 °C) and in summer (20 °C). Changes in the soil bacterial and fungal community structures were analysed by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA). We did not find any effect of warming on soil bacterial and fungal communities, while stable temperatures affected the fungal more than the bacterial communities, although this effect was soil dependent. The soil bacterial community exhibited soil-dependent seasonal fluctuations, while the fungal community was mainly stable. Each soil harbours different microbial communities that respond differently to seasonal temperature fluctuations; therefore, any generalization regarding the effect of climate change on soil communities should be made carefully.     

Soil Microbial Community Response to Drought and Precipitation Variability in the Chihuahuan Desert

Increases in the magnitude and variability of precipitation events have been predicted for the Chihuahuan Desert region of West Texas. As patterns of moisture inputs and amounts change, soil microbial communities will respond to these alterations in soil moisture windows. In this study, we examined the soil microbial community structure within three vegetation zones along the Pine Canyon Watershed, an elevation and vegetation gradient in Big Bend National Park, Chihuahuan Desert. Soil samples at each site were obtained in mid-winter (January) and in mid-summer (August) for 2 years to capture a component of the variability in soil temperature and moisture that can occur seasonally and between years along this watershed. Precipitation patterns and amounts differed substantially between years with a drought characterizing most of the second year. Soils were collected during the drought period and following a large rainfall event and compared to soil samples collected during a relatively average season. Structural changes within microbial community in response to site, season, and precipitation patterns were evaluated using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analyses. Fungal FAME amounts differed significantly across seasons and sites and greatly outweighed the quantity of bacterial and actinomycete FAME levels for all sites and seasons. The highest fungal FAME levels were obtained in the low desert scrub site and not from the high elevation oak–pine forests. Total bacterial and actinomycete FAME levels did not differ significantly across season and year within any of the three locations along the watershed. Total bacterial and actinomycete FAME levels in the low elevation desert-shrub and grassland sites were slightly higher in the winter than in the summer. Microbial community structure at the high elevation oak–pine forest site was strongly correlated with levels of NH₄ ⁺–N, % soil moisture, and amounts of soil organic matter irrespective of season. Microbial community structure at the low elevation desert scrub and sotol grasslands sites was most strongly related to soil pH with bacterial and actinobacterial FAME levels accounting for site differences along the gradient. DGGE band counts of amplified soil bacterial DNA were found to differ significantly across sites and season with the highest band counts found in the mid-elevation grassland site. The least number of bands was observed in the high elevation oak–pine forest following the large summer-rain event that occurred after a prolonged drought. Microbial responses to changes in precipitation frequency and amount due to climate change will differ among vegetation zones along this Chihuahuan Desert watershed gradient. Soil bacterial communities at the mid-elevation grasslands site are the most vulnerable to changes in precipitation frequency and timing, while fungal community structure is most vulnerable in the low desert scrub site. The differential susceptibility of the microbial communities to changes in precipitation amounts along the elevation gradient reflects the interactive effects of the soil moisture window duration following a precipitation event and differences in soil heat loads. Amounts and types of carbon inputs may not be as important in regulating microbial structure among vegetation zones within in an arid environment as is the seasonal pattern of soil moisture and the soil heat load profile that characterizes the location.     

Microbial Diversity During Cellulose Decomposition in Different Forest Stands: I. Microbial Communities and Environmental Conditions

We studied the effect of forest tree species on a community of decomposers that colonize cellulose strips. Both fungal and bacterial communities were targeted in a native forest dominated by beech and oak and 30-year-old beech and spruce plantations, growing in similar ecological conditions in the Breuil-Chenue experimental forest site in Morvan (France). Microbial ingrowths from the 3rd to 10th month of strip decomposition (May to December 2004) were studied. Community composition was assessed using temperature gradient gel electrophoresis with universal fungal (ITS1F, ITS2) and bacterial (1401r, 968f) primers. Soil temperature and moisture as well as fungal biomass were also measured to give additional information on decomposition processes. Changing the dominant tree species had no significant influence in the number of decomposer species. However, decomposer community composition was clearly different. If compared to the native forest, where community composition highly differed, young monocultures displayed similar species structure for fungi and bacteria. Both species numbers and community composition evolved during the decay process. Time effect was found to be more important than tree species. Nevertheless, the actual environmental conditions and seasonal effect seemed to be even more determining factors for the development of microbial communities. The course and correlations of the explored variables often differed between tree species, although certain general trends were identified. Fungal biomass was high in summer, despite that species richness (SR) decreased and conversely, that high SR did not necessarily mean high biomass values. It can be concluded that the growth and development of the microbiological communities that colonized a model material in situ depended on the combination of physical and biological factors acting collectively and interdependently at the forest soil microsite.     

干旱绿洲区枸杞林地面节肢动物功能群结构季节分布特征

为了解枸杞林地面节肢动物功能群结构季节分布特征,以宁夏绿洲枸杞林为研究对象,于2018年的春、夏、秋季节,采用陷阱诱捕法,调查了地面节肢动物功能群季节分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果显示:(1)枸杞林地面节肢动物功能群包括植食性、捕食性、腐食性和杂食性动物,个体数分别占6.31%、86.75%、2.01%和4.89%,其中以捕食性动物为主。(2)植食性地面节肢动物个体数和生物量表现为春季显著高于秋季,夏季居中;类群数表现为夏季显著高于秋季,春季居中。捕食性地面节肢动物生物量表现为夏季和秋季显著高于春季;个体数和类群数在不同季节间均无显著差异。腐食性地面节肢动物个体数、生物量和类群数在不同季节间均无显著差异。杂食性地面节肢动物个体数和类群数表现为春季显著高于夏季,秋季居中;生物量在不同季节间均无显著差异。(3)相关分析表明,捕食性地面节肢动物个体数与土壤含水量呈正相关关系,腐食性地面节肢动物个体数与土壤全磷呈正相关关系,杂食性地面节肢动物与土壤全氮呈正相关关系。但植食性地面节肢动物个体数则与土壤含水量呈负相关关系,杂食性地面节肢动物个体数与土壤温度和土壤全碳呈负相关关系。(4)pRDA分析表明,土壤含水量是影响地面节肢动物功能群结构季节分布的主要环境因子。结论:随着季节更替,宁夏干旱绿洲区枸杞林地面节肢动物的功能群组成差异较大,功能多样性差异较小。说明每个功能群的个体数和类群数对季节变化敏感,但功能多样性较稳定。