应用高通量测序技术检测与奶牛乳产量和乳质量调控相关的miRNA

本实验将中国荷斯坦牛泌乳期高乳品质奶牛（H）和泌乳期低乳品质奶牛（L）乳腺组织作为实验对象,利用高通量测序技术进行了miRNA测序,与miRNA数据库比对,获得已知miRNA,整合miREvo和mirDeep2这两个miRNA预测软件,进行新miRNA分析,通过差异表达分析筛选组间差异miRNAs,获得56个差异表达miRNA(P <0.05,FDRq <0.05)并对差异表达miRNA进行靶基因预测;利用DAVID对靶基因进行GO(Gene Ontology)和信号通路富集分析。经过对靶基因筛选,发现了4个已报道与乳蛋白、乳脂紧密相关的功能基因：CSN3、SCD、LALBA和DGAT2。靶基因聚集的生物学功能多数参与了蛋白质和脂肪代谢,乳腺发育和分化,以及免疫功能。靶基因主要富集在MAPK 信号通路、甘油磷酸脂质代谢、缺氧诱导因子1和磷脂酰肌醇3激酶 蛋白激酶B信号转导通路。结果显示,靶基因主要富集在糖类代谢、脂肪代谢、蛋白质代谢、细胞凋亡以及免疫相关通路。     

Cytopathology training in the United States – a personal view

In this review we present an outline of cytopathology training in the United States, for a non-US readership.     

猪乳中一组高分子量蛋白的多态性与乳生长因子、窝增重的关系

利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶不连续垂直板电泳(SDS-PAGE),对162头二花脸母猪乳中一组高分子量蛋白质(HMWP)进行了检测和分型,并运用线型模型统计分析方法分析了该基因座的不同基因型与母猪的乳生长因子(IGF-1、EGF和胰岛素)、哺乳仔猪生长(20日龄窝增重)的关系.结果表明,在三种HMWP基因型中,不同基因型母猪的乳中IGF-1浓度存在显著差异,HMWP基因型为BB型和BD型的母猪,其乳IGF-1浓度均高于DD型,其中BB型显著高于DD型(P＜0.05).乳中胰岛素浓度也存在差异的趋势,但未达到显著水平(P＞0.05),BB型和BD型母猪的乳中胰岛素浓度高于DD型.HMWP基因座不同基因型的乳EGF浓度无显著差异(P＞0.05).在三种HMWP基因型中,不同基因型母猪的20日龄窝增重存在显著差异,HMWP基因座为BB型和BD型的母猪,其20日龄窝增重均高于DD型,其中BD型显著高于DD型(P＜0.05).实验结果提示,HMWP多态性可能作为一个潜在的遗传标记应用于猪的遗传育种.     

On race: 34 conversations in a time of crisis

The purpose of this Research Note is to offer an analysis of the goals and achievements of former President Clinton's Initiative on Race from its announcement in June 1997 through spring 2000. This Initiative was the first attempt in nearly thirty years by a United States' President to seriously and systematically address the issue of "race". Three conclusions emerge: first, the Clinton Race Initiative accomplished more than most social scientists and the public are aware of; second, the Initiative is incomplete because the President has not released his own proposed book-length analysis on race; and, third, a number of structural and political factors significantly limited the "success" of the Initiative.     

研究: 奶牛与水牛初乳中乳寡糖组分比较研究

乳寡糖是由乳汁中含量丰富的固体物质组成．研究结果表明,乳寡糖有提高免疫、益生元及抗感染等作用,已发现与婴儿肠道发育、神经智力发育等多方面关系密切．水牛奶是除牛奶外的第二大奶源,国际上公认其为营养含量高、口感好的优质乳制品,但目前针对水牛乳寡糖的研究多以美洲水牛为研究对象,尚无中国水牛的相关研究．本研究利用固相萃取对已脱脂和除去蛋白质的广西水牛初乳乳汁样品进行纯化,并采用苯胺 (aniline,Bn)衍生化试剂对其进行衍生化处理,通过UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS液相质谱进行优化后,对水牛初乳中的寡糖组分进行测定并与牛乳进行了对比,最终测得奶牛初乳中19种及水牛初乳中的9种乳寡糖组分,并对二者的种类及含量进行比较,发现在两种初乳的乳寡糖中,中性糖二糖m/z 385.15和中性糖三糖m/z 547.21以及酸性糖m/z 635.23均为其主要寡糖成分,与其他乳寡糖相比含量相对较高．总体而言水牛初乳中的中性寡糖占比比奶牛初乳高,二者中性糖占乳寡糖总量的比例分别为88.88%和63.16%．     

Law of the Sea Issues Between the United States and East Asian States

The United States is the sole superpower in the contemporary world and its role in the development of the law of the sea cannot be ignored. Although having not yet acceded to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, the United States has contributed to the development of the international law of the sea in numerous ways, including responding to the so-called excessive maritime claims in East Asia and creating new rules of maritime enforcement. This article assesses this recent U.S. practice.     

Embodied Resource Flows in a Global Economy

This article presents a methodology for identifying critical links in global resource supply chains by tracking resources from their extraction in one region of the world economy through their embodiment in intermediate products in the same and other regions to eventual embodiment in final goods. We build on previous work that applied an absorbing Markov chain (AMC) to results obtained using an input‐output (IO) model of a single region to define a resource‐specific network within that economy. In the absence of model calculations, the AMC can also be applied to standard IO data for a past year. This article first generalizes the analytic framework from a single region to the important case of the global resource‐specific network. This network typically includes cycling of embodied resources between sectors not only within each economy, but also among regions, as subsequent rounds of intermediate products are traded. Next, we refine that analysis to exhibit a crucial subnetwork, the resource end‐use network, which only tracks the portion of the resource that ends up embodied in a specific final product in a given region. Finally, we develop techniques to distinguish key branches of these networks and provide detailed insights about the structure of global resource dependence. A numerical example is applied to results of scenario analysis using an IO model of the world economy. Two alternative scenarios are compared. In each scenario, embodied resources are carried over specific branches of a global network in three regions using three resources to produce four goods.     

莫古礼(Floyd Alonzo McClure)在华采集和引种竹类植物的历史及其影响

竹类植物是美国采集者在我国采集和引种的一类主要植物。在众多的竹类植物采集者中, 莫古礼(Floyd Alonzo McClure)是最具代表性的一位, 他于1919-1940年在岭南大学开展竹类植物研究, 在此期间多次采集竹类植物标本并引种竹类植物到美国。本研究通过大量文献研究、档案查阅以及实地调研, 整理了莫古礼采集竹类植物的路线和采集地, 并对竹类植物学名进行校对, 分析了莫古礼在华研究、采集和引种竹类植物的历史及其影响。经统计, 莫古礼在华期间竹类植物标本采集地涉及12个省级行政区39个地级市, 主要集中在广东、海南、香港等地; 引种地涉及9个省级行政区的25个地级市; 共采集竹类植物标本727号1,840份, 隶属20属93种(含种下单位, 下同), 分别占我国竹类植物属和种的58.8%和17.4%; 共引种竹类植物255份, 隶属于17属77种, 分别占我国竹类植物属和种的50.0%和14.4%。莫古礼在华采集和引种竹类植物极大地发展了竹类植物分类学, 所采集的竹类植物标本为后人竹类植物研究提供了极大的帮助, 所引种的竹类植物极大丰富了美国竹类植物种类, 也促进了竹类植物在美国的应用。     

The United States, China, and invasive species: present status and future prospects

The exploding increase in trade between the United States and China, which share comparable ecosystem types, will result in unwanted establishment of alien invasive species that will inflict considerable ecological and economic damage. This undesirable result can be avoided by marshaling management tools and policy instruments that are readily available. High-level policy action is necessary to put the proper and available safeguards in place, and quickly.     

Variation in the Composition of Milk of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Throughout Lactation

We investigated milk nutrient composition from three Asian elephant cows over the first 3 years of lactation, including two consecutive lactations in one cow. Body mass gain is presented for three calves during the first year. Milk samples (n = 74) were analyzed for dry matter (DM), fat, crude protein (CP), sugar, ash, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K); gross energy (GE) was calculated. Concentrations of most nutrients changed over lactation: DM, fat, CP, Ca, P, and GE were positively correlated to calf age; sugar was negatively correlated to calf age. GE doubled between birth (1 kcal/g) and 2 years of age (2 kcal/g). After accounting for calf age, GE, fat, Ca, and P concentrations differed among the cows. Milk composition also differed between two lactations from the same cow. When milk nutrients were expressed on a mg per kcal basis, the pattern changes: CP, Ca, and P remained relatively constant over lactation on a per energy basis. Calf mass quadrupled over the first year of life; mass gain was linear at 0.9 kg/day. Asian elephant milk composition is variable, both across lactations and between cows, complicating efforts to determine representative values for comparative studies and for the formulation of elephant milk formulas. The fact that CP, Ca, and P were all relatively constant when expressed on a per energy basis may be of biological significance. The increase in nutrient density over lactation undoubtedly limits maternal water loss, reducing the volume of milk necessary to support the calf. Zoo Biol 32:291–298, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Declarations and Statements with Respect to the 1982 UNCLOS: Potential Legal Disputes between the United States and China after U.S. Accession to the Convention

This article discusses the implications of U.S. accession to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) for the future development of Sino-American relations in the areas of ocean law and politics. The declarations and understandings contained in the Senate Resolution of Advice and Consent to U.S. Accession to the UNCLOS are examined in detail in the context of previous maritime conflicts between the United States and China.     

Role of Milk Whey in the Transmission of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection by Breast Milk

Breast-fed infants are susceptible to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection via breast milk. In our previous study, HCMV was isolated more frequently from breast milk at later than one month after delivery than from colostrum or early breast milk. To clarify the role of milk cells and whey in vertical infection by breast feeding, we separated breast milk into milk cells and whey and examined each fraction for the presence of HCMV. We collected breast milk from mothers who breast-fed their infants (aged from 3 days to 2 months). The breast milk was centrifuged and separated into the middle layer (layer of milk whey) and the pellet (containing milk cells). We attempted to isolate HCMV from whey and to detect HCMV immediate early (IE) DNA in both milk whey and cells. HCMV was isolated from 7 out of 35 (20.0%) whey samples and HCMV IE DNA was detected from 15 out of 35 (42.9%) whey and/or milk cells. Detection rates of HCMV IE DNA in the whey layer and milk cells were 39.1% (25 out of 64) and 17.2% (11 out of 64), respectively. HCMV IE DNA was not detected in colostrum, but was detected in breast milk samples one month after delivery. Therefore, cell-free HCMV shed into milk whey may have a more important role in vertical infection by breast milk than cell-associated HCMV in the milk.     

一组特异存在于猪乳中的高分子量蛋白质

猪乳中含有多种蛋白质,介绍了猪乳中新发现的一组高分子量蛋白质的研究现状,对其生化性质和功能作了综述,并探讨对其进一步研究和开发的重要意义。     

Subjects and Capital: A Fragment of a Documentary Ethnography

This paper considers the workings of various kinds of 'capital' in the early lives of one cohort, the Class of '58 of a U.S. High School. Bourdieu's valuable concept of capital as both material and cultural/symbolic is augmented with the idea of 'psychological' capital, a concept meant to begin to fill a gap in Bourdieu's framework concerning the complexity of desires, intentions, and 'personalities' in acting subjects. The paper also tackles some problems of ethnographic and ethnohistorical representation, suggesting the value of an analogy with several sub-genres of documentary films.     

International Law and Politics in U.S. Policymaking: The United States and the Svalbard Dispute

This article explains the position(s) of the United States in the maritime dispute adjacent to Svalbard. While the United States has regarded Norway's exclusive claim to the natural resources outside Svalbard as everything from “wishful thinking” to legally plausible, Washington maintains that it may have rights under the 1920 Svalbard Treaty to exploit the maritime zones adjacent to the archipelago. The U.S. reservation is the result of assessments and reassessments of legal considerations as well as national interests.     

Towards a theory of ethnic separatism

In the decades between 1896 and the mid-1960s it was unusual for the federal government to act to defend or advance Black Americans' interests. In this article two such rare instances are analysed. Both occurred in the 1920s, a decade with a distinctive political complexion. In 1923 Black Americans called upon the federal government's Veterans Bureau [VB] to make good its assurance that African Americans would staff a newly opened hospital in Tuskegee, Alabama, for blacks. At the end of the decade, the Superintendent of Prisons was petitioned to abrogate the new practice at the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia, of leasing out exclusively Black American prisoners to local governments for contract work. Each case was formulated and justified within the prejudicial framework of segregated race relations, but Black Americans sought fair treatment within its unsalubrious confines. The cases demonstrate the capacity of the federal government to act on racial issues when political circumstances permitted.     

美国农业生态学发展综述

农业生态学是生态学的一个分支学科,是生态学原理在农业上的具体应用。美国是世界上最大的农业强国。美国农业的发展,得益于农业生态学的理论指导和农业生态学原理的实践运用。在实地调查与研读有关文献资料的基础上,对美国农业生态学的发展进行了考察与分析,认为:(1)美国农业生态学产生于1928年,至今已有85年的发展历史。美国农业生态学可划分为4个发展阶段,即:起始阶段(1928-1961年)、扩展阶段(1962-1979年)、巩固阶段(1980-1999年)和新发展阶段(2000年-)。(2)美国农业生态学的内涵由起初的一门"学科(科学)",逐步向着包括有"过程"、"理念"、"方法"、"行动"、"体系"、"运动"、"实践活动"、"强有力的工具"等多重涵义的方向发展,农业生态学内涵的深度和广度均得到不断丰富和完善。(3)美国农业生态学的基本内容包括背景(农业生态学国际背景)、理论(农业生态学理论基础)、设计(农业生态系统的优化设计)和管理(农业生态学理论的实践应用)等4部分,美国农业生态学具有4个明显特征——视野的全球性、内容的多样性、体系的灵活性和技术的实用性。(4)未来美国农业生态学将朝着"高"(高起点、高标准、高效率、高水平)、"新"(新手段、新方法、新技术,新成果、新成效、新进展)、"长"(长期观察分析、长期资料积累、长期定位试验)、"多"(农业生态学研究与分析采用多点、多地、多样本、多模式、多途径、多指标、多方法)、"实"(联系实际、注重实践、讲求实效、展现实绩)的方向发展。     

美国先进生物燃料技术政策与态势分析

美国是生物燃料大国,更是先进生物燃料研发强国。美国制定了宏大的生物燃料发展目标,采取了有力的政策支持措施,组织实施了生物质计划,将纤维素乙醇作为目前先进生物燃料研究、开发和示范的焦点,并已着手第三代生物燃料的研发。美国政府十分重视生物燃料的规划分析和部际协调工作,在立足于基础研究和应用研究前沿的基础上,大力推进技术示范与商业化,正努力加速向先进生物燃料转变。     

Norms in the politics of housing for minorities: Evidence from a French,a German and a US metropolitan area

Throughout Western societies, policy‐makers who address the problems of disadvantaged ethnic and immigrant minorities confront norms that prescribe equal or preferential treatment for these groups. Variations in these norms make significant differences in policy‐making. Based on evidence from housing and planning policies and a standardized survey of local élites in comparable German, French and US metropolitan areas, this article analyses how these norms altered logics of policy‐making. Normative differences help to explain why policies to house minorities proved more successful in the German setting than in the French. Contrasts in central‐local relations, in local government, in political parties and in the social and economic background of policy‐making fail to account for the difference that these norms make. In the American setting normative ambiguities combined with institutional, social and spatial differences to render parallel norms comparatively ineffective.