乳酸菌在动物营养中的应用

乳酸菌是人体及动物肠道中的一种常见菌类,具有多种有益功能,被广泛应用于食品、医药及饲料等领域。乳酸菌具有多种益生作用,不仅可以调节动物肠道内的菌群,还可以帮助其更好地吸收营养,提高免疫力。文章介绍了乳酸菌的分类、贮存、生产功能,以及其在动物营养学上的应用。     

转基因技术在水产动物营养中的应用

近年来,随着分子生物学研究的进展,转基因技术得到了迅猛的发展,在水产动物营养中也有广泛的应用.动物转基因技术是指将外源基因或体外重组的基因结构导入动物的基因组内,使其在动物体内整合和表达,产生具有新的遗传性状,并能将这种性状稳定地传递给后代的一种技术.对转基因技术的一般方法,如显微注射、精子载体、电穿孔,逆转录病毒载体感染和基因枪等方法,以及转基因技术在水产动物营养中的应用进行了综述.     

酶水解日粮在动物营养中的应用前景

近代饲料工业的发展使动物对饲料的消化率得到了很大提高,但已快接近动物消化能力的极限。酶水解日粮技术可望成为突破这一极限的可行途径之一。本文对动物的消化吸收能力极限、传统酶制剂添加技术的局限性、酶水解日粮技术的优势和存在问题作了分析,以期为进一步提高动物对饲料的利用效率提供新的思路。     

代谢组学技术在水产动物疾病研究中的应用

代谢组学是定量描述生物内源性代谢物质的整体及其对内因和外因变化应答规律的的一门新学科。近年来,代谢组学技术在水产动物疾病中的研究备受关注,特别是为感染性疾病发生机制及防控研究提供了一种新的手段。本文介绍了代谢组学技术及其在水产动物研究中的应用,包括代谢组学技术在水产动物感染性疾病、细菌耐药及环境应激等方面应用进行综述,分析了代谢组学在水产动物疾病研究中面临的问题与挑战,并对未来水产动物代谢组学研究趋势进行了展望,以期为代谢组学技术在水产动物疾病发病机制和药物研发方面更深入的运用提供参考。     

分子生物学技术在动物营养学中的应用与发展前景

分子生物学理论与技术的发展和应用已渗透到,生命科学的各各领域,动物营养学的发展需要在分子水平上分析及解释营养素对动物机体的生理,病理变化调控,如生长发育,新陈代谢,遗传变异,免疫与疾病等。本综述了分子生物学在动物营养学中的应用;利用分子生物学技术改造或生产动物性营养物质;从基因水平上研究如何提高动物生产性能及肉用性能：如肉质与瘦肉率等;在分子水平上研究营养与基因表达,调控的关系,以从根本上阐明营养对机体的作用机制;利用基因工程技术开发饲料资源。     

差异蛋白质组学技术在水产动物研究中的应用

介绍差异蛋白质组学技术及其在水产动物研究中的应用,其中包括其在环境毒理、养殖及养殖环境、水产动物免疫、发育、神经方面的研究和今后的发展前景等。     

氨基酸微量元素螯合物在动物营养中的研究进展

从氨基酸微量元素螯合物的结构性质、生物利用率、营养特性、作用机理、制备、检测技术和生产应用现状等几个方面综述了它在动物营养中的最新研究进展，并就其存在问题和发展前景作了阐述。     

精细肝切片技术在药物代谢研究中的应用

一种新兴的生物实验技术—精细肝切片 (ｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ -ｃｕｔｌｉｖｅｒｓｌｉｃｅ :ＰＣＬＳ)技术作为介于器官与细胞水平间的实验手段 ,不需用胶原酶 ,切片技术相对简单 ,且保存正常组织结构、细胞联系及细胞极性 (ｐｏｌａｒｉｔｙｏｆｈｅｐａｔｉｃｃｅｌｌ) ,故较其它体外模型更接近在体代谢模式 ,而且在ＲＴ -ＰＣＲ测定ＣＹＰｍＲＮＡ诱导中 ,其诱导时间较肝细胞短得多[1] ,这些优点使它在体外药物及毒物研究中占有相当重要的地位。这种技术还可用于其它多种器官 (如肾、肺、心、脾等 ) [2 ] ;组织来源可以是各种实验动物 ,亦…     

Sphingosine 1-phosphate-related metabolism in the blood vessel

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1-P) is a bioactive lipid released from activated platelets and plays an important role in vascular biology. In this study, we investigated Sph-1-P-related metabolism in the blood vessel, mainly using radio-labeled Sph and Sph-1-P. Sph was metabolically stable in the plasma, while it was converted into Sph-1-P in the presence of activated platelets. When the mixture of Sph-1-P and plasma was fractionated on a gel-filtration column, all Sph-1-P co-eluted with protein fractions that coincide with lipoproteins and albumin by agarose gel electrophoresis. When evaluated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 7.2 +/- 3.8%, 53.3 +/- 6.4%, and 39.5 +/- 7.9% of the radioactivity of Sph-1-P added to plasma was recovered in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and albumin fractions, respectively. On the other hand, 5.2 +/- 3.2%, 38.4 +/- 5.5%, and 56.3 +/- 5.7% of the radioactivity of Sph-1-P converted from Sph in collagen-stimulated platelets and released into the plasma was recovered in the LDL, HDL, and albumin fractions, respectively. When Sph-1-P release from activated platelets was examined, a stronger response was observed in the presence of albumin than lipoproteins, suggesting efficient Sph-1-P extraction from platelets by albumin. Finally, Sph-1-P, which is stable in the plasma, was markedly degraded by an ectophosphatase activity in the presence of vascular endothelial cells or in whole blood. Although Sph-1-P is stable in the plasma, it is likely that the level of this bioactive lipid is dynamically controlled by various factors including release from platelets, distribution among plasma proteins, and degradation by ectophosphatase.     

Hydroxyproline in animal metabolism,nutrition, and cell signaling

Amino Acids - trans-4-Hydroxy-l-proline is highly abundant in collagen (accounting for about one-third of body proteins in humans and other animals). This imino acid (loosely called amino acid) and...     

Contributions of animal nutrition research in rostock to energetic feed evaluation

The Rostock research in animal nutrition has underlain in continuation and progressive development of Kellner's starch value system, net energy fat as measuring unit for energetic feed evaluation. Net energy‐fat was used as an uniform unit of measure for all farm animals with different performances. The scientific basis for the net energy‐fat system was created by numerous studies on energy retention and utilisation efficiency of pure nutrients and nutrients of feedstuffs and rations. For the estimation the energy content of feedstuffs and rations, multiple regression equations were derived on the basis of experimental results of the energy research group. The regressions for the estimation of energy values are used directly and modified in feed evaluation systems for practical use. The Rostock research group in energy metabolism created also essential contributions to factorial derivations of energy requirement of farm animals. In the presented paper selected results on maintenance energy requirement in relation to partial energy requirement values and utilisation efficiencies in growing, pregnant and lactating animals, especially cattle and pigs, are comprised. The Rostock results are compared to those from literature.     

Proline and hydroxyproline metabolism: implications for animal and human nutrition

Proline plays important roles in protein synthesis and structure, metabolism (particularly the synthesis of arginine, polyamines, and glutamate via pyrroline-5-carboxylate), and nutrition, as well as wound healing, antioxidative reactions, and immune responses. On a per-gram basis, proline plus hydroxyproline are most abundant in collagen and milk proteins, and requirements of proline for whole-body protein synthesis are the greatest among all amino acids. Therefore, physiological needs for proline are particularly high during the life cycle. While most mammals (including humans and pigs) can synthesize proline from arginine and glutamine/glutamate, rates of endogenous synthesis are inadequate for neonates, birds, and fish. Thus, work with young pigs (a widely used animal model for studying infant nutrition) has shown that supplementing 0.0, 0.35, 0.7, 1.05, 1.4, and 2.1% proline to a proline-free chemically defined diet containing 0.48% arginine and 2% glutamate dose dependently improved daily growth rate and feed efficiency while reducing concentrations of urea in plasma. Additionally, maximal growth performance of chickens depended on at least 0.8% proline in the diet. Likewise, dietary supplementation with 0.07, 0.14, and 0.28% hydroxyproline (a metabolite of proline) to a plant protein-based diet enhanced weight gains of salmon. Based on its regulatory roles in cellular biochemistry, proline can be considered as a functional amino acid for mammalian, avian, and aquatic species. Further research is warranted to develop effective strategies of dietary supplementation with proline or hydroxyproline to benefit health, growth, and development of animals and humans.     

Effect of ethanol on lipoprotein metabolism in human and animal blood

The amount and composition of human and animal blood plasma lipoproteins have been studied as affected by low temperature and high doses of ethanol. Results are presented. A conclusion about antiatherogenic properties of low doses of ethanol based on the data of its effect on the system of blood lipoproteins cannot be considered completely proved. Reliable interpretation of the results of the ethanol effect on lipoproteins and atherogenesis processes needs the further study of mechanisms of the ethanol effect on the exchange and modification of the basic classes of lipoproteins and their subfractions, many their peculiarities being not studied yet.     

Impact of blood sampling technique on blood quality and animal welfare in haemophilic mice

Blood collection in mice can be a challenge, in particular for samples used for coagulation analysis as initiation of coagulation during the procedures can influence the results. Blood collection from the retrobulbar venous plexus is commonly used but the method remains controversial. Several alternatives exist but not all are applicable to mice with a compromised coagulation system because of subsequently excessive bleeding. We therefore wanted to explore whether blood collection by puncture of the submandibular vein could replace blood collected from the retrobulbar venous plexus during pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in mice lacking coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). The plasma concentrations of recombinant activated factor VII were independent of the blood collection method in a pharmacokinetic study. The same applied to the thromboelastographic profile of mice with normal coagulation in a pharmacodynamic study. However, excessive haemorrhages were observed in all FVIII knockout mice after a single puncture of the submandibular vein and 60% of the mice were euthanized 2-4 h after the blood collection. In contrast, no or only slight haemorrhage was observed in animals subjected to blood collection from the retrobulbar venous plexus. No signs of distress determined by blood glucose level or clinical abnormalities of the eye were observed after puncture of the retrobulbar venous plexus. In conclusion, blood collected by puncture of the submandibular vein and retrobulbar venous plexus has a quality which allows it to be used in coagulation assays. However, because of excessive bleedings, puncture of the submandibular vein is not recommended in mice lacking FVIII.     

基因工程技术在动物营养学上的应用及其发展前景

综述了基因工程技术在动物营养学中应用的最新进展,并就其在动物营养学上的发展前景作了展望。     

Boron in human and animal nutrition

This review describes the findings from human and animal studies indicating that B is a dynamic trace element which, in physiological amounts, can affect the metabolism or utilisation of numerous other substances involved in life processes including macrominerals, energy substrates such as triglycerides and glucose, nitrogen containing substances such as amino acids and proteins, reactive oxygen species, and estrogen. Through these effects, B can affect the function or composition of several body systems, including the brain, skeleton and immune system, generally in a beneficial fashion. Moreover, homeostatic mechanisms apparently exist for B because it is rapidly excreted in the urine, does not accumulate in tissues, and is maintained in a relatively narrow range of concentrations in blood of healthy individuals. Thus, even though B has not been conclusively established as essential because a biochemical function for it has not been identified, its beneficial actions suggest that an intake of over 1 mg day^-1 (but probably not more than 13 mg day^-1) is desirable; diets low in fruits, vegetables, legumes and nuts may not provide this amount of B. Boron may be of more practical nutritional importance than currently acknowledged.