水肥空间组合对成熟期冬小麦各器官氮磷养分分配的影响

以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)小偃22为供试植物,在全生育期人工控制土壤水分条件下,采用分层隔水土柱法研究了与田间土层分布相同土柱不同土层水分、氮、磷组合对冬小麦不同器官氮、磷养分累积及分配的影响.结果表明:(1)冬小麦不同器官氮、磷累积量表现为籽粒茎秆、叶>穗余部>根系.(2)与整体湿润处理相比,上干下湿水分处理可降低小麦各器官氮、磷累积量,但仅籽粒氮、磷累积量所占比例减少,而营养器官氮累积量所占比例均增加.(3)从肥料处理看,单施氮、单施磷和氮磷配施处理的小麦植株各器官氮、磷累积量均比对照增加,但籽粒氮、磷累积量所占比例均减小.(4)施肥层根系氮、磷累积量比对照相对增加,并以0～30cm土层根系氮、磷累积量为最高.(5)单施氮条件下,以0～90cm土层施肥各器官氮、磷累积量最高,0～30cm土层施肥最低;单施磷和氮磷配施时,以0～90cm土层施肥处理籽粒氮、磷累积量最高,其次是0～30cm土层施肥.由于石灰性土壤中肥料氮终产物以硝态氮为主且容易移动,而磷肥不易在土壤中迁移,在生产实践中仍以氮磷配施入0～30cm土层为佳.     

水肥空间组合对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,用分层土柱试验法研究了不同土层水分、氮、磷空间组合对冬小麦不同生育时期光合特性及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:与0～90cm土层整体湿润相比,上干下湿(0～30cm土层干旱胁迫,30～90cm土层湿润)水分处理显著降低了小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)和籽粒产量.2种水分条件下,氮磷配施处理对叶片SPAD、Pn和小麦籽粒产量的影响最为显著,其次是施磷处理,而施氮处理影响不显著.不同土层施氮在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势相同,均表现为0～90cm土层施氮小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量显著高于0～30、30～60和60～90cm土层施氮.不同土层施磷在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势也相同,表现为0～90cm土层施磷小麦叶片SPAD、Pn和籽粒产量与0～30cm土层施磷间差异不显著.不同土层氮磷配施在2种水分处理下表现不同:整体湿润条件下0～90cm土层施肥处理的小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量最高,与0～30cm土层差异不显著,但二者均显著高于30～60和60～90cm土层处理;上干下湿条件下各土层施肥处理间小麦叶片SPAD差异不显著,0～90cm土层施肥处理小麦叶片Pn和籽粒产量显著高于30～60cm土层施肥处理,30～60cm土层施肥处理显著高于60～90cm土层施肥处理和不施肥处理.表明在2种土壤水分条件下,氮磷配施时仍应施入0～30cm土层.     

小麦开花期灌水对土壤养分及根系分布的影响

本研究通过分析开花期灌水对小麦产量、植株养分分配和土壤养分分布的影响及其与根系特性的关系,为小麦充分利用水肥资源提供理论支撑。以抗旱高产品种‘洛麦28'和高光效品种‘百农207'为材料,采用2 m深土柱栽培方法,设置开花期灌水(T₁)和开花期不灌水(T₂)两个水分处理,测定了不同组织器官、不同土层土壤氮、磷、钾含量及根系分布特性等指标。结果表明: 小麦收获期土壤中铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾主要分布在0～80 cm土层中,硝态氮主要分布在80 cm以下土层中,开花期灌水促进小麦吸收0～60 cm土层的铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾和80 cm以下土层的硝态氮,减少了硝态氮向深层土壤的淋溶;小麦根系主要集中在0～60 cm土层中,随土壤深度的增加而减少。成熟期干物质积累量、全氮和全磷主要分配在小麦籽粒中,而全钾主要分配在茎秆中;开花期灌水显著增加了小麦百粒重,提高了小麦产量;根系形态指标与土壤硝态氮在0～40 cm土层中呈显著负相关,与土壤铵态氮在80～100 cm土层中呈极显著正相关,与土壤速效磷在0～100 cm土层中呈显著正相关。开花期灌水促进了根系在小麦生育末期对土壤养分的充分吸收,延长了养分从营养器官向生殖器官的转运功能期,使营养器官中的养分充分地转运到籽粒中去,增加小麦粒重,进而提高产量。     

耕作方式与施肥对陇东旱塬冬小麦-春玉米轮作农田土壤理化性质及产量的影响

以陇东黄土旱塬已进行7年的田间定位试验为基础,分析了免耕和传统耕作条件下5个施肥处理冬小麦收获期土壤水分、土壤容重（2011年）及土壤养分和产量（2005-2011年）变化,探讨了耕作方式和施肥对冬小麦-春玉米轮作农田土壤蓄水保墒效果及土壤肥力和产量的影响.结果表明： 2011年免耕条件下0～200 cm各土层土壤含水量、0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤容重及土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷含量均高于传统耕作.相同耕作条件下氮磷化肥与有机肥配施处理的土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷含量高于其他施肥处理;不同耕作方式及施肥处理下速效钾呈逐年减少的趋势;传统翻耕处理的产量高于免耕,相同耕作条件下氮磷化肥与有机肥配施处理产量最高,不施肥对照产量最低.不同耕作方式和施肥处理的土壤蓄水保墒能力和肥力效应以免耕优于传统翻耕,产量以传统翻耕下有机无机肥配施处理最好.     

不同栽培模式对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统产量、氮素累积和平衡的影响

以河北山前平原区秸秆还田条件下小麦-玉米轮作体系为研究对象,设置农民习惯、高产高效、再高产和再高产高效4个模式,通过定位试验探讨各栽培模式对3个轮作周期作物产量、土壤硝态氮累积量及氮平衡的影响.结果表明: 小麦、玉米产量均以再高产模式最高,高产高效和再高产高效模式次之,均显著高于农民习惯模式;小麦季和玉米季氮肥利用效率(PFP)均以高产高效模式最高,显著高于其他模式;0～400 cm土体硝态氮累积量在 768.4～1133.3 kg·hm^-2之间,其中80%～85%累积在根下90～400 cm土层;4种模式的土壤硝态氮均有明显向下淋移现象,120～150 cm和270～330 cm处均出现了累积峰,以270～330 cm土层硝态氮累积量最大;高产高效模式的土壤硝态氮含量整体水平均低于其他模式,浓度基本维持在30 mg·kg^-1以下,在一定程度上能有效缓解环境压力;冬小麦季0～90 cm土体氮素盈余量均小于夏玉米季,并以高产高效模式的氮素表观损失量最低,显著低于其他模式.综合考虑产量、氮肥利用效率、硝态氮累积和氮平衡,以高产高效模式表现最优,但还有一定的提升空间.     

水氮配合对绿洲沙地农田玉米产量、土壤硝态氮和氮平衡的影响

在黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田研究了不同的水氮配合对玉米产量、土壤硝态氮在剖面中的累积和氮平衡的影响.结果表明,施氮处理较不施氮处理产量增加48.22%～108.6%,施氮量超过225 kg hm-2,玉米产量不再显著增加.受土壤结构影响土壤硝态氮在土壤中呈"W"型分布,即土壤硝态氮含量在0～20 cm、140～160 cm和260～300 cm土层均出现峰值,并随施氮量增加,峰值增高.在常规高灌溉量处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在260～300 cm土层,节水25%灌溉处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在土壤表层0～20 cm土层.在常规高灌溉量处理0～300 cm土层中200～300土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于27.56%～51.86%之间;节水25%灌溉处理在0～300 cm土层中100～200土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于32.94%～38.07%之间;表明低灌溉处理下土壤硝态氮在土壤浅层累积较多,而高灌溉处理使更多的硝态氮淋溶至土壤深层.与2006年相比,2007年不施氮处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量和积累量均明显减少;而施氮处理变化很小,在低灌溉处理甚至表现出硝态氮含量和积累量增加,表明施氮是土壤硝态氮累积的主要来源,而灌溉则使硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶.0～200 cm 土层土壤硝态氮累积量平均介于27.66～116.68 kg hm-2、氮素表观损失量平均介于77.35～260.96 kg hm-2,和施氮量均呈线性相关,即随施氮量增加,土壤硝态氮累积量和氮素表观损失量均增加,相关系数R2介于0.79～0.99之间,相关均显著.随施氮量增加,玉米总吸氮量和氮收获指数增加,氮的农学利用率降低,而灌溉的影响较小.施氮量超过225 kg hm-2时,地上部植株氮肥吸收利用率和籽粒氮肥吸收利用率开始有降低趋势.所以,在沙地农田,节水10%～25%的灌溉水平和225 kg hm-2的施氮水平可以在避免水肥过量投入的基础上减少土壤有机氮淋溶对地下水造成的污染威胁.     

灌溉量和施氮量对冬小麦产量和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

研究了大田条件下灌溉量和施氮量对小麦产量和土壤硝态氮含量的影响.结果表明:增加灌溉量,0～200 cm土层硝态氮含量呈先降后升又降的趋势.0～80 cm土层硝态氮含量显著低于对照,而80～200 cm土层硝态氮含量显著高于对照.随灌溉量的增加,土壤硝态氮向深层运移加剧,在成熟期,0～80 cm土层硝态氮含量降低,120～200 cm土层硝态氮含量升高,并在120～140 cm土层硝态氮含量出现高峰.灌溉量不变,施氮量由210 kg·hm-2增加到300 kg·hm-2,开花期、灌浆期、成熟期0～200 cm各土层土壤硝态氮含量显著升高.随灌溉量的增加,小麦籽粒产量先增加后降低,以全生育期灌溉量为60 mm的处理籽粒产量最高.增加施氮量,籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量显著提高.本试验中,施氮量为210 kg.hm-2、两次灌溉总量为60 mm的处理籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量和收获指数均较高,且土壤硝态氮损失少,是较合理的水氮运筹模式.     

半干旱区农田土壤无机氮积累与迁移机理

研究黄土旱塬区长期定位试验中 1 0个典型处理土壤剖面 (0～ 30 0 cm)水分和无机氮的季节变化 ,探讨在半干旱区农田无机氮的积累与迁移机理。结果表明休闲处理除表层外土壤剖面的水分、硝态氮和铵态氮的含量分别稳定在 1 7%～ 2 0 %、4～ 7mg N/kg和 6～ 1 0 mg N/kg土的范围。种植作物显著地改变土壤剖面水分和硝态氮的分布状况 ,并使其含量发生大幅度的季节变化。作物利用限制了农田土壤硝态氮向深层的迁移。小麦连作无化肥氮处理及苜蓿连作不施肥或氮、磷加有机肥处理土壤硝态氮主要集中在 0～ 40 cm土层。小麦连作单施氮肥 (1 2 0 kg N/(hm2· a) )处理经 1 7年后土壤剖面硝态氮积累总量达到施氮总量的55% ,40～ 60 cm和 1 4 0～ 2 2 0 cm土层出现两个高峰 ,并表现出随季节性变化向土壤深层迁移的趋势。氮肥与磷肥或有机肥施用大幅度减少了土壤剖面硝态氮积累 ,并使其限制在 1 60 cm以上的土层内 ,2 0 0 cm以下土层的硝态氮含量极低 (<1 mg N/kg土 ) ,因而不具向深层迁移的条件。土壤剖面的铵态氮含量不受作物、施肥和季节性气候变化的影响     

根区水肥空间耦合对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

利用管栽试验研究了根区不同湿润方式（整体湿润、上湿下干、上干下湿）、施肥方式（整体施肥、上层施肥、下层施肥）及其耦合对冬小麦不同生育期生长及产量的影响.结果表明：下层施肥方式显著降低了分蘖期冬小麦的株高和叶面积,而不同湿润方式对分蘖期株高和叶面积的影响不显著,拔节期水肥同区方式的株高大于水肥异区方式,表现出协同耦合效应.上干下湿方式和下层施肥方式显著降低了根系干物质量、地上部干物质量和总干物质量,上层施肥方式有利于增加冬小麦生物量,而上湿下干方式与施肥处理对地上部干物质量和总干物质量的耦合效应明显.水肥同区处理的根冠比高于水肥异区处理;上干下湿方式的水分利用效率显著高于整体湿润和上湿下干方式,水肥同区处理的水分利用效率高于水肥异区处理,但下层施肥方式的水分利用效率较低.与上干下湿方式相比,上湿下干和整体湿润方式的冬小麦单穗粒数分别增加了41.7%和61.9%,上层施肥和整体施肥方式的单穗粒数高于下层施肥方式,上湿下干方式与施肥处理对小麦产量及产量构成因素（除千粒重外）的水肥耦合效应明显.不同水肥处理主要通过影响单穗粒数来影响冬小麦产量.     

栽培模式对旱地小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

通过田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、秸秆还田和种植绿肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明: 与传统模式相比,地膜覆盖并不总能提高旱地小麦产量,3年平均产量无显著变化,但降低20～40 cm土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效锰含量,对土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效铁和有效铜含量无显著影响.秸秆还田的小麦产量3年平均降低12.1%,收获期0～20 cm土层全氮提高5.8%,20～40 cm土层有效铜含量提高6.2%,而有效磷和有效锰分别降低36.1%和10.2%,对开花期和收获期土壤有机质、硝态氮、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效铁无显著影响.种植绿肥的籽粒产量降低12.1%,同时土壤pH、有效磷和有效硫含量降低,有机质、全氮、硝态氮、有效锌和有效锰均增加,对土壤速效钾、有效铁和有效铜均无显著影响.综上,在旱地土壤肥力较低的条件下,地膜覆盖和秸秆还田不利于土壤肥力的提升,使小麦增产受到限制;种植绿肥培肥效果最好,但应考虑区域降水情况,注意其带来的减产问题.     

Performance of Two Self‐Report Measures for Evaluating Obesity and Weight Loss*

Objectives: To evaluate performance of the Obesity and Weight‐Loss Quality‐of‐Life (OWLQOL) and Weight‐Related Symptoms (WRSM) measures. Research Methods and Procedures: Four studies of obese persons 18 to 75 years of age were analyzed: a 12‐week initial validation study, a clinical trial using blinded endpoint data at 50 to 83 weeks, and community studies conducted in the U.S. and Europe. Fifty‐six initial validation study subjects visited 1 week after screening to evaluate reproducibility. Results: Overall, 6107 obese persons completed one assessment, 291 completed follow‐up at 12 weeks, and 642 at >50 weeks. Psychometric analyses resulted in a 17‐item OWLQOL with a single score tested on five samples that was internally consistent (α values > 0.90) and reproducible (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.95). The OWLQOL score (higher is better) was associated, as expected, with the symptom measure (lower is better, ?0.54), generic quality of life measure (0.53), and measures of physical (0.40) and mental functioning (0.47). The 20‐item WRSM was internally consistent (α = 0.87) and reproducible (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83). The OWLQOL discriminated between genders (p < 0.001), presence of disability days (p < 0.05), levels of BMI (p < 0.05), and levels of symptom bothersomeness (p < 0.001). Evaluation at 12 weeks yielded an effect size for ≥2.5% weight loss of 0.77 for the OWLQOL and ?0.54 for the WRSM. At ≥50 weeks for ≥10% weight change, effect sizes were 1.63 and ?0.73, respectively. Discussion: The OWLQOL and WRSM are brief, valid, reproducible, and responsive self‐reported outcomes for evaluating obesity and weight loss.     

Marginalising ‘eugenic anxiety’ through a rhetoric of ‘liberal choice’: a critique of the House of Commons Select Committee Report on reproductive technologies

In light of a recent House of Commons Select Committee investigation into the regulation of human reproductive technologies, this article critically evaluates the Committee's case for a devolved, libertarian-inspired framework for the regulation of reproductive technologies. In assessing the appropriate balance between legislation, regulation and reproductive freedom, the Committee rightly challenged those who exhibit a myopic history of eugenics to justify restricting reproductive choice. However, by uncritically embracing the tropes of procreative liberty and genetic progress, and defining eugenics in terms of intention rather than consequence, the Committee appeared to ignore or marginalise a number of sociological challenges to the presumptions couched within the doctrine of ‘liberal choice’. This article suggests that failure to consider the cultural and political context within which new technologies are shaped and social needs constructed might undermine any ostensible virtues of a devolved system of governance for reproductive medicine.     

Human papillomavirus (HPV) in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) detected by morphology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—a cytohistologic correlation of 277 cases treated by laser conization

The aims of this study were to evaluate the cytohistologic correlation in women treated for high-grade lesions of the cervix uteri (HG CIN), to assess the distribution of HPV features and finally to test the validity of the morphological criteria of HPV infection. The smears and biopsy specimens from 277 women treated for HG CIN by laser conization were re-evaluated blindly. Tissue blocks (n = 188) and 52 archival smears were examined for HPV DNA using PCR. HPV changes were detected with equal frequency in the smears and biopsy specimens by light microscopy; 63% and 65%, respectively. The prevalence of HPV DNA in biopsies was 88% and in archival smears 85%; agreement was found in 89% of the cases. Using PCR as the gold standard, we found a sensitivity of 63% for cytology and 70% for histology; the specificity was 41% and 37%, respectively. The positive predictive value was > 80%, but the negative predictive value was < 20%. Our study confirms that HPV features are frequently associated with HG CIN and that morphology is a non-specific method of identifying HPV infection and should be followed by PCR, also allowing detection of oncogenic HPV types and latent infections.     

The validity of obesity based on self-reported weight and height: Implications for population studies

Objective: To validate self‐reported information on weight and height in an adult population and to find a useful algorithm to assess the prevalence of obesity based on self‐reported information. Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional survey consisting of 1703 participants (860 men and 843 women, 30 to 75 years old) conducted in the community of Vara, Sweden, from 2001 to 2003. Self‐reported weight, height, and corresponding BMI were compared with measured data. Obesity was defined as measured BMI ≥ 30 kg/m². Information on education, self‐rated health, smoking habits, and physical activity during leisure time was collected by a self‐administered questionnaire. Results: Mean differences between measured and self‐reported weight were 1.6 kg (95% confidence interval, 1.4; 1.8) in men and 1.8 kg (1.6; 2.0) in women (measured higher), whereas corresponding differences in height were ?0.3 cm (?0.5; ?0.2) in men and ?0.4 cm (?0.5; ?0.2) in women (measured lower). Age and body size were important factors for misreporting height, weight, and BMI in both men and women. Obesity (measured) was found in 156 men (19%) and 184 women (25%) and with self‐reported data in 114 men (14%) and 153 women (20%). For self‐reported data, the sensitivity of obesity was 70% in men and 82% in women, and when adjusted for corrected self‐reported data and age, it increased to 81% and 90%, whereas the specificity decreased from 99% in both sexes to 97% in men and 98% in women. Discussion: The prevalence of obesity based on self‐reported BMI can be estimated more accurately when using an algorithm adjusted for variables that are predictive for misreporting.     

Cross-cultural validity of Morningness-Eveningness Stability Scale improved (MESSi) in Iran,Spain and Germany

Morningness-Eveningness Stability Scale improved (MESSi) is a newly constructed measure to assess circadian types and amplitude. In this study, we applied this measure to participants from three different countries: Germany, Spain and Iran. Confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) of MESSi displayed mediocre fit in the three countries. Comparing increasingly stringent models using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses indicated at least partial measurement invariance (metric invariance) by country for Morning Affect and Distinctness subscales. Age was positively related to Morning Affect (MA), and negatively related to Eveningness (EV) and Distinctness (DI). Men reported higher MA than women, whereas women reported higher DI than men. Regarding country effect, Iranian participants reported highest MA compared to Spaniards and Germans, whereas Germans reported higher DI compared to Iranians and Spaniards. As a conclusion, our study corroborated the validity and reliability of MESSi across three different countries with different geographical and cultural characteristics.