Fibronectin (FN) in hypertrophic scars and keloids

Summary Fibronectin (FN) distribution was compared among samples of normal human dermis, hypertrophic scar, keloid, and granulation tissues from deep injuries. Localization was established by use of fibronectin antibodies and the indirect immunofluorescence method. Fresh-frozen tissue was sectioned on a cryostat and examined by epifluorescence. Hypertrophic scar and keloid demonstrated heavy deposition of FN, which conformed to the nodular characteristics of the lesions. Intense localization occurred in granulation tissue over fibroblasts which were stellate and vesiculated, and over small blood vessels. FN-staining was weak in areas over fibroblasts which were more rounded and nonvesiculated. Staining for FN was also minimal over the collagen in normal dermis and the deeper, larger collagen fascicles in the lesions. Fibroblasts cultured from normal dermis, hypertrophic scar, and keloid for 5–6 weeks were intensely stained for FN. Extracellular matrix was heavily positive in cultures from the lesions compared with those from normal dermis.Supported in part by NIH Research Grant 1 R01GM 25159     

Fibronectin involvement in granulation tissue and wound healing in rabbits

This study describes the distribution of fibronectin and its association with reticulin fibers (type III collagen) and hyaluronic acid in shallow rabbit wounds. Linear incisions were made dorsally with a surgical blade. Animals were sacrificed and 1,2,3,4,5, and 8 day wounds were examined using peroxidase-antiperoxidase to localize affinity-purified antibodies to fibronectin. Tissue samples were also stained with hematoxylin and eosin in addition to silver stains for reticulin, and Alcian blue for hyaluronic acid. After wounding, the incision filled with a fibrin clot that stained positively for fibronectin. The underlying dermis and adjacent, unwounded dermis also contained fibronectin. Epidermal cells that migrate from the wound margin between the clot and the dermis were in direct association with fibronectin in these wound components. By 72 hr, epidermal continuity was reestablished. Early granulation tissue formation was apparent just below the epidermis 5 day wounds. Fibronectin was observed in the matrix surrounding individual fibroblasts and codistributed with reticulin fibers and hyaluronic acid in both 5 and 8 day wounds. Granulation tissue of 8 day wounds stained intensely for fibronectin and extended to a greater depth in the reticular dermis. Dense fibrillar networks of fibronectin and fibroblasts were aligned parallel to the epidermis, giving the granulation tissue a highly structured and organized appearance. Fibroblasts contained fibronectin and were surrounded by less fibronectin at the wound periphery than within the granulation tissue. These findings suggest that fibronectin may be important in the reconstruction of tissues during repair by functioning as an extracellular scaffold for migrating cells.     

The Effect of Long-Term Reduction of Aortic Blood Flow on Spinal Cord Gray Matter in the Rabbit. Histochemical Study of NADPH-Diaphorase

1. The aim of this work was to study the influence of reduced aortic blood flow on NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining in the gray matter of L4–S3 spinal cord segments.2. Surgery was performed on the abdominal aorta of the rabbit. Spinal cord ischemia was introduced by infrarenal aortic constriction to 30% from the normal blood flow. Animals were allowed to survive 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after surgery. Neurological outcome was studied in relation to the duration of aortic occlusion. The NADPH-d histochemistry was used for the visualisation of spinal cord sections.3. The most affected area of the spinal cord was pericentral region, and slight changes were seen in the NADPH-d activities of both dorsal and ventral horns. One week after surgery, NADPH-d positive pericentral neurons were almost unchanged in their shape and intensity of staining, the only difference was seen in slightly increased staining of the background around the central canal. One month following surgery neurons exhibited shrinkage or were swollen, NADPH-d staining was less intensive in the pericentral zone and positively stained vessels were present.4. Three months of ischemia influenced the NADPH-d activity: (a) In the pericentral region were seen intensively NADPH-d stained neurons almost normal in shape of their bodies but with shortened processes or without them; (b) NADPH-d staining of neuropil was greatly enhanced mostly around the central canal and in the dorsal commissure; (c) Numerous vessels were present in the pericentral zone and in the location of the ventral horn.5. It can be concluded that the reduction of blood flow in the abdominal aorta makes most changes in the pericentral region of the rabbit spinal cord. Increased NADPH-d staining of neuropil and the presence of positively stained vessels reflect increased NADPH-d/NOS production in the spinal cord gray matter after long-term incomplete aortic occlusion.     

Comparison of estrogen receptor immunocytochemical assay in frozen and paraffin sections.

Frozen and paraffin sections of 11 breast carcinomas were stained for estrogen receptors (ER) using the same rat monoclonal primary antibody, D75P3, as the marker and alkaline phosphatase as the chromogen-linking enzyme. The results of this staining process were assessed visually and with the microTICAS image analysis system to determine the degree of correlation between frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue. In all specimens, some fraction of the nuclei stained positively. This included two specimens selected for their biochemically negative assay; one of them stained strongly positively with D75P3. The results of quantitative analysis support the visually apparent correlation between the two types of samples in terms of both overall staining pattern and intensity of nuclear staining. Although the conclusions of this pilot study are limited because of the small number of cases, this method of staining establishes the feasibility of representative ER determination in archival paraffin-processed material. The additional information provided by this method is potentially useful in stratifying patients in prospective studies on the basis of the efficacy of hormonal therapy in biochemically ER positive breast tumors.     

Identification of a chymotrypsin-like proteinase in human mast cells

An antiserum was produced against a chymotryptic proteinase purified from human skin. The antiserum did not cross-react with human leukocyte cathepsin G and elastase, rat mast cell proteinase I, and human skin tryptase. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of frozen skin sections to localize the proteinase showed cytoplasmic staining of cells scattered about the papillary dermis and around blood vessels and appendages. Restaining these sections with toluidine blue revealed that the fluorescently stained cells contained metachromatically staining granules, the major distinguishing feature of mast cells. A similar correlation was found in lung tissue. Ultrastructural studies employing the ferritin bridge technique to immunologically identify the proteinase additionally localized the proteinase to mast cell granules. Biochemical and immunochemical characterization of chymotryptic activity solubilized from isolated human lung mast cells identified a chymotryptic proteinase that may be identical to the skin chymotryptic proteinase. These studies establish that human skin mast cells contain a chymotrypsin-like proteinase that is a granule constituent and provide evidence that indicates a comparable proteinase is also present in lung mast cells.     

A PAS reaction in erythrocytes of formalin-fixed tissue treated with Holt's hypertonic gum sucrose

Summary When paraffin sections of mouse and rat kidney, liver and spleen were fixed in a formalin-type fixative overnight, then preserved in Holt's hypertonic gum-sucrose solution, erythrocytes stained strongly by the McManus periodic acid-Schiff method. The same tissues processed without gum-sucrose did not exhibit such positive staining of red blood cells. Tissues treated with the individual gum-sucrose components, a solution of gum arabic or of sucrose, gave positive staining of erythrocytes only after gum arabic. Powdered gum arabic but not sucrose crystals stained positively. The erythrocyte reaction in formalinfixed tissue treated with gum-sucrose is therefore related to the presence of gum arabic in Holt's solution. Opposing results were encountered with two non-formalin fixatives, glutaraldehyde and acetone, in that staining was consistently positive throughout in the former and consistently negative in the latter, regardless of gum-sucrose treatment.     

LR8 expression in fibroblasts of healthy and fibrotic human tissues

LR8 gene was first reported in a subpopulation of cultured human lung fibroblasts expressing the receptor for C1q-globular domain, and it was not detectable in cultured endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. LR8 mRNA levels were higher in fibrotic lungs. In this study we assessed LR8 production in human tissues and determined if the distribution of fibroblasts producing LR8 is affected in fibrosis. Normal and fibrotic tissue sections from human liver, lung and kidneys were immunostained with antibodies to LR8 and examined for the presence of fibroblasts staining positively and negatively. The cells were also examined for co-expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), a marker for myofibroblasts. The results showed that LR8 was expressed by fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, bile duct cells, pulmonary alveolar cells and distal and proximal kidney tubule cells. Connective tissues of normal and fibrotic tissues contained fibroblasts staining positively and negatively with anti- LR8 antibody. The number of LR8-positive cells was higher in fibrotic tissues, but differences were not statistically significant. Fibroblasts producing both LR8 and SMA were present in higher numbers in fibrotic tissues as compared to normal tissues and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). Our results show that fibroblast subtypes differing in LR8 expression are present in human tissues, and that in fibrotic tissues cells co-expressing LR8 and SMA are present. Our results indicate that LR8 expressing cells may participate in the early stages of fibrotic diseases and that fibroblasts expressing LR8, not LR8 negative cells, have potential to become myofibroblasts in fibrotic tissues.     

CT灌注评价高碳酸血症模型下正常大鼠脑组织血流动力学变化

目的探讨CT灌注评价高碳酸血症模型下正常大鼠脑组织血流动力学变化的可行性;研究大鼠CT灌注参数变化率与α-SMA表达之间的相关性。方法 10只雄性SD大鼠,体质量250～300g,在吸入空气和吸入高浓度CO2混合气体(10%CO2和90%空气组成)后15min,分别使用GE16层Light Speed CT扫描仪对大鼠脑尾状核层面进行CT灌注扫描,原始图像经GE ADW4.2工作站Perfusion3.0脑部灌注软件处理后产生灌注曲线及伪彩图像,两次扫描前均测定大鼠的血液CO2分压、pH值等血气分析指标。检查结束后24h内,大鼠取脑固定,在尾状核中心层面切片,进行脑组织HE染色及鼠特异性SMA抗体免疫组化染色。应用SPSS11.5统计学软件进行分析:采用配对t检验,比较正常大鼠右侧尾状核在吸入空气和吸入高浓度CO2混合气体后CT灌注参数脑血容量(CBV)、脑血流量(CBF)、血管表面通透性(PS)和平均透过时间(MTT)的变化有无差异;采用Pearson相关分析分别检测大鼠右侧尾状核的SMA阳性血管染色计数与灌注参数CBV和CBF在CO2分压升高前后的变化率相关性。结果所有大鼠在吸入含10%CO2和90%空气的混合气体15min后,动脉血CO2分压均明显升高(t=9.39,P0.001),血浆pH值降低(t=13.49,P0.001)。正常SD大鼠右侧基底节区CBV、CBF、PS每100g组织分别为(10.28±4.01)mL、(304.95±88.77)mL/min、(0.26±0.37)mL/min,MTT值为(1.48±0.07)s;吸入10%CO2和90%空气的混合气体后右侧基底节区CBV、CBF值明显增加,每100g组织分别为(19.25±8.42)mL(t=4.92,P=0.001)和(507.33±167.94)mL/min(t=6.75,P0.001);吸入混合气体前后CBV、CBF增加百分比分别为(87.14±46.45)%、(65.75±22.05)%;PS及MTT变化不显著(P均0.05)。大鼠脑组织α-SMA阳性染色血管计数为(12.7±3.23)条/高倍视野。Pearson相关分析显示,正常脑组织的CBV和CBF变化率与其α-SMA阳性计数之间呈显著相关(r分别为0.652和0.890,P均0.05)。结论 CT灌注技术在改变血液CO2分压的条件下可以反映脑组织血流动力学变化;大鼠正常脑组织高碳酸血症前后CT灌注参数变化率与成熟血管数量相关。     

Tumor necrosis factor alpha suppresses the induction of connective tissue growth factor by transforming growth factor-beta in normal and scleroderma fibroblasts

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is overexpressed in a variety of fibrotic disorders, presumably secondary to the activation and production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a key inducer of fibroblast proliferation and matrix synthesis. The CTGF gene promoter has a TGF-beta response element that regulates its expression in fibroblasts but not epithelial cells or lymphocytes. Recent studies have shown that the macrophage-produced cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is necessary to promote inflammation and to induce genes, such as matrix metalloproteinases, involved with the early stages of wound healing. In this study, we examined the ability of TNFalpha to modulate CTGF gene expression. TNFalpha was found to suppress the TGF-beta-induced expression of CTGF protein in cultured normal fibroblasts. The activity of TNFalpha was blocked by NF-kappaB inhibitors. We showed that sequences between -244 and -166 of the CTGF promoter were necessary for both TGF-beta and TNFalpha to modulate CTGF expression. There was a constitutive expression of CTGF by scleroderma fibroblasts that was increased by TGF-beta treatment. Although TNFalpha was able to repress TGF-beta-induced CTGF and collagen synthesis both in normal and scleroderma skin fibroblasts, fibroblasts cultured from scleroderma patients were more resistant to TNFalpha as TNFalpha was unable to suppress the basal level of CTGF expression in scleroderma fibroblasts. Thus, we suspect that the high level of constitutive CTGF expression in scleroderma fibroblasts and its inability to respond to negative regulatory cytokines may contribute to the excessive scarring of skin and internal organs in patients with scleroderma.     

Effect of colchicine on atherosclerosis. III. Study of dermal elastic fibers by quantitative histochemistry, automated image analysis

Computerized automatic-image analytical procedure was applied on dermal biopsies stained for elastin by a new procedure giving a completely white background and staining only the elastic fiber system. In arteriosclerotic hypertensive patients, a 3-4 months' treatment with 1 mg colchicine per day resulted in a significant (60-80%, p less than 0.01) increase of the dermal elastic fiber density both in the superficial papillary dermis and in the deep dermis. This result shows that the age-dependent increase of elastic fibers can be influenced by pharmacological means. The inhibition by colchicine of the synthesis and secretion of the fibroblast-derived metalloelastase-type protease could be a plausible explanation of this finding.     

Detection of non-papillary, non-invasive transitional cell G1 carcinoma as revealed by increased DNA instability and other cancer markers

The method to reveal DNA-instability as demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining with anti-cytidine antibody after acid hydrolysis (DNA-instability test) was used as a marker of malignancy. The test was applied to paraffin-embedded sections taken from 15 urinary bladders, renal pelvic cavities, and ureters bearing multiple carcinoma in situ (CIS) and totally 31 papillary urothelial cancers. The serial sections of the same tissues were also subjected to immunohistochemical staining for PCNA, p53, DFF45, and VEGF. The DNA-instability test was positive in 100% cancer lesions irrespective of the grades, and apparently normal urothelium, and hyperplastic and dysplastic urothelial lesions also showed the areas with clones positively stained with DNA-instability testing, and the percent numbers of positive areas in them were 28.3%, 37.7%, and 61.5%, respectively. These clones, which were present in apparently normal urothelium and in hyperplastic and dysplastic urothelial lesions, showed higher percent values of PCNA-positive-cells, in comparison to the values estimated in the areas with negatively stained DNA-instability testing, and the former values were statistically not different from those in carcinoma lesions. Furthermore, the percent numbers of areas positive for p53, DFF45, and VEGF, with positive DNA-instability testing were also much higher than those with negative DNA-instability testing in apparently normal urothelium, and hyperplastic and dysplastic urothelial lesions, and the former values were again comparable to those in cancer lesions with no statistical differences. These clones were regarded as already being malignant and should be the direct precursors of progressed cancer lesions. They will make progression through two different pathways, one to papillary non-invasive G1 cancers by neovascularization induced by paracrine secretion of VEGF, and another to flat CIS G2 without secretion of VEGF; thus the clones should be regarded as non-papillary, non-invasive Gl TCC, or CIS G1. It should be always taken into account that the probability for apparently normal urothelium, and hyperplastic and dysplastic urothelial lesions to contain cancer clones, will be high already, especially in tumor-bearing bladders.     

Monoclonal Antibody MAT-1 Against Human Tyrosinase Can Detect Melanogenic Cells on Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Sections

Immunohistochemical localization of tyrosinase was examined with a monoclonal antibody (MoAb MAT-1) against human tyrosinase on routine formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of 3 normal skin specimens, 15 melanocytic tumors (6 pigmented nevi, 3 juvenile melanomas and 6 malignant melanomas) and 3 non-melanocytic tumors. In the melanotic melanomas, almost all tumor cells were clearly stained with the antibody. In the nevocytic nevi, the nevus cells in lower epidermis and upper dermis were positive for MoAb MAT-1, but negative in middle and lower dermis. All three juvenile melanomas, one amelanotic melanoma, and three non-melanocytic tumors were entirely negative for MoAb MAT-1. Thus, MoAb MAT-1 could recognize the cells with melanogenic activity on routine formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. However, the staining quality was not adequate for normal epidermal melanocytes, indicating that small technical innovations in the immunostaining process such as formalin fixation after PBS washing are required. Nevertheless, MoAb MAT-1 can be expected to be very useful for identifying melanogenic cells on paraffin-embedded sections, because we have to date no other antibody available for it.     

Quantitative analysis of the mechanism of negative staining with native collagen fibrils and polar tropomyosin paracrystals

The mechanism of formation of the negatively stained image in electron microscopy was infestigated with native collagen fibrils as a model. The negatively stained image was simulated from the primary structure by using the values of volume or bulkiness of each amino acid residue as a parameter for stain-excluding capacity. The pattern simulated from the bulkiness values gave an excellent fit with the negatively stained image. Since some contribution of positive staining components to negative staining has been suggested, positive staining with uranyl acetate was tested with various washing solutions of different pH. While acidic conditions did not produce any stained image, a positively stained image was easily obtained at alkaline pH. On the other hand, negatively stained images with stains of different charge character remained essentially the same as those obtained with acidic uranyl stains. It was concluded that the contribution of positive components to the negatively stained image is negligible under the conventional conditions for negative staining with uranyl acetate. In order to demonstrate the utility of the analytical method employing the values of "bulkiness," we studied the unknown molecular packing in the polar lead paracrystal of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin. Utilizing the primary sequence data for alpha-tropomyosin we successfully showed the polar paracrystal to be an array of molecules which are parallel and in register. Further, our analysis made it possible to deduce the position of a given residue in the negatively stained pattern of the polar paracrystal.     

Identification of smooth muscle-derived foam cells in the atherosclerotic plaque of human aorta with monoclonal antibody IIG10

We have developed a monoclonal antibody that specifically interacts with a surface antigen of human fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. The antibody (antibody IIG10) recognizes a polypeptide of molecular mass 330,000, revealed by immunoblotting in fibroblast and smooth muscle cell extract, but not in vascular endothelial cells, peritoneal macrophages, peripheral blood lymphocytes nor hepatocytes. In tissue sections the antibody stained smooth muscle cells of myometrium, aorta and smaller blood vessels, and fibroblasts of connective tissue. Specificity of the antibody was further confirmed by double staining of aorta sections. Antibody IIG10 was used to identify smooth muscle-derived foam cells in the atherosclerotic plaque of human aorta.     

Histochemical demonstration of collagen fibers in ascorbic-acid-fed cell cultures.

Nine cultures of fibroblast cell types and 13 epithelial-like cell types were maintained for 1 week in media supplemented with L-asborbic acid (50 microgram per ml). All fibroblast-like cultures produced extracellular fibers that stained positively by a silver-impregnation reticulin stain. Nine of the 13 epithelial-like cultures produced fibers that stained positively for reticulin. Nearly all cultures not supplemented with ascorbic acid showed no fiber staining. Those few lines that stained positively for reticulin in the absence of ascorbic-acid supplementation demonstrated only slight reticulin formation. Reticulin from one fibroblast culture and one epithelial culture was examined by electron microscopy, and the silver-impregnated fibrils were morphologically identical to collagen. The reticulin was digestible with collagenase, providing further evidence that the silver-impregnation reticulin stain identifies collagen in culture. The demonstartion of collagen can be performed easily in histology laboratories using Formalin-fixed cells, and provides a means of assaying a functional property of cells in culture which is characteristic of connective tissue fibroblasts in general as well as certain specialized epithelia.     

喉癌组织中类高内皮微静脉形态学及蛋白多糖表达的研究

目的:通过对喉癌组织中类高内皮微静脉的分布、超微结构和蛋白多糖表达的观察,探讨淋巴细胞归巢的抗肿瘤意义及蛋白多糖对淋巴细胞归巢的调节作用。方法:应用透射电镜及阳性胶体铁染色方法,观察和研究32例喉癌组织中的类高内皮微静脉的分布、超微结构和蛋白多糖的表达。结果:(1)早期病变肿瘤周边组织内可见大量类高内皮微静脉,其内皮细胞高大,胞浆突起增多,细胞核大,细胞器丰富,有大量淋巴细胞穿越管壁,可见大量肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞存在;晚期病变组织内类高内皮微静脉少见,淋巴细胞穿越管壁不活跃,肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞明显减少。(2)类高内皮微静脉壁,特别是邻近管腔侧与阳性胶体铁呈强阳性反应,在有淋巴细胞穿越的部位反应更加明显,而内皮扁平的血管基本不反应或反应微弱。结论:(1)喉癌组织中部分毛细血管后微静脉可演变为类高内皮微静脉,是淋巴细胞向癌组织中浸润(淋巴细胞归巢)的重要场所;(2)肿瘤组织中的淋巴细胞归巢与抗肿瘤密切相关;(3)蛋白多糖于淋巴细胞归巢旺盛的类高内皮微静脉呈强表达,可能对归巢淋巴细胞穿越类高内皮微静脉有调节作用。     

Expression of inducible cell adhesion molecules in the normal human lung: immunohistochemical study of their distribution in pulmonary blood vessels

 The distribution of cell adhesion molecules in the normal human lung was investigated using antibodies to E-selectin, P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Lectin staining by Ulex europaeus type I agglutinin (UEA I) and immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand factor (vWF) was used to visualize a maximum of blood vessels per section. In the bronchial mucosa, staining for P-selectin was positive in ca 90%, and staining for E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 was positive in 40–70% of the vessels stained with UEA I. In the pulmonary circulation (vasa publica) ca 90% of non-capillary vessels stained by anti-vWF expressed P-selectin, 54% VCAM-1, 41% E-selectin, and only ca 20% ICAM 1. The alveolar capillaries were stained consistently by UEA I, but not by the panel of antibodies tested. The alveolar epithelium and, inconstantly, basal cells of the bronchial epithelium were positive for ICAM-1. The distribution pattern of inducible adhesion molecules in normal human lung tissue suggests that a permanent low-grade endothelial activation may exist in particular in the mucosa of the airways, which could be due to the normal antigen exposure via inhaled air. Accepted: 28 April 1998     

Immunolocalization of cysteine proteinases (cathepsins) and cysteine proteinase inhibitors (salarin and salmon kininogen) in Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar

Tissue localization of cysteine proteinases (cathepsins) and their inhibitors (salarin, salmon kininogen) was performed in tissues of the Atlantic salmon. In skin, both epidermis and dermis were strongly stained by antisera against salarin and salmon kininogen. In epidermis the intercellular space seemed to be heavily stained (salarin). In kidney, the inhibitors were mainly localized to the interstitial capillaries. Also, some epithelial cells of the tubules (salarin) and some cells of the interstitium were stained. Mostly, the staining had a diffuse cytoplasmic localization. In the liver some hepatocytes were strongly positive for salarin and salmon kininogen. Purified fish cysteine proteinase inhibitors were not found to inhibit the growth of fish pathogenic bacteria and viruses. In the trunk kidney cathepsins B and L were localized in epithelial cells of the tubules (proximal part) and in cells of the interstitium. Mostly, the staining showed a prominent lysosomal localization. In head kidney large macrophage-like cells were positively stained for cathepsin B. The staining was localized to granula/vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In the liver, some hepatocytes were strongly stained and some were less strongly positive for cathepsin B and L. Mostly, the hepatocytes showed lysosomal staining. Cathepsin L was found in some big macrophage-like cells in the spleen. Mucosal epithelial cells of the esophagus and intestine seemed to be strongly stained for cathepsin B and L. The results show that cathepsins and their inhibitors are specifically and widely distributed in the Atlantic salmon skin indicating that they perform some biologically important and specific but so far unknown functions.     

组织透明化三维显示全包埋耳皮肤神经血管网（英文）

目的 结合组织学染色技术和组织透明化策略研究耳部皮肤中神经纤维和血管的空间对应关系。方法 将耳廓前面和后面的皮肤从其中间软骨仔细剥离，然后直接分别用蛋白基因产物9.5 (PGP 9.5)和鬼笔环肽对耳部皮肤的神经纤维和血管进行免疫荧光染色并进行组织透明化处理。随后，以全包埋方式将耳皮肤组织裱贴在载玻片上用于荧光显微镜和共聚焦显微镜观察。结果 本研究显示PGP 9.5阳性神经纤维伴随鬼笔环肽标记的血管一道从耳廓的基部走行到其外围区域形成耳廓的神经血管网。在传统的免疫荧光染色技术基础上，后续的组织透明化技术可以更好地展示耳部皮肤中神经纤维和血管的形态学细节。结论 从方法学的角度来看，组织透明化技术增进了耳部皮肤中免疫荧光标记的可视性，它可能成为有效的技术手段用于解析正常和病理状态下耳部神经血管网的空间结构。     

Immunomorphological localization of adenosine deaminase in rat tissues during ontogeny

Summary Immunomorphological methods were used to localize adenosine deaminase in tissues of the rat at different stages of ontogeny. In the thymus, lymphocytes began to express significant amounts of the enzyme with the appearance of demarcation between the cortex and medulla at 17 days of gestation. At any stage of ontogeny studied, strong adenosine deaminase staining was seen predominantly in cortical thymocytes. In the spleen and lymph node, the enzyme was initially detected in T cell areas, whereas primary follicles did not show positive adenosine deaminase staining. During further development, the enzyme was demonstrated in some lymphocytes of germinal centres and plasma cells. In the duodenum, epithelial cells of villi and the neck of crypts showed positive adenosine deaminase staining whereas no staining for the enzyme was observed in the epithelial cells of the base of crypts. Strongly positive staining for adenosine deaminase appeared in plasma cells of the lamina propria by four weeks after birth. The transient positive reaction for the deaminase could be recognized in epithelial cells of tubules of the kidney during late foetal and early postnatal development. The tubules of adult rats did not stain for the enzyme. In the cartilage of 15-day foetuses, positive adenosine deaminase staining was seen only in perichondrial cells and hypertrophic cells. Kuppfer cells in the liver and endothelial cells of blood vessels stained positively for the enzyme at every stage of ontogeny studied.