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Carmina Reig Carlos Mesejo Amparo Martínez-Fuentes Domingo J. Iglesias Manuel Agustí 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2013,32(2):281-290
Photosynthate translocation to the root in loquat trees decreases as fruit develops. Thus, during the most active period of fruit development, that is, from 50 % of its final size to the beginning of fruit color change, which correspond to BBCH growth scale stages 705 and 801, both translocating and reducing carbohydrate concentrations diminish greatly. Concomitantly, the results from our experiment show an increased abscisic acid (ABA) concentration and a decrease in the respiration rate detected by an accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate, which paralleled a reduced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentration in roots. As a consequence, root development was strongly and significantly reduced. Because loquat fruit develops in winter and nonshoot growth takes place at this time, our results show that root development in loquat trees is controlled by the fruit, mediated by competition for carbohydrates and modulated by hormones. The experiment was conducted using field-grown loquat during two consecutive years and by comparing fruiting and defruited trees. Fruits were detached from the trees in the early fruit developmental stage (10 % of final size, 701 BBCH growth scale), and carbohydrate concentrations in leaves, shoot bark, and roots, as well as nitrogen fractions (N–NO3 ?, N–NH4 +, and N–proteinaceous) and hormone (IAA, zeatin, and ABA) concentrations in roots, were analyzed throughout the period of fruit development. Root development was evaluated by counting the emerging lateral root primordia during the fruit developmental stages BBCH growth scale 701–809 (fruit color fully developed). 相似文献
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银杏芽中内源激素与大小年结实的关系 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为探讨银杏大、小年结实现象的生理原因,于2004~2005年,用ELISA(间接酶联免疫法)对银杏大年树和小年树果芽和叶芽内的IAA,GA,ZR和ABA含量进行了对比测定。结果表明:大年树IAA、ZR和ABA含量在果芽和叶芽之间的比值均高于小年树,GA含量在果芽和叶芽之间的比值则低于小年树,有利果芽分化生长,形成大年;果芽中较高水平的ZR、IAA和ABA与较低水平的GA,以及萌芽前期较高的IAA/GA,ZR/GA和ABA/GA等比值,有利果芽分化,形成大年;叶芽中较高的ZR、IAA和较低的ABA有利于形成大年生长,尤其是ZR含量在萌芽前期或中期升高与形成大年生长关系密切。 相似文献
4.
宁夏枸杞果实内源激素的变化及其与细胞壁成分和相关酶的关系 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用高效液相色谱技术, 研究了不同发育时期宁杞1号和宁杞5号枸杞(Lycium barbarum)果皮和种子内源激素(玉米素(ZT)、赤霉素(GA3)、生长素(IAA)和脱落酶(ABA))含量与果实生长发育的关系。结果表明, 宁杞5号果实横纵径和单粒重均大于宁杞1号, 果实发育前期, 尤其是缓慢生长期, 是宁杞5号果实大小和重量积累的关键时期。宁杞1号种子中的生长素含量与果实横径和果实单粒重均呈极显著正相关, 与果实纵径呈显著正相关。宁杞5号果皮中玉米素含量与果实横径和单粒重均呈显著正相关, 种子中生长素含量与果实横径和单粒重均呈显著正相关。玉米素促进细胞的分裂, 而细胞数目比细胞体积对决定果实大小的作用更大; 在缓慢生长期(开花后8–25天), 宁杞5号果皮和种子中的脱落酸含量均显著小于宁杞1号。以上两点可能是宁杞5号的横纵径和单粒重均大于宁杞1号的主要原因。宁杞1号果皮中的GA3与半纤维素酶(Cx)活性的变化相反, 说明宁杞1号果实发育前期和中期果皮中高含量的GA3对细胞壁中Cx活性有一定的抑制作用, 从而表现出果实膨大。宁杞5号果皮中的IAA与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和果胶酯酶(PE), ZT与PE, ABA与Cx, 种子中的ZT与PE的变化均相反, 说明宁杞5号果实发育前期和中期果皮中高含量的IAA、ZT、ABA及种子中的ZT可促进果实的膨大。推测这可能是宁杞5号果实单粒重大于宁杞1号的主要原因之一。宁杞5号果皮中的ZT和种子中的IAA可以增强Cx的活性; 宁杞1号果皮中的ABA可以增强PE的活性, 进而促进果实的成熟。 相似文献
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Nai plum (Prunus salicina) is an important fruit crop in China having good taste and flavour. Cavity formation occurring during fruit development affects fruit quality. However, the molecular mechanism underlying cavity formation is unclear. To obtain differential expression profiles of cavity fruit (CF) and non-cavity fruit (nCF) in P. salicina, we sequenced the fruits at different time intervals of 7 days after anthesis (DAA), 21 and 28 DAA, respectively, and 83,869 unigenes, 3811 differentially expressed genes, 22,971 simple sequence repeats and over 14,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms were obtained. Twenty-three differentially expressed genes were selected for verification by qRT-PCR. The contents of phytohormones during fruit development showed that there was a positive relevance between phytohormone contents (IAA, ZR and GA), fruit size and ABA contents in the fruits, whereas there was a negative correlation with ZR, GA and IAA. Lower GA content in fruit before 14 DAA and higher IAA and ZR levels during later developmental stages resulted in cavity appearance. Further studies showed that differential expression of phytohormone-related genes IPT, CKX, YUCCA, GA20ox, GID1, CCS1 was determined at key fruit development stages, which is consistent with content changes of IAA, GA, ABA and ZR. Our results suggest that ABA might inhibit the synthesis of IAA, ZR and GA and cause fruit cavity formation in Nai plum. 相似文献
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L. I. Musatenko V. A. Berestetsky N. P. Vedenicheva V. N. Generalova G. I. Martyn K. M. Sytnik 《Biologia Plantarum》1995,37(4):553-559
Endogenous phytohormone levels and cell structure ofAcer saccharinum embryos were studied during seed development. Mature seeds had high water content (50%) and were able to germinate immediately after fruit abscission. The submicroscopic cell structure was similar to the structure of functionally active cells. Free and conjugated indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin riboside and dihydrozeatin content and gibberellin-like substances (GLS) activity were determined during embryo maturation. Decrease in ABA, free IAA and cytokinin levels was observed at the end of maturation. Mature seeds contained considerable amounts of conjugated IAA and had high GLS activity. 相似文献
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Ethylene, indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin-like substances (GAs) and abscisic acid (ABA) were analysed in extracts from normal, seed-containing and parthenocarpic tomato fruits throughout fruit development. Parthenocarpic fruit growth was induced with an auxin (4-CPA), morphactin (CME) or gibberellic acid (GA3) and compared with that of pollinated control fruits. Fruit growth was only affected by the treatment with GA3, decreasing size and fresh weight by 60%. The peak sequence of hormones during fruit development was ethylene-GAs-IAA-ABA. Seeded fruits contained the highest levels of IAA and ABA but the lowest levels of GAs. Also, in seeded fruits, a high proportion of IAA and ABA was found in the seeds whereas this was not the case for GAs.Hormone levels of tomato fruits may be successfully, easily and reproducibly altered by inducing parthenocarpic fruit growth and thus eliminating development of seeds which are a major source of hormone synthesis. In spite of markedly changed hormone levels, there was no obvious relationship between fruit growth and extractable hormones per se. However, the results indicate that a high ratio of GAs: auxins is unfavourable for growth of tomato fruits. 相似文献
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Giuliana Gambetta Amparo Martínez-Fuentes Oscar Bentancur Carlos Mesejo Carmina Reig Alfredo Gravina Manuel Agustí 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2012,31(3):273-282
The objective of this research was to determine the changes in the levels of endogenous gibberellins GA1 and GA4, abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene during fruit coloring of on-tree fruits of sweet orange. The time course of carbohydrates and nitrogen content in the flavedo prior to fruit color break and during peel ripening were also studied. To identify nutritional and hormonal changes in the fruit, 45?days before fruit color break the peduncles of 15?C30 fruits per tree of ??Washington?? navel, ??Navelate,?? and ??Valencia Delta Seedless?? sweet orange, located in single-fruited shoots, were girdled to intercept phloem transport. A set of 15?C30 fruits per tree remained intact on the peduncle for control. Girdling significantly delayed fruit coloration for more than 2?months; the delay paralleled higher GA1 and GA4 concentrations in the flavedo and retarded the rise of ABA concentration prior to color break. Girdling also reduced carbohydrate concentrations and increased N concentrations in the flavedo compared to control fruits; no ethylene production was detected. Therefore, in sweet orange, fruit changes color by reducing active gibberellin concentrations in the flavedo, which are involved in regulating sugars and ABA accumulation and in reducing N fraction concentration as rind color develops. This was demonstrated in vivo without removing the fruit from the tree. Comparable results were obtained with experiments carried out over four consecutive years in two countries (Spain and Uruguay). 相似文献
9.
Metabolism of indole-3-acetic acid by orange (Citrus sinensis) flavedo tissue during fruit development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
[5-3H, 1'-14C, 13C6, 12C] Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), was applied to the flavedo (epicarp) of intact orange fruits at different stages of development. After incubation in the dark, at 25 degrees C, the tissue was extracted with MeOH and the partially purified extracts were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC-RC. Six major metabolite peaks were detected and subsequently analyzed by combined HPLC-frit-FAB MS. The metabolite peak 6 contained oxindole-3-acetic acid (OxIAA), indole-3-acetyl-N-aspartic acid (IAAsp) and also indole-3-acetyl-N-glutamic acid (IAGlu). The nature of metabolite 5 remains unknown. Metabolites 3 and 4 were diastereomers of oxindole-3-acetyl-N-aspartic acid (OxIAAsp). Metabolite 2 was identified as dioxindole-3-acetic acid and metabolite 1 as a DiOx-IAA linked in position three to a hexose, which is suggested to be 3-(-O-beta-glucosyl) dioxindole-3-acetic acid (DiOxIAGlc). Identification work as well as feeding experiments with the [5-3H]IAA labeled metabolites suggest that IAA is metabolized in flavedo tissue mainly through two pathways, namely IAA-OxIAA-DiOxIAA-DiOxIAGlc and IAA-IAAsp-OxIAAsp. The flavedo of citrus fruit has a high capacity for IAA catabolism until the beginning of fruit senescence, with the major route having DiOxIAGlc as end product. This capacity is operative even at high IAA concentrations and is accelerated by pretreatment with the synthetic auxins 2,4-D, NAA and the gibberellin GA3. 相似文献
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Carmina Reig Nicola Grillone Carlos Mesejo Amparo Martínez-Fuentes Manuel Agustí 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2016,35(4):1108-1117
In Rosaceae fruit tree species, fruit and roots grow opposite because of carbohydrate competition, and root activity is thus reduced by fruit growth. In agreement with this, for some of these species soil temperature has been suggested as a factor regulating fruit ripening, but the mechanism with which it works remains unknown. In this study, we reduced loquat root activity by lowering soil temperature, expecting faster fruit growth and advanced fruit ripening. Eight 4-year-old ‘Algerie’ loquat trees, budded onto seedling rootstock, and grown outdoors in 39-l plastic containers filled with sandy-loamy soil were used. The roots of four trees were cooled by placing the containers in a cooling compartment (9.5 °C), whereas those of the other four trees were maintained at air temperature (16.5 °C). We measured lateral root primordia emergence, fruit diameter and fruit color development, carbohydrates and nitrogen partitioning, as well as GA, CK, IAA, ABA, and JA content. Lowering soil temperature increased carbohydrate translocation to the fruit and reduced root N uptake and translocation to both the canopy and the fruit. Changes in plant hormones were also caused by reduced soil temperature, and fruit color advanced. Loquat fruit ripened 8–10 days earlier when soil temperature was reduced to 9.5 °C. 相似文献
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The phenological stages in seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. Subsp. sinensis Rousi and H. thibetana Schlechted) distributed naturally over an area of Wushao ridge were observed. The changes in levels of endogenous phytohormones GA3, iPA, zeatin, IAA and ABA were investigated systematically during development and ripening periods in the two sorts of fruits. The results showed that two peak values of GA3 level in seeds were detected (in 105—109 days and 128--132 days after anthesis). The first peak value of isopentenyl adenine (IPA) in seeds was determined in 92--96 days when the fruit was starting to change its colour and just right now the zeatin first appeared. The iPA content reached the second peak value in 127-136 days after anthesis during fruit full ripening and beginning to deciduous leaf and the maximum of zeatin in seeds appeared near the same time (in 127 days after anthesis). It was remarkable that the zeatin content in fruit stalk and flesh still was kept on high level, in the meantime the zeatin level in seeds dropped down rapidly. Based on the facts that the time of the first peak value in GA3 and iPA level is close to the date when ABA is first detected, and the date of second peak value in GA3, iPA and IAA is coincident with the time of maximum in ABA and zeatin levels make it reasonable to consider that the balance of phytohormones may be more important than absolute amounts of any single hormone during the periods of fruit development and ripening, and meanwhile it also proved that GA3 and CTK play an important regulatory role in controlling fruit ripening and colour changing process of seabuckthorn fruit. 相似文献
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大核和焦核"桂味"荔枝果实发育及其发育期间果皮中内源激素含量的变化比较 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
同一株大核和焦核"桂味"荔枝的果实生长型均呈"单S型",其果实大小差异主要由种子大小不同引起.果实发育期间,两者果皮中内源激素变化的规律大体上一致,大核果皮中GA3、IAA含量和(IAA ZRs GA3)/ABA比值均高于焦核果皮,但ZRs含量和ZRs/ABA比值则比其低,ABA含量的差异无规律可循. 相似文献
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The contents of ABA, IAA, and cytokinins (zeatin + zeatin riboside) were determined in the cortex and pith of medium-sized (25 g) and large (120 g) tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Malakhit) at the end of the flowering phase (48 days after sprouting) and related to plant growth (cell division and enlargement) and starch biosynthesis and deposition. The patterns of phytohormone distribution were different in the cortex and pith. In the latter, with most cells at the enlargement phase, the IAA content increased, as well as the ratios IAA/ABA and IAA/cytokinins. In the cortex dominated by the dividing cells, the ABA content declined, and the ratio cytokinins/ABA exceeded that in the pith. The enhancement of starch synthesis and accumulation in the pith and the retardation of these processes in the cortex followed the changes in the ABA content providing indirect support to the previously made observation that the exogenous ABA promoted starch biosynthesis. The data obtained are discussed in the context of the hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism and starch deposition in growing tubers. 相似文献
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太白红杉(Larix chinensis)是太白山的高山林线树种。通过在人工气候室内的试验,研究了太白红杉种子在6种不同的光照与温度组合处理条件下的萌发特性。结果表明:在恒温和变温两种条件下,交替光照对于种子吸胀后的脱落酸(ABA)和赤霉素 (GA)有刺激作用。在恒温条件下,持续光照对于种子吸胀后的生长素 (IAA)有刺激作用,而变温条件下交替光照对生长素有刺激作用。细胞分裂素(CTK)的变化情况与IAA相反。光照条件相同时,恒温条件下的植物激素含量要高于变温条件下的含量,说明恒温对于各种激素有刺激作用。在25 ℃环境下种子的萌发率高于在12 ℃环境下的萌发率,说明温度对于种子的萌发有重要作用。太白红杉种子的萌发受交替光照(12 h光照/12 h黑暗)的刺激;恒温(25 ℃)条件下的种子萌发率高于变温(12 ℃/25 ℃)条件下的种子萌发率。实验结果反映了内源激素在太白红杉种子萌发过程中起着重要作用。 相似文献
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内源吲哚乙酸、脱落酸和赤霉酸与棉铃发育及脱落的关系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
气相色谱分析的结果表明,开花后5~6天,不受精即将脱落棉铃里IAA和ABA的含量显著高于对照;GA_3处理的铃中IAA和ABA的含量则明显低于对照。IAA和GA_3含量在开花后第10天达到高峰,以后迅速下降,至第30天。又出现第二峰胚珠和纤维里尤为明显。ABA含量在开花后第15天达得高峰,以后下降,到第30天,又逐渐上升。棉纤维伸长及干重增加的最快速率与这三种激素的含量高峰密切相关。 相似文献
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沙棘果实发育过程中内源激素水平的动态变化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)是荒漠化防治和水土保持的重要经济树种, 其果实中含有丰富的生物活性成分。内源激素生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA4)、脱落酸(ABA)和茉莉酸(JA)在沙棘果实发育过程中起着重要的调控作用, 但不同发育期内源激素的动态变化及其对果实生长发育的影响仍不清楚。以亲缘关系近且含油量差异明显的2个沙棘品系不同发育期果实为材料, 利用液相色谱串联质谱法检测了4种内源激素含量的动态变化。结果表明, 在果实发育过程中, 80%–85%的含水量有利于内源激素浓度的相对稳定; 果实含油量在不同发育期增速基本一致, 2个品系含油量在中后期开始出现明显差异。IAA和JA含量在果实成熟过程中呈先高后低的趋势; ABA含量在果实发育中后期始终处于较高水平; 而GA4含量一直处于较低水平。高ABA/GA4有利于果实油脂的合成与积累。研究结果为揭示不同内源激素对沙棘果实发育的调节作用提供了理论依据。 相似文献
17.
Indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin-like substances (GAs), and abscisic acid (ABA) were measured throughout the first 35 days of fruit development in agar diffusates from seeded and parthenocarpic tomato fruits. Parthenocarpic fruit growth was induced with either an auxin (4-CPA), morphactin (CME) or gibberellic acid (GA3). IAA and GAs were at their highest levels in diffusates during the early stages of fruit growth, whereas diffusible ABA increased later. Most IAA was found in diffusates from auxin-induced and seeded fruits, whereas GAs were at their lowest levels in seeded fruits. There were only minor differences in ABA concentrations regardlesss of the treatments.Levels of diffusible hormones of tomato fruits may be easily manipulated by inducing parthenocarpic fruit growth. In spite of no obvious relationship between fruit growth and hormone levels in this study, induced parthenocarpy is considered a useful tool to further elucidate the role of hormones in fruit development and sink-source interactions. 相似文献
18.
Concentrations of Abscisic Acid and Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Soybean Seeds during Development 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
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Concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in seed parts were determined during reproductive development of soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv `Chippewa 64'). The concentration of ABA and IAA changed independently in individual seed parts with time. Measurement of the level of ABA and IAA in whole seeds masked the changes which occurred in individual seed tissues. The concentration of ABA was generally highest and that of IAA was generally lowest in the embryonic axis of soybean seeds. In the testa, the IAA concentration was generally highest while the ABA concentration was generally the lowest compared to other parts of the seed. 相似文献
19.
ABSTRACT Peach fruits were collected in the period between anthesis and harvest. The relationship between histological structure, free abscisic acid (ABA) and carbohydrate content was investigated in control seeds (class A) and in the seeds of fruit that were affected by fruit-drop and that were not yet abscised from the plant (class B). The results of the histological analysis showed that seeds from class A generally showed a normal embryogenesis, whereas we did not detect any embryo and endosperm in seeds of class B because they were undergoing degeneration. The ABA level reached a positive peak during the first 75 days after anthesis in seeds of class A, whereas the seeds of class B showed a negative peak in the same period. Carbohydrate content followed a similar trend to that of ABA. Results are discussed in relation to the development of the fruits. 相似文献
20.
Rodrigo MJ Marcos JF Alférez F Mallent MD Zacarías L 《Journal of experimental botany》2003,54(383):727-738
The characterization of a novel mutant, named Pinalate, derived from the orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) Navelate, which produces distinctive yellow fruits instead of the typical bright orange colouration, is reported. The carotenoid content and composition, and ABA content in leaf and flavedo tissue (coloured part of the skin) of fruits at different developmental and maturation stages were analysed. No important differences in leaf carotenoid pattern of both phenotypes were found. However, an unusual accumulation of linear carotenes (phytoene, phytofluene and zeta- carotene) was detected in the flavedo of Pinalate. As fruit maturation progressed, the flavedo of mutant fruit accumulated high amounts of these carotenes and the proportion of cyclic and oxygenated carotenoids was substantially lower than in the parental line. Full-coloured fruit of Pinalate contained about 44% phytoene, 21% phytofluene, 25% zeta-carotene, and 10% of xanthophylls, whereas, in Navelate, 98% of total carotenoids were xanthophylls and apocarotenoids. The ABA content in the flavedo of Pinalate mature fruit was 3-6 times lower than in the corresponding tissue of Navelate, while no differences were found in leaves. Other maturation processes were not affected in Pinalate fruit. Taken together, the results indicate that Pinalate is a fruit-specific alteration defective in zeta-carotene desaturase or in zeta-carotene desaturase-associated factors. Possible mechanisms responsible for the Pinalate phenotype are discussed. Because of the abnormal fruit-specific carotenoid complement and ABA deficiency, Pinalate may constitute an excellent system for the study of carotenogenesis in Citrus and the involvement of ABA in fruit maturation and stress responses. 相似文献