果袋类型对‘紫金红霞’葡萄果实品质及花色苷合成相关基因表达的影响

以‘紫金红霞’葡萄为试验材料,在果实转色前分别进行5种不同类型果袋(白色纸袋、无纺布 白纸双层袋、绿色纸袋、蓝色纸袋、棕色纸袋)套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,测定不同发育时期葡萄果实的单果重、果粒纵横径、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸,及总花色苷含量等生理指标,并利用qRT PCR技术分析不同发育时期花色苷合成相关基因的表达水平,探索不同类型果袋对‘紫金红霞’葡萄果实品质、花色苷含量及花色苷合成相关基因表达的影响。结果表明：(1)白色、蓝色和棕色果袋不利于成熟果实中可溶性固形物含量的升高,蓝色和棕色果袋不利于成熟果实中可滴定酸含量的降低。(2)套袋处理会使果实色泽指数显著降低,除无纺布 白纸双层袋未显著降低成熟期果皮中花色苷含量外,其他套袋处理均显著降低了果皮中总花色苷含量。(3)套袋处理对6个花色苷合成相关基因的表达主要表现为抑制作用,但无纺布 白纸双层袋对成熟期F3′H和UFGT基因的表达、白色纸袋对成熟期MYBA1、DFR和LDOX基因的表达则具有促进作用。研究发现,无纺布 白纸双层袋对成熟期果实的内在品质和果皮着色影响最小,可用于‘紫金红霞’果实套袋,其次为白色和绿色纸袋;蓝色和棕色纸袋可使葡萄果实的品质大幅降低,故不可用于实际生产中葡萄果实的套袋。     

套袋对越冬番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

以‘L402’番茄为试材,研究了不同材质果袋内微环境变化规律及其对果实膨大与品质的影响.结果表明：套袋可改变番茄果实发育的微环境,促进果实发育,使果实提早成熟,增加单果质量.硫酸纸袋内光照、湿度介于塑料袋与无纺布袋之间,除上午温度低于塑料袋外,下午及夜间的温度均较高,其收获时单果质量较对照增加了15.34%.但套袋果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C含量和糖酸比值均低于对照,说明套袋影响了果实营养品质,降低了果实风味.由于套袋阻隔了果实与农药的直接接触,除无纺布袋内果实毒死蜱含量高于对照外,硫酸纸袋及塑料袋处理的番茄果实毒死蜱残留量及高效氯氰菊酯残留量均显著低于对照.     

欧李果实发育期糖和酸组分及其含量的动态变化特性

以农大3号、农大4号、农大5号3个欧李品种为材料,测定果实发育过程中各组分糖、酸及总糖、总酸的含量,以明确欧李果实糖酸积累的动态变化特性.结果显示:(1)3个欧李品种果实成熟期糖含量、酸含量及糖酸比存在明显差异,其中农大3号品种的总糖含量最高,总酸含量最低,糖酸比值最高.(2)成熟期3品种各糖组分中均以果糖含量较高,葡萄糖和蔗糖含量较低,山梨醇含量微量;酸组分中均以苹果酸为主,柠檬酸少量.(3)3个品种果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇含量在整个果实发育期均呈持续增加态势,并以果糖积累为主;农大3号果糖含量在8周后增幅明显高于另2个品种,且一直保持到果实成熟;3个品种蔗糖含量的变化趋势相近,在前期和中期增加缓慢,接近成熟的2～3周则迅速增加并占整个发育期积累量的70%以上.(4)3个品种酸含量的变化趋势较为相似,苹果酸和柠檬酸在果实发育的前期和中期含量均较低,在果实发育后期迅速增加,但接近果实成熟时又大幅下降.研究表明,果糖与苹果酸的含量及其动态变化是影响欧李果实糖酸比、决定果实风味的主要因素.     

光照对柑橘果皮类胡萝卜素和色泽形成的影响

以“红柿柑”为试材,在柑橘果实膨大末期通过套袋遮光处理以抑制果皮光合作用,研究光照对果皮糖、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素及果实外观色泽的影响。结果表明,遮光后果皮叶绿素含量迅速下降引起果实转色提早,但各种类胡萝卜素含量及总量并未提高,而是显著下降;至果实成熟时由于遮光与光照处理的果皮叶绿素均消失,遮光果实类胡萝卜素含量低颜色变淡,与光照处理相比,遮光前期果皮糖含量下降不大,而后期下降明显;若在后期去袋照光,果皮糖含量上升,与此相应,类胡萝卜素,尤其是β-隐黄质的积累增加,颜色加深,表明光对果皮类胡萝卜素合成尤其是β-隐黄质的积累有促进作用,其原因是光以环境信号的方式影响果皮的类胡萝卜素形成。     

苹果新品种‘瑞阳’果实主要特性研究

该研究以红色晚熟苹果新品种‘瑞阳’及其母本‘秦冠’、父本‘富士’为试验材料,分析各品种果实发育过程中的生长动态、色泽变化以及采收期对其果实品质的影响,为品种栽培管理和推广应用提供参考。结果表明:(1)在果实生长发育期,‘瑞阳’单果质量的变化与双亲接近,单果质量的日增长高峰出现在花后105d,果实发育前期纵径增长较大,果形指数大,在发育后期果形指数降低,至成熟时果形指数达到0.86,介于父母本‘秦冠’和‘富士’之间。(2)套袋处理使果实着色期的色泽参数a*值和花青苷含量上升,但品种间存在差异,套袋处理对‘瑞阳’的色泽参数a*值和花青苷含量影响不大。(3)随果实采后天数的延长,各采收期‘瑞阳’果实淀粉指数逐渐上升,硬度和可滴定酸逐渐下降,而可溶性固形物含量先上升后下降;‘瑞阳’果实在花后174d采收时,果实的硬度和可滴定酸下降均较少,且果实可溶性固形物含量保持在较高水平,能较好地维持该品种的果实品质。研究发现,‘瑞阳’苹果果实膨大期出现在花后105d前后,果实套袋对其表面色泽和花青苷含量影响不大,在陕西渭北以花后174d前后采收为宜。     

不同颜色果袋对‘云红梨2号’果皮色泽形成的影响

研究了不同颜色果袋对‘云红梨2号’果实着色的影响,比较了不同套袋处理下果皮外观着色、叶绿素、类黄酮、总酚、花色素苷含量以及花色素苷合成相关酶活性的差异.结果表明: 发育期的黑暗处理有利于解袋后梨果皮着色;不同套袋处理中,采前解袋自然光照射下梨果皮中花色素苷含量最高,着色最好,白色纸袋次之.不同套袋处理显著影响果皮中叶绿素、类黄酮、总酚和花色素苷含量,从而影响梨果皮的外观色泽.不同套袋处理的花色素苷合成酶活性差异显著;相关性分析表明,果皮中花色素苷含量与二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶(DFR)和类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(UFGT)活性呈显著正相关,而与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性相关性不显著.     

对‘长富2号’苹果授粉后11个海棠品种花粉直感效应的综合评价

以11个海棠（Malus spp.）品种的花粉为材料、‘新红星’苹果（Malus pumila‘Starkrimson’）花粉为对照,对‘长富2号’苹果（M.pumila‘Changfu 2’）进行人工授粉并测定其坐果率及14个果实品质指标;在此基础上,采用因子分析法确定影响苹果授粉后花粉直感效应评价的主要因子,并对供试海棠品种的花粉直感效应进行综合评价和排序。结果表明：除海棠品种‘雪倩’（‘Xueqian’）外,用其他海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率均显著提高,其中用品种‘红波’（‘Hongbo’）授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率最高（达86.18%）;经11个海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率以及果实的果形指数、单果质量和可滴定酸含量均高于对照（用‘新红星’苹果授粉）;经大部分海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果果实的果棱数、果梗存留率、梗洼深度、梗洼开裂率、VC含量和花青苷含量也均高于对照,但果实的着色面积百分率、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比则低于对照。因子分析结果表明：前7个公因子的特征值均大于1,累计方差贡献率达88.187%,按照在授粉性能质量评价中的作用从大到小依次排序为果实甜度因子（包括可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量）、果实酸度因子（包括可滴定酸含量和糖酸比）、果个与果形因子（包括单果质量、梗洼深度和果形指数）、果梗因子（包括梗洼开裂率和果梗存留率）、果肉硬度因子、保健与外形因子（包括花青苷含量、VC含量、果棱数和着色面积百分率）及坐果率因子。综合评价结果表明：在供试的11个海棠品种中,仅品种‘红艳’（‘Hongyan’）、‘红亮’（‘Hongliang’）和‘红纱’（‘Hongsha’）的花粉直感效应综合得分高于‘新红星’苹果,表明这3个海棠品种的花粉直感效应优良,可作为‘长富2     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

采前套袋微环境变化对桃果实品质的影响

为明确套袋微环境变化对桃果实品质的影响机制,筛选适合晚熟桃套袋的无纺布果袋,以晚熟桃品种‘夕空’为材料,以不套袋为对照,研究了采前白、黑、蓝、紫色无纺布袋内微环境(温度和湿度)的日变化特征及其对果实品质的影响。结果表明:温度与湿度日变化曲线呈相反的趋势。白天不同处理的温度变化呈先升高后降低的趋势,峰值出现在中午12:00之后;湿度变化则呈"V"型。套袋微环境中的平均温度和湿度均较对照升高。采前不同处理袋内微环境变化存在差异,对桃果实品质形成的影响各异。套袋果实的亮度值(L)均较对照显著提高,而果皮中花色素苷(Ant)含量显著降低,可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、带皮果实硬度和去皮果实硬度均与对照差异不显著。套黑色无纺布袋并在采前拆袋的果实红色饱和度(a)、色饱和度(C)、a/b比值(b为黄色饱和度)和果皮中Ant含量较对照显著降低,采前拆袋并未显著改善‘夕空’桃的外观品质。紫色无纺布套袋处理的果实a值和a/b比值、果皮中Ant含量、果肉中总糖含量及糖酸比都较低。白色与蓝色无纺布套袋处理的果实相比较,单果重、果皮中Ant含量、C值、果肉中总糖含量及糖酸比差异不显著,但具有较高的a值和a/b比值。研究结果表明,在长江中下游地区,白色无纺布果袋对晚熟桃套袋较为适合。     

The Dreams of Blind Men and Women: A Replication and Extension of Previous Findings

Drawing on a sample of 372 dreams from 15 blind adults, we present two separate analyses that replicate and extend findings from previous studies. The first analysis employed DreamSearch, a software program designed for use with dream narratives, to examine the appearance of the five sensory modalities. It revealed that those blind since birth or very early childhood had (1) no visual imagery and (2) a very high percentage of gustatory, olfactory, and tactual sensory references. The second analysis found that both male and female participants differed from their sighted counterparts in the same ways on several Hall and Van de Castle (1966) coding categories, including a high percentage of locomotion/transportation dreams that contained at least one dreamer-involved misfortune. The findings on sensory references and dreamer-involved misfortunes in locomotion/transportation dreams are interpreted as evidence for the continuity between dream content and waking cognition.     

河南省花生地方资源蛋白质和脂肪含量分析及其育种利用策略

对233份河南省地方花生资源进行了蛋白质含量、含油量、油酸和亚油酸含量的全面测定,并与省外和国外资源的相关性状进行了比较分析。在河南地方品种资源中,蛋白质含量中等,平均含油量和油酸含量相对较高,但缺乏蛋白质含量超过30%或含油量超过56%、油酸含量超过70%的突出材料。河南省目前高油品种选育有明显进展,育成了一批高油花生品种,但育成品种蛋白质含量普遍偏低。提出了充分利用现有地方品种资源,积极采用远缘杂交、诱变、分子标记辅助选择技术及现代基因工程技术创制优良种质,选育优质专用品种的育种策略。     

不同农业利用方式下土壤铜和锌的累积

通过对山东寿光表层农业土壤(0～20cm)铜和锌的调查研究,了解不同农业利用方式下土壤铜和锌含量的差异,揭示其空间分布规律及其累积特征.从研究区域采集来自设施菜地、露天菜地、小麦/玉米/棉花地和自然土壤等4类当地主要农业利用方式的土壤(n=127),样点覆盖寿光整个农业生产区域.结果表明,山东寿光农业土壤的铜含量均值为26.43mg · kg-1,极差69.11 mg · kg-1,锌含量均值为80.50mg · kg-1,极差210.8 mg · kg-1.不同农业利用方式的土壤铜锌含量从高至低的顺序均为:设施菜地>露天菜地>小麦/玉米/棉花地>自然土壤,不同农业土壤铜锌含量均出现了明显累积趋势,其中,以设施菜地的累积问题最为突出,其铜锌含量分别为33.91、124.2mg · kg-1,显著高于其它农业利用土壤类型, 但均未超过国家土壤环境质量II级标准;从研究区域铜锌含量的空间分布看,当地农业土壤铜锌含量均表现为北部、南部区域较低、中部地带较高的趋势;在集约化种植模式下,设施菜地铜锌含量随着设施年限的延长显著增加(p<0.05),其累积速率分别为1.49mg · kg-1 · a-1和2.59mg · kg-1 · a-1,这可能与铜锌含量相对较高的有机肥大量施用有关.     

Effect of PEG-6000 imposed drought stress on RNA content,relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll content in peanut leaves and roots

Drought, one of the environmental stresses, plays crucial role in reduction in plant production on majority of agricultural fields of world, In order to evaluate drought stress on RNA content Relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll content, Water deficit was induced by Polyethylene glycol (PEG) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea), accession number ICGV 91114. In this current study we evaluate RNA content and Relative water content (RWC) both in leaves and roots and chlorophyll content in leaf. The present study was undertaken with the aim to investigate the effect of water deficit imposed by PEG-6000, 40 old day seedlings were treated with varying concentrations of polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000; w/v-5%, 10%, 15% & 20%) for 24 h. The results showed that RNA content and Relative water content (RWC) content was significantly reduced in both leaves and roots with increased concentration of PEG, In leaves, a concentration dependent decline in chlorophyll content with increasing concentration of polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). Reduction in chlorophyll ‘a’ level was to a greater extent than the chlorophyll ‘b’. Thus, this attributes can be used as screening tool for drought tolerance in peanut.     

Base composition and nucleosome density in exonic and intronic regions in genes of the filamentous ascomycetes Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus oryzae

We sequenced nucleosomal DNA fragments of the filamentous ascomycetes Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus oryzae and then mapped those sequences on their genomes. We compared the GC content and nucleosome density in the exonic and intronic regions in the genes of A. nidulans and A. oryzae. Although the GC content and nucleosome density in the exonic regions tended to be higher than those in the intronic regions, the difference in the distribution of the GC content was more notable than that of the nucleosome density. Next, we compared the GC content and nucleosome density in the exonic regions of 9616 orthologous gene pairs. In both Aspergillus species, the GC content did not correlate with the nucleosome density. In addition, the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ = 0.51) between the GC content of the exonic regions of the 9616 orthologous gene pairs was higher than that (ρ = 0.31) of the nucleosome densities of A. nidulans and A. oryzae. These results strongly suggest that the GC content in the exons of the orthologous gene pairs has been conserved during evolution but the nucleosome density has varied throughout.     

The Most Recent Dreams of 12–13 Year-Old Boys and Girls: A Methodological Contribution to the Study of Dream Content in Teenagers

The present study shows that the Most Recent Dream Method developed for the efficient and economical collection of dream reports from adults can be extended to suburban Caucasian 12–13 year-old boys and girls. A content analysis of 162 Most Recent Dreams from girls and 110 Most Recent Dreams from boys using the Hall and Van de Castle (1996) coding system revealed the same general pattern of gender similarities and differences found in the dream content of young adults. A comparison of the present results with those from participants between the ages of 11–13 and with a similar social background in two longitudinal studies showed several similarities in dream content. The overall findings thus suggest that the Most Recent Dream Method may provide a reasonably representative sample of dream reports from teenagers if at least 100 to 125 Most Recent Dreams are collected for each age group, making cross-sectional developmental studies of teenagers' dreams feasible if the cooperation of a school system can be enlisted. Suggestions for other kinds of studies using Most Recent Dreams from teenagers are also discussed.     

油菜油分、蛋白质和硫苷含量相关性分析及QTL定位

为定位与油分、蛋白质和硫苷含量等品质性状相关的数量性状位点（QTL）,以2个含油量较高的甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus）品系8908B和R1为研究材料,配置正反交组合。在正反交F2代群体中,含油量和蛋白质含量都存在极显著的负相关,相关系数分别为-0．68和-0．81,含油量和硫苷含量相关性不显著：蛋白质含量和硫苷含量在正交群体中相关性不显著,但在反交群体中存在显著负相关（相关系数r=-0．45）。利用正交F2代群体中的118个单株,构建了包含121个标记的遗传连锁图谱,图谱长1298．7cM,有21个连锁群（LGs）。采用复合区间作图法,在连锁图上定位了2个与含油量有关的QTL,分别位于LG8和LG10,其贡献率分别为4．8％和13．7％,增效基因都来源于R1;定位了2个与蛋白质含量有关的QTL：pr01和pr02,分别位于LG1和LG3,其贡献率分别为15．2％和14．1％,位点pr07由8908B提供增效基因,pro2则由R1提供增效基因：定位了4个与硫苷含量有关的QTL,其中LG20上有2个,LG4和LG8上各1个,它们的贡献率在1．9％-25．4％之间,除LG20上glu7的增效基因来自R1外,其余3个QTL位点均由8908B提供增效基因。     

中国大豆(Glycine max)品种及种质资源主要品质状况分析

对2003年中国19个主要大豆种植省(直辖市、自治区)的大豆品种与种质资源的蛋白、脂肪含量和部分大豆品种水溶性蛋白含量进行了分析.结果表明,大豆种质资源的蛋白含量和蛋脂总量总体上与品种持平.品种脂肪含量总体上明显高于种质资源脂肪含量,说明当前中国种植的大豆中高脂肪的品种已经占有一定的比例. 北方、黄淮海、南方三大生态区大豆品种和种质资源蛋白含量呈现自北向南递增的趋势,而脂肪含量呈现递减趋势.生态、气象因子对大豆蛋白含量的影响大于对脂肪含量的影响.大豆水溶性蛋白含量总体上较高,基本适合豆制食品加工业的需要.     

The sugar and nitrogen content of the gums of Acacia species in the Mountain Ash and Alpine Ash forests of central Victoria and its potential implications for exudivorous arboreal marsupials

Abstract Chemical analysis of the total sugar and total nitrogen content of Acacia dealbata, Acacia obliquinervia and Acacia frigescens gum exudate was completed. These trees were located within stands of 53 year old Mountain Ash, Eucalyptus regnans and Alpine Ash, Eucalyptus delegatensis forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria, southeastern Australia. Values for sugar content ranged from 24 to 68% per sample. Gum samples that were collected in E. regnans forests had a significantly lower (P<0.05) sugar content than those from stands dominated by E. delegatensis. Statistical analyses using Scheffe's S-test indicated that there was a significant difference in the sugar content of gums between A. dealbata and A. frigescens but not between A. dealbata and A. obliquinervia or A. obliquinervia and A. frigescens. Values for the nitrogen content of Acacia gum varied from 0.2 to 0.7% per sample. Statistical analyses revealed that nitrogen content was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by a combination of three interacting factors: (i) Acacia species; (ii) tree diameter; and (iii) forest type. Therefore, the findings of this study indicate that the sugar and nitrogen content of Acacia gum may vary between forest types and tree species. The gum of Acacia species is an important source of food for several species of arboreal marsupials, and differences in sugar and nitrogen content could be a factor potentially influencing the distribution and abundance of these animals.