高温胁迫下2，4-表油菜素内酯对甜瓜幼苗生理及光合特性的影响

研究了高温胁迫下不同浓度2,4-表油菜素内酯（EBR）处理对甜瓜幼苗生长、叶片抗氧化酶活性和光合作用的影响。结果显示0．5～1．5mg·L-1 EBR处理能有效缓解甜瓜幼苗高温胁迫下受到的伤害,显著促进了幼苗生长,提高了叶片抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量、净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（G5）;降低了丙二醛（MDA）含量,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和蒸腾速率（Tr）。研究结果表明,EBR缓解甜瓜幼苗高温胁迫具有剂量效应,以1．0mg·L-1 EBR的效果较好,有利于甜瓜幼苗在高温胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的维持和对光能的捕获与转换,促进生长。     

油菜素内酯对盐渍下油菜幼苗生长的调控效应及其生理机制

为了探讨油菜素内酯对植物耐盐性的调控,以甘蓝型油菜"南盐油1号"为试验材料,研究了外源24-表油菜素内酯(24-EBL)对100、200 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下油菜幼苗干重(DW)、相对含水量(RWC)、渗透调节能力(OAA)、叶片气体交换参数、气孔限制值(Ls)等的调节效应,还测定了不同器官的Na+、K+、Cl-含量,并计算各器官的K+/Na+和SK,Na。结果表明:(1)在不同浓度的盐胁迫下,油菜幼苗DW显著下降,胁迫下外源喷施10-12、10-10、10-8、10-6mol/L 24-EBL作用下,油菜植株干重均不同程度的上升,且植株干重都在10-10mol/L 24-EBL(EBL2)处理下达到最大值,分别比100、200 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下增加29%和20%。与对照相比,非盐胁迫下外源喷施10-12、10-10、10-8、10-6mol/L 24-EBL,油菜幼苗植株干重与对照相比均无显著变化。(2)不同Na Cl浓度胁迫下,油菜叶片的RWC显著下降,外施EBL2可显著提高油菜叶片的RWC和OAA。(3)不同浓度Na Cl胁迫下,油菜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均不同程度下降,而Ls显著上升,而外喷EBL2可不同程度的提高Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr,降低Ls。(4)与对照相比,Na Cl胁迫下油菜幼苗叶片、叶柄和根的Na+和Cl-含量均显著上升,Na Cl浓度愈高,Na+和Cl-含量上升愈显著。而K+含量均下降,外源EBL2可显著降低幼苗各器官的Na+和Cl-含量,对幼苗叶片K+含量没有影响,但提高了叶柄和根中的K+含量。上述表明,合适浓度的24-EBL外喷可明显提高油菜的耐盐水平,且不同浓度Na Cl胁迫下,最适24-EBL浓度均为10-10mol/L。主要是因为外源喷施24-EBL能显著改善离子稳态和渗透调节能力,从而改善盐胁迫下油菜幼苗的光合作用、水分状况,提高其耐盐性。而24-EBL对盐处理下油菜植株气孔限制的显著改善是其促进其光合、水分利用的重要原因,也是其对100 mmol/L Na Cl处理的油菜生长调控效果优于200 mmol/L Na Cl处理的重要原因之一。结果还显示,在叶片中,24-EBL外施可通过排Na+和Cl-来维持植株离子稳态,而对K+影响不大;在根、茎中可通过排Na+、排Cl-、吸K+维持稳态。     

星星草耐盐碱生理机制再探讨

用不同浓度Na2CO3处理星星草幼苗,7d后测定叶片相对电导率、渗透势、光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、蒸腾强度（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）等生理指标,以研究星星草抗盐碱的生理机制。结果表明,低浓度Na2CO3胁迫下,星星草幼苗可通过渗透调节来减轻细胞所受的伤害,因而膜透性受影响较小,相对电导率上升较少,而Gs基本保持不变,Pn、Tr还有所促进,WUE有所增加,这些结果说明,星星草幼苗对低浓度碱性盐具有一定抗性;但犀星草幼苗的这种抗性有一定限度,随着Na2CO3胁迫浓度的增加,Gs、Tr、Pn依次受到抑制,最终膜透性急剧增加,说明星星草幼苗已受损严重,这些变化具有较强的顺序性。     

外源EBR对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

为了探讨外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)诱导燕麦(Avena sativa L.)幼苗抗盐性的效果及其生理调节机制,以"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下施用外源EBR对燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响。结果表明:100mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+、Cl-含量均显著升高,对阳离子的吸收产生了拮抗作用,导致燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+、Zn2+、Cu2+含量显著降低,离子稳态平衡被打破; 100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,施用0.01μmol·L-1外源EBR后,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+和Cl-含量显著降低,促进了燕麦幼苗根系对K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的吸收,叶片和根系中K+/Na+、Cl-/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+、Fe2+/Na+、Mn2+/Na+、Cu2+/Na+和Zn2+/Na+显著升高,并且有效调控燕麦幼苗体内无机离子的运输...     

NaCl胁迫对大米草光合·蒸腾等生理特性的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫下大米草净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）,叶片气孔导度（Gs）、细胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗、叶绿素含量、气孔限制值和水分利用效率。结果表明：当NaCl浓度高于300mmol／L时,大米草Pn、Tr、Gs、株高、叶长以及叶绿素含量受到显著抑制（P〈0．05）,叶宽及茎粗则无显著性差异。NaCl胁迫下,大米草光合速率的降低是气孔因素和非气孔因素综合导致的结果,Pn、Tr、Gs、株高以及叶绿素含量的降低可作为大米草受NaCl胁迫的症状．而WUE则保持在较高的水平．因此在防治大米草荨延时．排水处理不是最佳选择。     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对弱光胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及光合作用的影响

以弱光敏感型番茄品种‘基尔斯’为试验材料,采用营养液栽培方式,研究了外源24-表油菜素内酯(24-epi-brassinolide,EBR)对弱光(80μmol.m-2.s-1)胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量的影响。结果显示,弱光胁迫显著影响番茄幼苗的生长和相关生理指标。而弱光下叶面喷施EBR 15d后,番茄幼苗的茎粗、地上部鲜重、干重、壮苗指数分别显著升高15.8%、29.3%、79.0%、114.5%,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)分别显著升高34.1%、46.3%、35.9%,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、ФPSⅡ、ETR分别升高21.0%、15.4%、16.7%,SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性分别升高16.7%、31.8%、32.7%、51.2%,株高、叶面积、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶绿素总量、MDA含量分别下降9.8%、13.9%、0.9%、13.2%、19.5%。研究表明,适量外源EBR可以通过增强保护酶系统的活性来减轻弱光胁迫造成的膜脂过氧化伤害,有效解除弱光胁迫下番茄幼苗光合作用减弱的非气孔限制因素,维持光合活性,促进幼苗生长。     

干旱胁迫对茉莉3个品种叶片光合特性和超微结构的影响

以茉莉3品种为试材,分析干旱胁迫对光合作用相关生理指标和叶肉细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,在轻度干旱胁迫下, 单瓣茉莉和多瓣茉莉净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间 CO2浓度（Ci）呈下降趋势,但叶肉细胞超微结构仅受轻微影响。在中度干旱胁迫下,多瓣茉莉Pn、Tr、Gs持续降低,而Ci 随干旱胁迫的增加反而上升,单瓣茉莉Pn、Tr、Gs和Ci继续呈下降趋势,两品种叶绿体超微结构发生明显变化并出现伤害症状。在重度干旱胁迫下,Pn、Tr、Gs降幅明显,与对照组相比达极显著差异(P<0.01),Ci 持续上升,叶绿体超微结构发生巨大变化,特别是叶绿体发生严重损伤。双瓣茉莉Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci随干旱胁迫的加重也呈现逐渐下降的趋势,但降幅较小,叶肉细胞超微结构无明显变化。因此,与单瓣茉莉和多瓣茉莉相比较,双瓣茉莉对干旱胁迫的耐受力较强。     

NaCl胁迫对菠菜叶片中水分和光合气体交换的影响(简报)

NaCl胁迫下,菠菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）下降。短期处理的叶片中CO2浓度（Ci）降低,气孔限制值（Is）升高,水分利用效率（WUE）增大,而长期处理的叶片中Ci升高,Is下降,WUE降低。NaCl短期处理下,菠菜光合降低以气孔限制为主,而在长期处理下光合的非气孔限制因素增大。     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片光合特性的影响北大核心CSCD

以黄瓜品种’新春4号’为试验材料,研究了在中度盐胁迫(50 mmol/L NaCl)条件下,外源喷施0.01 mg/L 2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBL)和24μmol/L油菜素内酯抑制剂(BZR)处理对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP)及相关荧光参数的影响,探讨EBL缓解黄瓜幼苗中度盐胁迫伤害的光合生理机制。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫导致黄瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_(n))、气孔导度(G_(s))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))下降,胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))增加,初始荧光(F_(o))、最大荧光(F_(m))下降,OJIP曲线中J点、I点显著增加,降低了黄瓜幼苗叶片光合性能,且对PSⅡ受体侧的伤害大于供体侧,表现为PSⅡ反应中心损伤,光合电子从Q_(A)向Q_(B)的传递效率降低,电子传递受阻。(2)在50 mmol/L NaCl处理下,外源喷施0.01 mg/L EBL可显著提升NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片P_(n)、G_(s)、T_(r)、光合性能(PI_(ABS)),降低C_(i),显著增加单位面积内吸收(ABS/CS_(m))、捕获(TR_(o)/CS_(m))、用于电子传递(ET_(o)/CS_(m))的光能以及有活性反应中心的数目(RC/CS_(m))。(3)与NaCl+EBL处理相比,NaCl+EBL+BZR处理后黄瓜幼苗叶片光合性能进一步降低,证明EBL对黄瓜幼苗盐胁迫引起的PSⅡ伤害有缓解作用。研究发现,外源喷施适量2,4-表油菜素内酯能有效缓解黄瓜幼苗叶片在盐胁迫条件下受到的光合电子传递链中(PSⅡ)受体侧的伤害,增加电子从Q_(A)向Q_(B)传递的效率,从而显著改善盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片的光合性能。     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

以2个耐盐性不同的番茄品种为材料,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对100mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长和光合作用的影响。结果表明:外源NO能使盐胁迫下的番茄幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)升高,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)下降,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和T1/2增高,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量升高。可见,外源NO有利于番茄幼苗对光能的捕获和转换,促进番茄的生长,降低盐胁迫对番茄的抑制作用。     

Catalase activity in human erythrocytes: effect of phenoxyherbicides and their metabolites

The effects of exposure to different concentrations of phenoxyherbicides and their metabolites were studied in human erythrocytes, with particular attention to catalase (CAT-EC. 1.11.1. 6- hydrogen peroxide: hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase). 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 2,4-dimethylphenol (2, 4-DMP) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) did not affect CAT activity, but 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) decrease its activity, the latter being the more inhibitory.     

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) Utilization by Delftia acidovorans MC1 at Alkaline pH and in the Presence of Dichlorprop is Improved by Introduction of the tfdK Gene

Growth of Delftia acidovorans MC1 on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and on racemic 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid ((RS)-2,4-DP) was studied in the perspective of an extension of the strain’s degradation capacity at alkaline pH. At pH 6.8 the strain grew on 2,4-D at a maximum rate (μ_max) of 0.158 h⁻¹. The half-maximum rate-associated substrate concentration (K_s) was 45 μM. At pH 8.5 μ_max was only 0.05 h⁻¹ and the substrate affinity was mucher lower than at pH 6.8. The initial attack of 2,4-D was not the limiting step at pH 8.5 as was seen from high dioxygenase activity in cells grown at this pH. High stationary 2,4-D concentrations and the fact that μ_max with dichlorprop was around 0.2 h⁻¹ at both pHs rather pointed at limited 2,4-D uptake at pH 8.5. Introduction of tfdK from D. acidovorans P4a by conjugation, coding for a 2,4-D-specific transporter resulted in improved growth on 2,4-D at pH 8.5 with μ_max of 0.147 h⁻¹ and K_s of 267 μM. Experiments with labeled substrates showed significantly enhanced 2,4-D uptake by the transconjugant TK62. This is taken as an indication of expression of the tfdK gene and proper function of the transporter. The uncoupler carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) reduced the influx of 2,4-D. At a concentration of 195 μM 2,4-D, the effect amounted to 90% and 50%, respectively, with TK62 and MC1. Cloning of tfdK also improved the utilization of 2,4-D in the presence of (RS)−2,4-DP. Simultaneous and almost complete degradation of both compounds occurred in TK62 up to D = 0.23 h⁻¹ at pH 6.8 and up to D = 0.2 h⁻¹ at pH 8.5. In contrast, MC1 left 2,4-D largely unutilized even at low dilution rates when growing on herbicide mixtures at pH 8.5.     

Nucleotide homology and organization of chlorocatechol oxidation genes of plasmids pJP4 and pAC27

Summary The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) catabolic plasmid pJP4 of Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 contains two sets of nonidentical chlorocatechol oxidation gene sequences physically separated by a 7 kb DNA region. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the 1.6 kb HindIII fragment containing the known genes tfdC and tfdD (Don et al. 1985) which encode pyrocatechase and cycloisomerase, respectively. The 1.3 kb BglII-HindIII segment of recombinant plasmid pDC25 containing at least three chlorocatechol (clc) oxidation genes of the pAC27 plasmid in Pseudomonas putida AC868 (Ghosal et al. 1985a; Frantz and Chakrabarty 1986), was also sequenced. When the tfdC gene of the pJP4 plasmid was compared with gene clcA of plasmid pAC27, which encodes the chlorocatechol specific pyrocatechase (pyrocatechase II), the two genes showed 63% nucleotide sequence homology with 60% homology in their amino acid sequences. In both plasmid pJP4 and pAC27, the two genes encoding the pyrocatechase and the cycloisomerase showed a 4 bp overlap spanning the initiation codon of the cycloisomerase gene and the termination codon of the pyrocatechase gene. The sizes of the polypeptides encoded by the isofunctional genes tfdC and clcA are very similar and thus reflect their functional homology.     

The use of biomarkers in the antioxidant responses of Daphnia magna to the acute and chronic exposure to no. 20 diesel oil and 2,4-dichlorophenol

Abstract

The effects of no. 20 diesel oil exposure, 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) exposure and combined exposure on the antioxidant defences of Daphnia magna have been studied systematically for the first time. Daphnia magna was exposed for 1 day or 10 days to several concentrations of 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 mg L^?1 solutions. Antioxidant defences consisting of the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) of daphnids were determined to evaluate their protective roles and to analyse the occurrence of oxidative stress. The possible antioxidant defence mechanisms are discussed. Furthermore, GST can be a potential biomarker and an early-warning index for the pollutants in waters in that GST responded sensitively to 1 day and 10 days of exposure to diesel oil and 2,4-DCP and 10 days of combined exposure. Crossover comparisons showed an antagonistic action about the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) against Daphnia magna, which needs further studies.     

Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing a cold-adaptive nitroreductase gene exhibited enhanced 2,4-dinitrotoluene detoxification rate at low temperature

Abstract

Plants encounter many environmental factors such as low and high temperatures during phytoremediation processes. In this study, our aim was to produce the transgenic tobacco plants by using a newly characterized bacterial nitroreductase, Ntr, which was active at a broad range temperature in order to detoxify 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) at lower temperature. The presence of Ntr and its heterologous expression was verified in T1 transgenic plants and their growing ability were determined under toxic amount of 2,4-DNT (35?µM). Fresh weight and dry weight of transgenic plants were significantly higher than wild type (WT) under toxic 2,4-DNT at 22?°C, indicating higher growth capacity of the transgenics. Transgenic plants also showed a higher tolerance than WT when exposed to 2,4-DNT at 15?°C. Moreover, transformation rate of 2,4-DNT was gradually decreased through decreasing temperatures in WT media, however, it was increased through decreasing temperatures in transgenic plant TR3-25 media and it had the highest transformation rate (54%) of 2,4-DNT at 4?°C. Correlatively, 2,4-DNT treatment at 4?°C led to a significant decrease in H₂O₂ level in transgenic plants. Thus, transgenic plants overexpressing nitroreductase might have an important advantage for phytoremediation of toxic nitroaromatic compounds in field applications at low temperatures.     

Expression of a bacterial gene in transgenic tobacco plants confers resistance to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Plants resistant to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were produced through the genetic engineering of a novel detoxification pathway into the cells of a species normally sensitive to 2,4-D. We cloned the gene for 2,4-D monooxygenase, the first enzyme in the plasmid-encoded 2,4-D degradative pathway of the bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus, into a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter expression vector and introduced it into tobacco plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the highest levels of the monooxygenase enzyme exhibited increased tolerance to 2,4-D in leaf disc and seed germination assays, and young plants survived spraying with levels of herbicide up to eight times the usual field application rate. The introduction of the gene for 2,4-D monooxygenase into broad-leaved crop plants, such as cotton, should eventually allow 2,4-D to be used as an inexpensive post-emergence herbicide on economically important dicot crops.     

Microbial Resolution of Racemic Carvomenthols

By selected microorganisms dl-carvomenthyl acetate, dl-isocarvomenthyl acetate and dl-neo isocarvomenthyl acetate were asymmetrically hydrolyzed to l-carvomenthol with d-carvomenthyl acetate, l-isocarvomenthol with d-isocarvomenthyl acetate and d-neo isocarvomenthol with l-neo isocarvomenthyl acetate respectively; dl-neo carvomenthyl acetate was not hydrolyzed.     

Goldfish can recover after short-term exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate: Use of blood parameters as vital biomarkers

This study investigated the effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a widely used herbicide, on the metabolism of goldfish, Carassius auratus, using only vital (non-lethal) approaches. After 96 h exposure to 1, 10 or 100 mg/L of 2,4-D selected hematological (total hemoglobin and hematocrit) and biochemical (glucose content, aspartate transaminase and acetylcholinesterase activities) parameters were unchanged in blood of exposed fish. At 100 mg/L of 2,4-D lymphocyte numbers decreased by 8%, whereas promyelocyte and metamyelocyte numbers increased by 7- and 2-fold, respectively. Exposure to 100 mg/L of 2,4-D also elevated carbonyl protein levels (by 2-fold), triglyceride content (by 43%) and alanine transaminase activity (by 46%) in goldfish plasma. All of these hematological and biochemical parameters reverted to control values after a 96 h recovery period. These data indicate that 2,4-D has toxicological effects on goldfish that can be monitored with multiple diagnostic tests using non-lethal blood testing.     

Purification and evaluation of 2, 4-di-tert butylphenol (DTBP) as a biocontrol agent against phyto-pathogenic fungi

A fungal strain, Marasmiellus sp (PUK64), isolated from the mangrove forests in Muthupet, Tamil Nadu, East coast of India, along with others were screened for the search of potent bioactive compounds. A phenolic compound, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DTBP), was isolated from the most promising strain PUK64 and its chemical structure was ascertained. DTBP demonstrated remarkable antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungi Aspergillus oryzae, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium verticillioides. In an in-vitro experimental setup, DTBP suppressed the growth of all three fungi, among which F. verticillioides was found to be highly susceptible. This effect relates with the inhibition of spore germination and hyphal growth that we observed. DTBP showed high affinity with the F. verticillioides's β-tubulin protein (determined by ligand-protein docking) as compared to the standard fungicide carbendazim (CBZ). Molecular docking and simulation studies of DTBP with target β-tubulin further confirmed the potential of β-tubulin binding in F. verticillioides. To our knowledge, this is the first report on DTBP-mediated biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi, produced by Marasmiellus sp. PUK64 that can be potent inhibitor of β-tubulin protein of F. verticillioides.     

Plasmodium berghei: lack of antimalarial activity of an analogue of folate precursor, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxymethylpteridine in a mouse model

It was earlier hypothesized that the malarial parasite may convert precursors of folate analogues to synthesize de novo inhibitors toxic to itself, but not to the mammalian cell. It was suggested that one such analogue, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxymethylpteridine (DAP) may be converted to aminopterin (AMP), a known dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of DAP to inhibit proliferation of Plasmodium berghei NK65 in mice, with(out) folinic acid rescue. Cumulative dosages of DAP ranging from 0.1 to 20 mg/kg bw. administered either orally or intraperitoneally showed no suppression of parasite growth, or gave mild activities that were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Our findings do not seem to support the hypothesis of selective de novo metabolism of DAP to AMP by the malarial parasite.