人工疏蕾对杏鲍菇产量及品质的影响

【背景】工厂化栽培中,杏鲍菇是不定点出菇,通常采用人工疏蕾的方法来实现对子实体数目的控制,但目前关于人工疏蕾保留子实体的数目无具体的研究。【目的】通过人工疏蕾的方式,研究保留不同子实体数目对杏鲍菇产量及品质的影响。【方法】对各处理组进行基质利用情况测定,对采收后各组子实体进行产量、形态指标及质构特性的测定。【结果】保留3—4个子实体的基质利用率较高,在生产实际中对成本的浪费较少;保留不同子实体数目对子实体形态指标、单菇重量及单包产量都有显著影响,保留1个子实体时,单菇重量最大但单包产量最低,保留4个子实体时,单包产量较高且子实体形态一致;从质构特性来看,保留子实体数目为4个时,杏鲍菇子实体品质最好、口感最佳。【结论】在杏鲍菇工厂化生产的人工疏蕾环节,保留子实体数目为3—4个时可以减少对成本的浪费,获得产量较高、品质较好的产品。     

Purification and Identification of the Fruiting-Inducing Substances in Coprinus macrorhizus

Substances which are effective in inducing fruiting bodies in monokaryotic mycelia of the fis(+) strain of Coprinus macrorhizus were purified and characterized. The active components of fruiting-inducing substances were identified as adenosine-3'-monophosphate, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP), and a protein which is bound with the cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP was synthesized from adenine within mycelia of the mutant strains which form monokaryotic fruiting bodies without the addition of fruiting-inducing substances, but not in those of the strains which do not form monokaryotic fruiting bodies. The proteins which bind with cyclic AMP were detected in crude extracts of mycelia of those strains which form monokaryotic fruiting bodies and of the dikaryon, but not in those of the strains which do not form monokaryotic fruiting bodies.     

Cell patterning in branched and unbranched fruiting bodies of the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pallidum

Cell patterning, the percentage of spores and stalk cells, was measured in branched and unbranched asexual fruiting bodies of Polysphondylium pallidum. Unlike D. discoideum, where small and large fruiting bodies are more stalky than average-sized fruiting bodies, the overall cell patterning was the same in branched and unbranched fruiting bodies of all sizes in P. pallidum. Light greatly increased the numbers of fruiting bodies in P. pallidum per unit area (or decreased aggregation territory size) so that most fruiting bodies formed in the light were small and unbranched. By contrast, light had little effect on the cell patterning of P. pallidum, although there was a slight increase in the percentage of stalk cells in the light compared to the dark. This indicates that the mechanisms governing light sensitivity of aggregation territory size and cell patterning have different components in P. pallidum. The accuracy of cell patterning of individual branches of branched fruiting bodies was so imprecise as to leave doubt that patterning is occurring at the branch level. Individual whorls of branched fruiting bodies had a greater percentage spores (90%) than whole fruiting bodies (78%) and the cell patterning was relatively imprecise. Only in whole fruiting bodies was the spore:stalk ratio highly correlated. These findings are consistent with cell pattern determination operating at the whole aggregate level, rather than at the individual whorl or branch level in P. pallidum.     

蝉虫草子实体与发酵菌丝体胞内多糖成分分析

比较蝉虫草子实体、孢梗束、虫体以及蝉虫草发酵菌丝体的胞内多糖含量、单糖组成和分子量差异,结果表明,蝉虫草子实体与发酵菌丝中胞内多糖的含量和组成均存在差异。葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖是蝉虫草发酵菌丝体和子实体粗多糖中主要的3种单糖,阿拉伯糖和木糖是子实体粗多糖中的特征性单糖,而果糖属于菌丝体的特征性单糖。子实体粗多糖中高分子量组分（>1×10 ⁶Da）的相对含量明显高于菌丝体粗多糖。本研究对提升蝉虫草发酵多糖产品品质、促进蝉虫草开发应用具有参考价值。     

Bioluminescence characteristics of the fruiting body of Mycena chlorophos

Bioluminescent fungi are widely distributed on land and most belong to the class Basidomycetes. Light of about 530 nm wavelength maximum is emitted continuously. The molecular basis for the light‐emitting process remains unclear. We investigated the characteristics of the bioluminescence using cultivated fruiting bodies of M. chlorophos. Only fresh fruiting bodies exhibited long‐lasting light emission; rapid decay of light emission was observed with frozen and freeze‐dried samples. Freeze‐dried samples can be stored at room temperature under dry conditions and may be useful for the isolation of luciferin. The light emission of the fresh fruiting bodies was maintained in various buffers at varying pH; it could be stopped with pH 4 acetate buffer and could be recovered at pH 6. The isolation of luciferin from the fresh fruiting bodies might be possible by the control of buffer pH. The effect of temperature on the light emission of fruiting bodies indicated that bioluminescence in M. chlorophos may involve enzymatic reaction(s). The solubilization of bioluminescent components from the fruiting bodies could not be achieved with various surfactants. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

草原珍稀食用菌蒙古口蘑菌种的分子鉴定

目的:蒙古口蘑是一种著名的野生食用菌.为了辨别蒙古口蘑与其相似的草原蘑菇种及分离菌株的真伪.方法:采用ITS序列分析方法对从内蒙古地区采集的子实体和纯培养菌株进行分子鉴定.结果:在20个供试材料中,从呼伦贝尔草原采集的4个子实体(来源于不同地区)中有2个属于蒙古口蘑,从子实体分离得到的纯培养物中有2个为蒙古口蘑菌株;在呼伦贝尔地区购买的蘑菇干品和冷冻品都属于蒙古口蘑;从锡林郭勒草原的不同地区采集分离得到的10株纯培养物中有6株为蒙古口蘑菌株.结论:在呼伦贝尔地区和锡盟地区都有蒙古口蘑存在,而且从不同地区采集的蒙古口蘑亲缘关系比较近.     

Bacterial complexes of the fruiting bodies and hyphosphere of certain basidiomycetes

The surface and internal tissues of the fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes were shown to be specific bacterial habitats characterized by varying diversity and structure of bacterial complexes. On the surface of fruiting bodies, Gram-negative bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, and Myxococcus prevailed, while in the internal tissues Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Streptomyces, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, and Micrococcus were identified in addition. Bacterial complexes from the surface and inner tissues of the fruiting bodies of the studied basidiomycetes showed significant similarity to each other and differed from those from the hyphosphere and the reference soil. On the surface and in the internal tissues of the fruiting bodies, representatives of the genus Myxococcus were identified for the first time, which could indicate initial decay of the fruiting body.     

Bacterial complexes of the fruiting bodies and hyphosphere of certain basidiomycetes

The surface and internal tissues of the fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes were shown to be specific bacterial habitats characterized by varying diversity and structure of bacterial complexes. On the surface of fruiting bodies, gram-negative bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, and Myxococcus prevailed, while in the internal tissues gram-positive bacteria of the genera Streptomyces, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, and Micrococcus were identified in addition. Bacterial complexes from the surface and inner tissues of the fruiting bodies of the studied basidiomycetes showed significant similarity to each other and differed from those from the hyphosphere and the reference soil. On the surface and in the internal tissues of the fruiting bodies, representatives of the genus Myxococcus were identified for the first time, which could indicate initial decay of the fruiting body.     

培养基和栽培方式对蛹虫草子实体活性成分的影响

采用麦粒（W）、麦粒加蚕蛹粉（WW）、大米（R）、大米加蚕蛹粉（RW）的配料栽培方式,以及蚕蛹（CY）活体接种栽培方式培养蛹虫草子实体,比较蛹虫草子实体中多糖及核苷、游离糖醇和小分子糖类含量。结果表明：培养基和栽培方式影响蛹虫草多糖含量及其单糖组成和分子量分布,多糖含量最高的为蚕蛹活体接种培养的处理（CY）,多糖含量为6.19%,其他处理的多糖含量仅为CY的44.4%-62.8%;蚕蛹（CY）上培养的蛹虫草子实体中核苷类成分含量最高,在麦粒上培养获得的子实体中核苷含量显著高于在大米上的处理,并且麦粒添加蚕蛹粉后培养的子实体中尿苷、鸟苷、N⁶-(2-羟乙基)腺苷含量显著上升,大米添加蚕蛹粉后培养的子实体中尿苷、虫草素、N⁶-(2-羟乙基)腺苷含量显著上升;配料栽培的4个处理,其子实体中海藻糖含量为20.07%-23.40%,蚕蛹活体接种的处理（CY）海藻糖含量显著降低,为8.41%;添加蚕蛹粉后子实体中甘露醇含量显著降低。对各成分含量的数据进行归一化处理后进行蛹虫草品质的综合评价,在蚕蛹上培养的蛹虫草综合评分最高,麦粒为主要培养基培养的蛹虫草品质好于大米为主要培养基的,且添加蚕蛹粉的处理优于未添加的处理。     

Development of antler-type fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and determination of its biochemical properties

Following the importance of antler-type fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, in this study, the impact of main growth parameters such as ventilation and light on the development of antler-type fruiting bodies has been investigated together with the determination of physico-chemical properties of antler fruiting bodies. For this, the primordia bags of G. lucidum were kept under controlled ventilation to adjust the CO₂ produced by the mushrooms owing to its respiration under light and dark conditions. The bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, water-soluble polysaccharides and ganoderic acid showed a two-fold increase in the antler-type fruiting bodies as compared to normal kidney-shaped fruiting bodies. It is assumed from this study that the antler type fruiting bodies are developed due to restricted ventilation which causes an increase in the level of CO₂ gas in the air as a result of respiration of mushroom. The shape and colour of antler fruiting bodies again dependent on the light provided in the growth chamber. This study also proves that with the manipulation of light and ventilation antler-type fruiting bodies of G. lucidum could be developed with higher quantity of bioactive compounds and with higher antioxidant potential.     

Metabolism of Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate and Induction of Fruiting Bodies in Coprinus macrorhizus

The adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase metabolizing adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) were detected in mycelia of strains of Coprinus macrorhizus which form fruiting bodies, but not in those of strains which do not form fruiting bodies. The adenyl cyclase synthesized cyclic AMP from adenosine triphosphate. The phosphodiesterase degr[UNK]ded cyclic AMP to adenosine-5'-monophosphate and was inhibited by adenosine-3'-monophosphate, theophylline, and caffeine. The strains which form fruiting bodies incorporated and metabolized cyclic AMP, but strains which do not form fruiting bodies did not. The possible participation of cyclic AMP in the induction of fruiting bodies is discussed.     

Developmental regulator Le.CDC5 of the mushroom Lentinula edodes: analyses of its amount in each of the stages of fruiting-body formation and its distribution in parts of the fruiting bodies

Immunoblot analysis of Le.CDC5 (842 amino acid residues), the expressed product of the cDNA of Le.cdc5 gene that has been previously reported to be most actively transcribed in primordia and small immature fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Lentinula edodes, showed that the primordia, immature fruiting bodies and mature fruiting bodies contain similar amounts of Le.CDC5 protein. This indicates that the Le.CDC5 protein molecules synthesized in the beginning and early stage of fruiting-body formation remains in mycelial tissues even after small immature fruiting bodies developed and matured. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Le.CDC5 is present everywhere in the mycelial tissues of immature fruiting body, but prehymenophore, the border between pileus and stipe, and the bottom of stipe seem likely to contain larger amounts of Le.CDC5. Within the hymenophore of mature fruiting body, the hymenium (in/on which a large number of basidia and basidiospores are formed) contains the Le.CDC5 most exclusively.     

沪农灵芝一号生长过程中子实体各部位糖醇和海藻糖积累及其代谢酶的表达变化

食用菌子实体通常会在生长过程中积累较高含量的糖醇及海藻糖,这些碳水化合物的积累能够促进食用菌的生长,而在灵芝中的同类研究较少,本研究通过高效阴离子-脉冲安培法对沪农灵芝一号子实体发育过程中不同部位的糖类成分的含量变化进行分析,发现灵芝子实体中主要的可溶性糖类成分是阿拉伯糖醇、甘露醇和海藻糖,甘露醇在子实体成熟时的菌盖中的含量达到最高值,阿拉伯糖醇在产孢子期的子实体中含量较高,两种糖醇的含量呈现相反的变化趋势,一种糖醇积累的同时会消耗利用另一种糖醇,而海藻糖在灵芝子实体的整个生长过程中含量处于较低水平,仅在子实体初期的菌基部位检测到较高的含量;同时通过qRT-PCR技术检测灵芝子实体不同部位中这几种糖类的主要代谢酶基因的表达变化,发现这些代谢酶在子实体的菌基部位的表达水平相对其他部位较高,且随着子实体生长这一差异更加显著,这一结果表明灵芝中的糖醇和海藻糖分布差异可能是先由菌基的菌丝体中合成产物并转运到子实体不同部位,再经过一段时间的积累和代谢之后产生。     

不同分离方法对子实体形成和粘细菌分离的影响

【目的】基于模拟原位环境策略、可培养粘细菌的营养策略及细菌互作网络,改良分离培养基,以提高分离粘细菌的多样性。【方法】通过添加土壤浸提液、使用不同种类的诱导菌和改变诱导菌的接种方式设置分离方法,同时以传统的分离方法作对照。【结果】改良的分离方法比对照组诱导出了更多粘细菌子实体种类,采自4个地区的9份样品共分离纯化出40株粘细菌,按形态学和分子生物学,将其归类于原囊菌属(Archangium)、珊瑚菌属(Corallococcus)、软骨霉状菌属(Chondromyces)、粘球菌属(Myxococcus)、侏囊菌属(Nannocystis)、多囊菌属(Polyangium)、匣状球菌属(Pyxidicoccus)。【结论】与传统分离方法相比,添加土壤浸提液,诱导菌点接法能大大提高诱导出的粘细菌子实体种类的数目,革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌作为诱导菌对子实体种类影响较小,但是也发现革兰氏阳性菌特异性诱导出的子实体。虽然本研究通过对分离培养基的改良大大增加了子实体种类,但是纯化出的粘细菌种类远少于观察到的子实体种类,说明除改良分离方法外,还需进一步研究粘细菌的纯化方法,提高分离所得粘细菌的多...     

Characterization of vitamin B12 compounds in the fruiting bodies of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) and bed logs after fruiting of the mushroom

This study determined the vitamin B₁₂ content in commercially available dried fruiting bodies of shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes. The vitamin B₁₂ contents in dried donko-type fruiting bodies with closed caps (5.61 ± 3.90 μg/100 g dry weight), did not significantly differ from those of dried koushin-type fruiting bodies with open caps (4.23 ± 2.42 μg/100 g dry weight). The bed logs after fruiting of the mushroom also contained the vitamin B₁₂ levels similar to that in the dried shiitake fruiting bodies. To determine whether the dried shiitake fruiting bodies and their bed logs contained vitamin B₁₂ or other corrinoid compounds that are inactive in humans, we purified corrinoid compounds using an immunoaffinity column and identified vitamin B₁₂ using vitamin B₁₂-dependent Escherichia coli 215 bioautograms and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) chromatograms. Dried shiitake fruiting bodies rarely contained an unnatural corrinoid vitamin B₁₂[c-lactone] that is inactive in humans. Given that shiitake mushroom lacks the ability to synthesize vitamin B₁₂ de novo, the vitamin B₁₂ found in dried shiitake fruiting bodies must have been derived from the bed logs.     

Complete genome sequence of the fruiting myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides DSM 2259

Corallococcus coralloides, like most other myxobacteria, undergoes a developmental program culminating in the formation of fruiting bodies. C. coralloides fruiting bodies are morphologically distinct from those of other fruiting myxobacteria for which full-length genome sequences are available. The genome sequence of the 10.0-Mb C. coralloides genome is presented herein.     

HPLC指纹图谱技术在灵芝组织分离试验中的应用

利用 HPLC 指纹图谱技术研究从同一灵芝子实体不同部位组织分离获得的菌株三萜化合物的差异。用常规组织分离方法获得不同菌株,在 A、B、C、D 四种培养基上进行出菇试验,运用HPLC指纹图谱技术获得各子实体三萜提取物 HPLC 指纹图谱,计算图谱间的相似度,分析三萜指纹的差异。结果表明,从子实体不同部位分离获得的四个菌株在同一培养基相同条件下培养获得的灵芝子实体的三萜指纹图谱相似度均大于0.99;同一部位分离获得的菌株在不同培养基相同培养条件下获得的子实体,其粗三萜 HPLC 图谱相似度均大于0.96;不     

HPLC指纹图谱技术在灵芝组织分离试验中的应用

利用HPLC指纹图谱技术研究从同一灵芝子实体不同部位组织分离获得的菌株三萜化合物的差异。用常规组织分离方法获得不同菌株,在A、B、C、D四种培养基上进行出菇试验,运用HPLC指纹图谱技术获得各子实体三萜提取物HPLC指纹图谱,计算图谱间的相似度,分析三萜指纹的差异。结果表明,从子实体不同部位分离获得的四个菌株在同一培养基相同条件下培养获得的灵芝子实体的三萜指纹图谱相似度均大于0.99;同一部位分离获得的菌株在不同培养基相同培养条件下获得的子实体,其粗三萜HPLC图谱相似度均大于0.96;不同的组织分离部位和不同的培养基对灵芝菌株三萜指纹图谱的影响均不显著。18号菌株在C培养基上培养获得的子实体三萜含量最高,上层菌肉为最优组织分离部位,C培养基为最优培养基。灵芝的三萜组成不受生长环境的影响,而生长环境会对其三萜化合物含量产生一定的影响。本文首次应用HPLC指纹图谱方法对灵芝组织分离获得的菌株的差异性进行了研究。     

Production of a COX-2 inhibitor, 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde, with submerged cultured Antrodia camphorata

AIMS: To investigate the active ingredient in fruiting bodies and to produce it with cultured mycelium in Antrodia camphorata (BCRC 35398). METHODS AND RESULTS: The volatile components from the fruiting bodies, the liquid cultured broth of A. camphorata and Cinnamomum kanehirae wood were separately isolated by steam distillation-solvent extraction and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the fruiting bodies, a COX-2 inhibitor 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (TMBA) was found to be the most abundant constituent, but was totally absent in its cultured broth and its natural host, C. kanehirae wood. On feeding with the acid-digested sawdust of C. kanehirae wood or vanillin to the broth for culture, TMBA was produced in both cultured broths. CONCLUSION: The TMBA identified in fruiting bodies was an active ingredient whose functions consisted with the reported experiences of this mushroom. Feeding vanillin to culture broth could produce TMBA containing mycelium product like its fruiting bodies did. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study found an active ingredient in fruiting bodies of A. camphorata and elucidated this compound derived from digested sawdust of C. kanehirae wood. A feasible method was also developed to produce TMBA containing mycelium by feeding vanillin.     

The developmental capacity of various stages of a macrocyst-forming strain of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium mucoroides.

Vegetative cells of certain strains of Dictyostelium mucoroides form fruiting bodies on an agar surface and macrocysts when placed under saline. This study sought to determine whether the aggregation and pseudoplasmodial stages of fruiting body formation could be induced to form macrocysts when placed under saline. Likewise, different stages in macrocyst formation were put on an agar surface to determine their potential to switch to fruiting body formation. It was found that 78% of the aggregates and 21% of the pseudoplasmodia placed under saline formed macrocysts indicating that as fruiting body development proceeds, there is a restriction of the capability of cells to respond to environmental conditions favoring macrocyst formation. Stages in macrocyst development prior to the formation of precysts always formed fruiting bodies when put on agar. Once precysts had formed, surrounded by their acellular sheath, they always developed as macrocysts on agar. Peripheral cells isolated from precysts and put on agar quickly aggregated; the aggregates became surounded by a sheath and developed as macrocysts. If isolated peripheral cells were allowed to proliferate on the agar surface, the resulting cells aggregated and formed fruiting bodies.