以昆虫作为指示生物评估森林健康的生物学与生态学基础

昆虫是森林生物多样性的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统主体群落中,昆虫与植物密切关联.森林害虫胁迫及昆虫多样性变动,对于评估森林生态系统健康状况具有重要价值.昆虫多样性可用于对森林生态系统健康的快速评估,如基于昆虫指示生物评价森林生态系统的毒害水平、物种丰富度、多样性水平、靶标昆虫的地位和特有种水平等.针对影响森林环境健康的重要干扰因子,本文阐述了应用昆虫作为指示性生物监测与评估森林健康状况的生物与生态学依据,讨论了昆虫种群,特别是珍稀物种种群在生境破碎干扰下的种群波动,以及大气污染、干旱和二氧化碳浓度升高等对昆虫种群密度与分布的影响等.同时,分析了昆虫作为指示性生物监测与评估森林环境健康所存在的问题.     

基于MaxEnt模型的草原步甲属潜在地理分布研究

步甲(Carabid beetle)是草原生态系统重要的昆虫类群之一,对草原生态系统环境监测及维护生物多样性起着重要的作用。基于步甲属(雕步甲和长叶步甲)在宁夏草原131个有效调查记录和19个环境因子,利用最大熵模型(Maximum Entropy Model,简称MaxEnt)预测步甲属潜在空间地理分布,运用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)检测预测模型精度,刀切法(Jackknife)筛选影响步甲属潜在地理分布的主要生态因子。结果表明：(1) MaxEnt模型预测结果 ROC曲线AUC值分别为0.981、0.914,模型预测结果的可信度较高;(2) 19个环境因子中,对步甲属的潜在空间分布预测贡献率较高的环境因子为最冷月份最低气温、年均降水量、最干季均温、年平均气温;(3)雕步甲主要分布在温性荒漠草原及温性草甸草原的北部,长叶步甲主要分布在温性草甸草原。以上研究为步甲调查和保护提供参考依据。     

土壤线虫作为生态指示生物的研究进展

土壤线虫广布于各种类型的土壤中, 在维持土壤生态系统的稳定性、促进物质循环和能量流动等方面发挥着重要的作用, 同时也是理想的环境指示生物。简述了土壤线虫的生活史策略和营养类群的多样性、土壤线虫多样性的生态指数、影响土壤线虫群落多样性的环境因素, 以及线虫作为指示生物在农业生态系统、草地生态系统、森林生态系统的功能作用。提出了全球气候变化背景下对青藏高原高寒草地土壤线虫分类、群落结构特征以及土壤线虫的生物指示作用研究的必要性, 并对土壤线虫未来的发展趋势做了展望。     

中国步甲属(鞘翅目:步甲科)物种多样性及其保护问题

步甲属是步甲科昆虫中的一个大属,其以体形大(相对于步甲科昆虫)、体态优美、色彩艳丽而著称.步甲属昆虫多生活于森林中,以蚯蚓、蜗牛等为食,与环境关系密切,在作为生物多样性指示物方面有一定的应用前景.我国步甲属种类非常丰富,且特有成份高.目前已知约410种,其中特有种为324种,占79.02%;在分布于我国的46个亚属中,18个为特有亚属,特有率为39.1%.本文在分析中国步甲属物种多样性及其特点的基础上,对这一类群的研究和保护问题提出了建议.     

土壤原生动物对环境污染的生物指示作用

土壤原生动物具有丰富的种类和巨大的生物量,在土壤生态系统中具有十分重要的地位．作为指示生物,土壤原生动物具有与其他土壤动物相比更独特的优势．研究它们的群落结构、数量及多样性动态变化,可以很好地评价和监测自然环境变化及人类活动带来的环境污染．本文根据国内外相关文献,简要概述了土壤原生动物在生态系统中的作用．对原生动物的生物指示物优势、土壤原生动物对环境因子响应和污染指示作用及对大气CO2浓度变化的响应等进行了论述,并对土壤原生动物在生态毒理诊断中的应用前景进行了展望．     

底栖有孔虫在海洋污染监测中的应用

随着经济的迅猛发展,越来越多的污染物被排到海洋中,使得海洋环境质量明显下降,对生物资源和人体健康产生有害影响。底栖有孔虫因其具有个体小、数量大、物种多样性高、生命周期短、分布广泛、在海洋沉积物中具有良好的保存潜力、以及对各种污染物具有较高敏感性等特点,而被作为优良的海洋污染指示生物,在海洋环境生态评估方面具有重要价值。本文综述国内外开展的有孔虫对海洋污染的生态响应,重点介绍了其在农业、工业和水产养殖业污染方面的指示作用,指出当前研究存在的问题,并展望了今后的研究方向,为推进我国有孔虫指示海洋污染的应用提供依据。     

大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松林步甲群落多样性时间动态分析

兴安落叶松林是大兴安岭地区代表性的植被类型,其生物多样性具有独特性。步甲是森林生态系统环境和多样性的指示性物种,以及认识环境变化和生物多样性特征的关键物种。为研究大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松林步甲群落多样性的时间动态,分析步甲群落对时间变化的响应规律,于2019年5月下旬-8月下旬步甲活跃期,利用陷阱诱捕法在兴安落叶松林5个样地中采集步甲标本共15属34种1149头,其中大兴安岭地区地理新纪录物种7种,中国地理新纪录物种6种。研究结果表明,通缘步甲属（Pterostichus）和大步甲属（Carabus）物种丰富度最高;通缘步甲属未定种5（Pterostichus eximius）为极优势物种,对时间变化最敏感。兴安落叶松林小生境类型的多样化和步甲休眠期的选择是步甲群落个体数和物种数随时间变化呈双峰模式的主要因素,最高峰均出现在6月下旬;多样性与均匀度指数均在7月上旬达高峰期,8月下旬多样性下降而均匀度上升,各指数之间相关性较低。步甲群落在6月下旬到7月下旬对环境具有较高的适应度;群落结构在环境条件相对稳定的6月下旬到7月下旬和8月上旬到8月下旬均表现为极相似（I>0.75）。物种取食特征和生活史策略的多样化使步甲群落各指数随时间变化具有显著差异,而物种取食特征和生活史策略受环境因子的综合影响较大。稳定的森林环境条件下,步甲活跃期更长,群落结构相似度更高。该结果为步甲群落时间动态研究奠定了一定的理论基础,为大兴安岭地区地下生物多样性的保护和管理策略制定提供了一定的理论和数据依据。     

山西庞泉沟自然保护区步甲物种组成及多样性格局

利用巴氏罐诱法,对山西庞泉沟国家自然保护区的不同功能区——核心区（绿色长廊）、缓冲区（八道沟）、远离农田实验区（神尾沟）及靠近农田实验区（八水沟）——林地地表甲虫步甲物种多样性进行了调查和比较,目的在于探明该保护区有代表性林地步甲物种的组成及受不同程度人为干扰下的多样性格局。结果表明：（1）本研究共捕获步甲物种42种,38种是该保护区的新记录种类,其中粗皱步甲Carabus crassesculptus和沟步甲C. canaliculatus 为优势种,与尖角通缘步甲Pterostichus eschscholtzii,强足通缘步甲P. fortipes,罕丽步甲C. manifestus和长叶步甲C. vladimirskyi一起构成研究地的常见种。（2）不同功能区物种组成和数量分布各不相同,多样性各项指标均是靠近农田的实验区最高,核心区最低。（3）各功能区具有特有的指示性种类,其中黄条春步甲Notiophilus reitteri为核心区指示种; 凹唇春步甲N. impressifrons 为缓冲区指示种; 粒步甲C．granulatus,刻翅步甲C．sculptipennis 和中华通缘步甲P．chinensis为实验区指示种。（4）群落相似性分析表明缓冲区与核心区及远离农田实验区之间具有较高的相似性,靠近农田实验区与其他3个地点相似性较低。结果提示适度干扰可提高物种丰富度,但降低人为干扰（如旅游和交通压力）有利于步甲多样性的保护。     

两种步甲食性的研究

铜绿婪步甲HarpaluschalcentusBates和黑通缘步甲PterostichusvernalisPanzer是陕西关中地区农田步甲的优势种群。关于其食性有的认为它们是捕食性种类,有的认为是植食性种类[l～3]。为此,我们研究了它们对害虫及植物的取食情况,以期对其作用有一个较全面的认识。1材料与方法l.1研究材料我们采用陷阱诱集方法从田间采集成虫。饲喂的昆虫有粘虫LeucaniaseparataWalker、非洲蝼蛄GryllotalpaafricanaPalisotdeBeauvois若虫、暗黑金龟子HolotrichiamorosaWaterhouse幼虫、铜绿金龟子AnomalacorpulentaMotschulsky幼虫、小地老虎Agroti…     

尾管藻属的形态学特征研究

硅藻是一个庞大的微藻类群,不但种类多,数量大,分布也很广泛,是水体中浮游植物的重要组成类群^[1]。硅藻是浮游动物、贝类、鱼类的饵料,在水生生物生态学研究中,常被作为重要的生物指示类群,用于监测水质和评价水环境。化石硅藻也是重要的指示生物,用于石油勘探、底层划分,以及古地理、古气候等领域的研究^[2]。硅藻的分类学依据主要是其硅质细胞壁上的花纹,目前被广泛采用的分类系统是将硅藻门分为中心纲（Centrieae）和羽纹纲（Pennatae）两个纲。     

Heavy metals in carabids (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

Carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) are one of the most studied soil groups in relation to heavy metal (HM) accumulation and use for bioindication of environmental pollution. Accumulation of Zn and Cu in carabid beetles was species-, sex- and trophic group-specific. No differences were found in HM contents between omnivorous and carnivorous species. The use of carabid beetles as indicators of HM accumulation appears to be rather limited.     

Estimated density of four carabid beetle species in Mongolian oak and Korean red pine forest ecosystems on Baekdudaegan mountain range (Mt. Oade and Mt. Guryong) of South Korea

The estimation of animal population size is a primary field of interest for wildlife biologists, and such numerical estimation of wild animals is a very important factor in establishing national policy towards nature. Therefore, we performed this study to estimate the population density of carabid beetles preying on soil biota at the Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) forests and Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) forests of two mountains, Mt. Odae and Mt. Guryong. We used the trapping web method with pitfall traps to collect the beetles. We calculated the estimated density of a total of four carabid beetle species in two specific regions and converted them to an estimated beetle population size within a certain area by using the study area. From our estimates, one beetle species, Leptocarabus seishinensis seishinensis L., displayed statistically significant results. Although there was no appreciable difference in the makeup of different carabid beetle species between the two forest communities, the population size of the beetle species was larger in Mongolian oak forests than in Korean red pine forests. The spatial distribution of carabid beetles by forest type did not show any preference for particular spots. Our results showed that carabid beetles did not have specific home ranges and that they were not density dependent. We expect to use the raw data to recognize the response of soil organisms to changes in the habitat environment and to track the patterns of change more accurately over long passages of time.     

火干扰对苍山云南松林步甲群落的影响

在云南省大理市苍山火烧迹地采用陷阱法初步研究了火干扰对苍山云南松林步甲群落的影响.其中未火烧迹地步甲群落由7属14种组成;火烧迹地步甲群落由6属8种组成,样地同多度没有显著差异.未火烧迹地步甲群落物种组成不同于火烧迹地,但部分火烧迹地与未火烧迹地接近;健步甲Carabus solidior是森林生境良好的指示物种(IndVal=0.9489,P=0.001).研究显示,火干扰已经改变了云南松林步甲群落组成,降低了步甲群落的多样性.     

Changes in carabid beetle diversity within a fragmented agricultural landscape

The distribution of carabid and cicindelid (Coleoptera: Carabidae) beetles in five distinct habitats (riparian, mature orchard, pine windbreak, young orchard, natural veld), within Tambuti Citrus Estate (Swaziland) was examined by pitfall trapping over 18 months. Habitats with high vegetation and litter cover had the highest species diversity and larger specimens, e.g. riparian border and pine windbreak, while the lowest diversity was observed in intensively managed mature citrus orchards. While species such as Tefflus delagorguei Guérin occurred in all the habitats sampled, certain species illustrated habitat specificity; e.g. Dromica ambitiosa Péringuey was observed only in the pine windbreaks while Haplotrachelus sp. Chaudoir occurred mainly in the vegetated riparian and natural veld habitats. Four unidentified carabid beetles were exclusive to the riparian border habitat. This habitat was the only one with a distinct assemblage of species in the agricultural mosaic studied. Multivariate analyses were used to assess the role of soil and environmental variables in relation to the ground beetle diversity within the agricultural mosaic studied.     

Current knowledge on exocrine glands in carabid beetles: structure, function and chemical compounds

Many exocrine products used by ground beetles are pheromones and allomones that regulate intra- and interspecific interactions and contribute to their success in terrestrial ecosystems. This mini-review attempts to unify major themes related to the exocrine glands of carabid beetles. Here we report on both glandular structures and the role of secretions in carabid adults, and that little information is available on the ecological significance of glandular secretions in pre-imaginal stages.     

Assessing ecological habitat structure from local to landscape scales using synthetic aperture radar

Ecological studies need accurate environmental data such as vegetation characterization, landscape structure and organization, to predict and explain the spatial distribution of biodiversity. Few ecological studies use remote sensing data to assess the biophysical or structural properties of vegetation to understand species distribution. To date, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data have seldom been used for ecological applications. However, these sensors provide data allowing access to the inner structure of vegetation which is a key information in ecology. The objective of this article is to compare the predictive power of ecological habitat structure variables derived from a TerraSAR-X image, an aerial photograph and a SPOT-5 image for species distribution. The test was run with a hedgerow network in Brittany and assessed the spatial distribution of the forest ground carabid beetles which inhabit these hedgerows. The results confirmed that radar and optical images can be indifferently used to extract hedgerow network and derived landscape metrics (hedgerow density, network grain) useful to explain the spatial distribution of forest carabid beetles. In comparison with passive optical remotely sensed data, VHSR SAR images provide new data to characterize vegetation structure and more particularly hedgerow canopy cover, a variable known to explain the spatial distribution of carabid beetles in an agricultural landscape, but not yet quantified at a fine scale. The hedgerow canopy cover derived from the SAR image is a strong predictor of the abundance of forest carabid beetles at two scales i.e., a local scale and a landscape scale.     

Simulating small‐scale climate change effects–lessons from a short‐term field manipulation experiment on grassland arthropods

Climate change is expected to cause major consequences on biodiversity. Understanding species‐specific reactions, such as species shifts, species declines, and changes in population dynamics is a key issue to quantify large‐scale impacts of climate change on biotic communities. As it is often impossible or at least impracticable to conduct large‐scale experiments on biotic responses to climate change, studies at a smaller scale may be a useful alternative. In our study, we therefore tested responses of grassland arthropods (carabid beetles, spiders, grasshoppers) to simulated climate change in terms of species activity densities and diversity. We conducted a controlled field experiment by changing water and microclimatic conditions at a small scale (16 m²). Roof constructions were used to increase drought‐like conditions, whereas water supply was enhanced by irrigation. In all, 2 038 carabid beetles (36 species), 4 893 spiders (65 species), and 303 Orthoptera (4 species) were caught using pitfall traps from May to August, 2010. During our experiment, we created an artificial small‐scale climate change; and statistics revealed that these changes had short‐term effects on the total number of individuals and Simpson diversity of the studied arthropod groups. Moreover, our results showed that certain species might react very quickly to climate change in terms of activity densities, which in turn might influence diversity due to shifts in abundance patterns. Finally, we devised methodological improvements that may further enhance the validity of future studies.     

宁夏盐池荒漠草原步甲物种多样性

采用巴氏罐诱法于2009年3月到10月对盐池四墩子3种不同类型荒漠草原的步甲物种组成、数量分布进行了系统调查,共获得步甲标本1318号,分属于9属15种,其中直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri、蒙古伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxnus mongolicus、径婪步甲Harpalus salinus和短翅伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxnus brevipennis为优势种,个体数量分别占个体总数的33.08%、19.73%、15.94%和8.04%。多样性分析表明适度干扰荒漠草地的Shannon-Wiener多样性、丰富度和均匀度均高于低干扰和强干扰荒漠草地。群落相似性分析显示猪毛蒿和甘草混交带与围栏放牧带及柠条带有较高的相似性,蒙古冰草带和苜蓿与柠条混种带相似性较高。从时间动态上看,步甲群落的个体数量在8月份达到最高。4种优势种季节性变化分别是直角通缘步甲盛发期为8月,径婪步甲发生的高峰期为8、9月,短翅伪葬步甲在5月和8月,蒙古伪葬步甲7-10月个体数量均多;不同物种在不同类型荒漠草地出现的高峰期是不一致的。典范对应分析(CCA)分析表明土壤含水量是影响步甲分布的最重要环境因子,植物生物量和植被密度次之;土壤含水量与步甲的Shannon-Wiener多样性、均匀度显著负相关,与优势度呈显著正相关。     

The harmonic radar: a new method of tracing insects in the field

ABSTRACT.

• 1 A novel technique for tracing the movements of insects in the field is described.
• 2 The detection system is based on radar technology originally developed for locating avalanche victims. The key of the system is a tiny electronic diode that, glued to the insect, can reflect microwave beams emitted by portable detection equipment.
• 3 The technique has been successfully tested in a field-tracing experiment with carabid beetles. The results show that these insects are capable of dispersing surprisingly long distances in a relatively short period of time.

     

Importance of closed landfills as green space in urbanized areas: ecological assessment using carabid beetles

In a closed landfill, we investigated the diversity and ecological characters of carabid beetles to understand the ecological importance of closed landfills that have the potential as a multi-functional habitat for improving biodiversity in urbanized areas. In addition, we studied the influence of environmental factors (vegetation structure, soil) on distribution and diversity of carabid beetles. A total of 92,495 individuals representing 15 carabid species were collected from the closed landfill. Although the species richness of carabid beetles recorded in the closed landfill was not higher than the other green spaces in the city, the closed landfill could sufficiently provides a stable habitat as a semi-natural area for carabid beetles. Soil pH, Na, and tall grass plant cover influenced carabid assemblage in the closed landfill. However, other environmental variables (e.g., K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, bare land cover, weedy cover, and tree cover) were not correlated with carabid species composition. It is implied that in the closed landfill, which is a highly modified engineered environment, other abiotic environmental (e.g., drainage, soil texture, leachate, and landscape context, etc.) and biotic factors (e.g., intra- and interspecific competition) may have affected carabid assemblage. Although artificial drainages are essential facilities for landfill management, they are a critical factor that affects the species inhabiting the landfill. However, carabid beetles seemed to randomly fall into the artificial drainage. For successful management of closed landfills, it is very important that minimize the intervention and that develop the ecological sensitively management method.