杜仲含胶细胞的形态学研究

通过变性处理、整体透明及离析等方法的综合运用,可见杜仲体内含胶细胞是一种细长、两端膨大的单细胞,含胶细胞的分枝比较常见,大多为二叉状分枝,罕见三叉状分枝。整体透明后可见含胶细胞在叶片和果皮中的分布状况,同时对含胶细胞的形态学指标进行了测量。     

尼泊尔马桑放线菌共生固氮根瘤的感染和发育

弗兰克氏放线菌通过感染尼泊尔马桑的根毛侵入根的皮层细胞。由于内生菌侵入的刺激,部分皮层细胞分裂和增大,产生前根瘤原基。根瘤原基分裂、分化,形成初生根瘤瘤片。瘤片顶端分生组织不断双叉分枝,发育,并伴随着内生菌感染的寄主细胞,产生多次双叉分枝的珊瑚状根瘤。观察瘤片的横切面,含菌组织是一个马蹄形的致密整体,不完全地包围着稍偏的中柱。观察瘤片的纵切面,可将其划分为6个区域,即顶端分生组织,未感染皮层细胞组织、新感染含菌组织、成熟含菌组织、衰老含菌组织和中柱及其外围数层富含淀粉粒的皮层细胞。     

杜仲含胶细胞的整体观察

用常现石蜡制片法及变性试剂（澳一碘一冰醋酸）处理,虽然可以观察到杜仲含胶细胞在植物体中的分布部位、密度及直径等,但很难观察到含胶 细胞的整体特征。采用整体透明法,可对合胶细胞整体特征进行观察以获得比较满意的效果,现将制片过程介绍如下：1．配制溶液配制10％的Na0H溶液和澳．碘冰醋酸试剂（碘2．5克,漠1．25克,冰醋酸加至100毫升）。2．取材及变性处理取新鲜的杜仲叶片,用清水冲洗干净,根据观察要求切成小块,放入盛有变性试剂的瓶中（变性试剂大约为材料的20－30倍）,处理48小时,为加速渗透可抽气约5分钟。3．透…     

两种胶毛藻科植物的培养研究

对胶毛藻科植物优美胶毛藻[Chaetophora elegans(Roth)Agardh]和羽枝竹枝藻[Draparnaldia plumosa(Vauch) Agardh]进行了室内培养,对它们自游动孢子萌发到成熟丝状体形成等生活史各阶段都进行了详细观察,并做了活体显微镜照相记录。结果显示:(1)优美胶毛藻的游动孢子较小,直径为9~11μm,顶端具4条等长鞭毛,自母细胞释放后,游动孢子固定在基质上萌发,萌发类型为直立式,顶端细胞发育为直立系统,其直立系统为二叉状分枝,无明显主枝,侧枝发达,分枝顶端细胞渐尖或毛状,各级分枝细胞大小基本相同,圆柱形,宽约为6~8μm,长约为10~12μm。基细胞发育为匍匐系统,首先产生匍匐枝,由它产生假根。随生长,直立系统下部的细胞产生次生假根,成熟的优美胶毛藻外观近球形,与野生胶毛藻的形态相似。(2)羽枝竹枝藻游动孢子产生于母细胞,游动孢子体积较大,直径约为30μm左右,顶端具4条等长鞭毛。游动孢子从母细胞内释放后,固定在基质上萌发,萌发类型亦为直立式,顶端细胞发育为直立系统,其直立系统为分枝丝状体,主枝粗壮,细胞圆柱形,长约为50~60μm,宽约为48~50μm,内有多个蛋白核;侧枝细胞为长圆形,长约为40~50μm,宽约为17~19μm,分枝顶端的细胞尖细或为毛状。基细胞发育为假根和匍匐枝。当藻体成熟时,直立系统下部的细胞产生次生假根。     

西藏藓类二新种

茎匍匐,长3—4厘米,具少数褐色假根。分枝密集,呈拱形向上弯曲,长4—5厘米,单生或具成簇短分枝,短枝长1厘米,呈圆条形,先端渐尖,黄绿色或褐绿色,有时具鞭状枝。茎横切面为椭圆形,直径为0.24—0.28毫米,中轴细弱,中央有7—8个小形、无色透明的细胞,长12—14微米,宽约10微米,外面具大形六角形的细胞,直径     

星球藻属Asterocapsa二新种

原植体球形,亚球形或长圆形,细胞单生或2, 4个细胞组成小群体,再由小群体组成大群体,群体直径8~17μm。细胞球形,不包括胶被直径为2~2.2μm,含胶被时直径为4~5.5μm,个体及群体胶被宽厚、坚硬、黄色、层理明显,密生黄色疣突状棘刺。原生质体均匀或具细小颗粒体,蓝绿色。     

金鱼藻营养器官的形态解剖学研究

通过对金鱼藻最常见的营养器官茎和叶的形态解剖观察发现:整个植株脆性较大;茎中通气组织不发达,木质部和机械组织不发达,凯氏带不明显;叶片薄而透明,二歧状分枝,表皮含大量的叶绿体,通气组织特别发达,气腔有端壁且有通道相连,木质部退化.     

三维分析技术揭示小鼠不同脑区小胶质细胞具有不同的结构特征

小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中具有免疫功能的细胞,其分枝状突起不断伸出或回缩监测着周围环境的变化.为了探究不同脑区中小胶质细胞突起结构特征的差异性,本项研究采用小胶质细胞表达绿色荧光蛋白的转基因小鼠(Mus musculus),结合组织透明、激光共聚焦扫描成像和三维重建等技术,对小鼠大脑皮层、纹状体和海马齿状回变形层中小胶质细胞的结构进行了量化分析,并利用小胶质细胞突起均由胞体发出并在三维空间中具有连续性的特征分割出了具有复杂突起结构的单个完整小胶质细胞.研究结果显示,纹状体中小胶质细胞的空间占有体积显著高于大脑皮层和海马齿状回变形层中小胶质细胞的空间占有体积,而大脑皮层和海马齿状回变形层中小胶质细胞突起的空间占有体积之间不具有显著性差异.三维分析结果表明,大脑皮层、纹状体和海马齿状回变形层中小胶质细胞突起的总长度、分支总数、分支点个数、分支末端总数、最大分支级数均具有显著性差异.组织透明技术结合三维重建技术可在多个角度分析小胶质细胞的空间结构特征,这为进一步分析小胶质细胞结构和功能的关系及其在病理条件下的变化提供了一种新的手段.     

杜仲含胶细胞形态特征的研究

利用离析、石蜡制片以及电镜扫描等方法对杜仲含胶细胞的形态特征进行研究,结果表明,大多数的含胶细胞是一种细长的、两端略膨大的,丝状的分泌单细胞、少数含胶细胞在表面形成突起,并能进一步伸长,形有盲端或分枝。     

根尖整体透明技术改良

整体透明观察技术是植物形态发育研究的基础手段之一, 是无需制作切片直接观察植物体内部形态结构的有效方法。该技术采用高折射率介质降低光在样品中的散射, 提高光通量, 增加视野深度, 从而实现组织样品透明观察。然而透明剂能改变透明液的渗透势和pH值, 从而对细胞形态保持产生负面影响。目前, 针对植物叶片和胚珠已建立了相对成熟的整体透明观察体系, 但根尖由于细胞壁较薄, 现有的整体透明方法常导致细胞形态改变, 不确定性增加(如根尖整体形态改变和细胞发生严重的质壁分离)。该研究以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)幼苗为实验材料, 通过检测根尖形态、细胞质壁分离情况和细胞清晰度, 对常用的透明液组分、pH值和透明时间进行优化, 旨在建立一种适用于根尖等较脆弱组织材料的整体透明方法。     

Studles on the Initiation and Development of Gutta-containing Cells of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.

The gutta-containing structure in the cortex of a stem of Eucommia ulmoides is a filamentous, secretory cell. Observation of thin sections revealed that when the procambium of a stem differentiated into the earliest sieve elenents of protophloem, the initials cells appeared as daughter cells originated from a longitudinally equational or unequational divisions, or from the terminal cell formed by several transverse divisions of some cortical ground meristematic cells. Before the ceils of the cortical ground'meristem ceased to divide, the initial cells, in an arbitrary position of origin, develops continuously. These initial cells were able to be distinguished from the surrounding cells by their large length/width ratio, the presence of elliptical nuclei and dense cytoplasm, etc. Later, both ends of the initial cells extended rapidly through intrusive growth, forming the very long, thin and filamentous unicell with two dilated terminations. During development, the gutta particles were gradually synthesized and accumulated in the cytoplasm, where as the organelles degenerated progressively. In the muture gutta-containing cell, the cell cavity was filled with gutta particles, the nucleus as well as other organelles was disintegrated leaving an intact fibrous cell wall.     

Neuronal Types in the Human Anterior Ventral Thalamic Nucleus: A Golgi Study

Neurons in the anterior ventral (AV) thalamic nucleus of human adults were impregnated by Golgi-Kopsch impregnation method. Results showed that at least three morphological types of neurons could be recognized in the human AV thalamic nucleus. Type I neurons were medium to large with rich dendritic arborization. Both tufted and radiating dendritic branching patterns were seen in almost every neuron of this type. Only the initial axonal segments of these cells were impregnated suggesting that these axons were heavily myelinated. Type II neurons were medium in size with poor to moderate dendritic arborization. Many of these cells possess a few dendritic grape-like appendages. Long segments (up to 300 μm) of their axons were impregnated suggesting that these axons were either unmyelinated or thinly myelinated. These axons change their direction and form loops very often. No local branches were seen for these axons suggesting that they could be projection axons. Type III neurons were small with only one or two dendrites with poor arborization. No axons for these cells were seen in this study. The three neuronal types in the human AV thalamic nucleus were compared with neuronal types already described in other thalamic nuclei of human and non-human species. The results of this study might provide a morphological basis for further electrophysiological and / or pathological studies.     

Morphological identification of on- and off-centre brisk transient (Y) cells in the cat retina

Brisk transient (Y) cells were recorded extracellularly in the cat retina. The position and shape of their receptive field centres were plotted on a tangent screen, together with retinal landmarks, such as blood vessels adjacent to the recording area. After recording the retina was processed as a whole mount and stained with a reduced-silver method (see appendix). This technique stains the entire alpha cell population including the dendritic trees. Alpha cells are the morphological correlate of the brisk transient cells (Boycott & W?ssle 1974; Cleland et al. 1975). Maps of the screen plot and the histological preparation could be accurately superimposed by means of the retinal landmarks and each recorded brisk transient unit could unequivocally be attributed to a particular alpha cell. Alpha cell dendritic trees are unistratified in either of two laminae within the inner plexiform layer: (1) close to the inner nuclear layer border, 'outer alpha cells', or (2) about 10 micrometers further towards the ganglion cell layer, 'inner alpha cells'. This stratification difference can be observed in whole mounts for large populations of cells (W?ssle et al. 1981). Of the recorded brisk transient cells, all on-centre units were inner alphas and all off-centre units outer alphas.     

Morphological study by scanning electron microscopy of the lymphatic vessels of the guinea pig

The purpose of this study was to describe the morphology of the whole lymphatic way: from capillaries to thoracic duct including cisterna chili using scanning electron microscopy and Evan's technique. We observed the lymph vascular wall that is: the endothelial surface, the muscular layer and the adventitial one. All these vessels were covered by an endothelial surface, with raised nuclei and long cell axes oriented parallel to the direction of flow. The borders between adjacent endothelial cell were often seen and open junctions were noted in lymphatic capillaries. The technique we used, permitted the removal of connective tissue by HC1 hydrolysis, so that smooth muscle cells could be examined. The latter showed a great variety of aspects and a very irregular course. The adventitial layer was thin in capillaries and became complex in thoracic duct where collagen fibers and connective elements were seen.     

感染环形泰勒焦虫(Theileria annulata)的牛外周血白细胞的形态观察

用光镜及扫描电镜观察了体外高代培养的含牛焦虫颗粒的牛外周血白细胞的形态及在细胞周期中细胞表面的特征性变化。这种经多年传代的含虫的牛外周血白细胞恢复了分裂和繁殖的能力,目前已成为较稳定的细胞系。细胞表面具多种伪足突起,如叶状、丝状及绒毛状。细胞周期中备期细胞表面的主要特征是:S期:细胞平扁,边缘具薄的时状伪足及丝状伪足;G_2期:细胞中部隆起,表面具少量绒毛状伪足;G_1期:绒毛状结构少或无,而出现丝状及小的叶状伪足,细胞仍保持球形;M期:细胞球形,表面密被以绒毛。作者根据扫描电镜的观察认为光镜下所观察的两类细胞,实际上是反映了一种细胞处于不同发育阶段时的特征。     

日本沼虾生精细胞核的形态变化及其在真虾部Caridea生殖进化中的地位

应用透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）技术研究了日本沼虾精子发生过程中细胞核的形态变异。生精细胞的核经历了由圆形或椭圆形变为浅碟状的一系列变化过程;其核膜由原来的完整变为不完整,成熟精子仅在精子尾部具有核膜;核内染色质由松散逐渐聚合分化,在成熟精子核内形成了泡状和丝状两种形态的核物质。精子具备泡状和丝状两种核物质是日本沼虾的重要特征之一。精核的形态可以作为十足类甲壳动物的重要分类依据;研究精子发生过程中细胞核的形     

四种显微技术观测大鼠颌下腺细胞与丝素-壳聚糖体外共培养的形态学特点

目的采用倒置显微镜、扫描电镜（scanning electron microscopy,SEM）、荧光显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜（（laser scanning confocal microscopy,LSCM））技术对大鼠颌下腺细胞（rat submandibular gland cells,RSMGs）与丝素-壳聚糖（silk fibroin-chitosan,SFCs）的体外复合培养进行形态学观察。为观测、评估种子细胞在三维支架的内部生长情况提供技术支持。方法取0～8 d龄SD大鼠的颌下腺,对大鼠颌下腺细胞进行原代培养、分离纯化并传代;用抗细胞角蛋白单克隆抗体（CK8）及淀粉酶抗体的免疫细胞化学染色鉴定细胞来源。选取传至第二代的对数生长期的RSMGs作为种子细胞,选取SFCs共混膜（5×5×2）mm作为支架材料构建组织工程化涎腺样结构。将种子细胞与支架材料复合培养并分别于倒置显微镜、SEM、荧光显微镜和LSCM下观察二者复合生长情况。结果倒置显微镜可以直接观察活细胞与支架复合生长情况,方法简单易行。SEM可以较精确的展示细胞支架复合生长的表面超微结构。经过荧光染料的着色,荧光显微镜和LSCM都可以观察到支架上锚定的种子细胞。荧光显微镜可见细胞核的荧光信号均匀的分布在支架孔隙内。LSCM通过层扫描及三维重建技术对较厚的标本获取图像;并可以通过旋转图像,从不同角度观察细胞支架复合物的三维剖面或整体结构,得到更为准确的定位信息。结论四种显微技术均可应用于RSMGs与SFCs体外共培养的形态学观测。LSCM的三维重建技术结合荧光染料标记可以较好地获得RSMGs与SFCs复合生长的情况,有着较广泛的应用价值。     

Flow-cytometric analysis of mixed cell populations using intermediate filament antibodies

Using two human tumour cell lines, T24 bladder carcinoma and Molt-4 leukemia, flow-cytometric DNA analysis of pure and mixed cell populations was performed using cellular cytokeratin content to distinguish cytokeratin-containing carcinoma cells from leukemia cells which do not contain cytokeratin. Using cytokeratin content to gate DNA analysis, the same specificity and sensitivity of cellular DNA content and distribution measurement could be achieved by single-pass FCM analysis of a mixture of the two cell types as was seen when analysing pure populations of the two cell lines. This technique has broad applicability to FCM analysis of mixed populations composed of cells from different tissues of origin.     

Spatial morphology of the mitochondria of the proximal and distal tubules of the kidney]

A new histological technique of block staining based on the use of a double lead and copper citrate is described in order to observe thick sections (0.5-1.5 micron) with a transmission electron microscope. With this technique, a network of mitochondrial with many morphological communications was seen in the epithelial cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the rat nephron. A new schematic view of the proximal and distal tubular cell is presented to illustrate the communications of the chondriome, which could become more or less accentuated following the functional status of the cell.