橄榄星室木虱实验种群生命表

从 2 0 0 2年 7月 1 8日到 9月 3 0日 ,在莆田市城厢区组建了橄榄星室木虱实验种群生命表 ,并对生命表进行了分析。实验结果表明 ,橄榄星室木虱的种群趋势指数I为 3 7 .2 2 ,世代死亡率为 68 0 7% ,内禀增长力rm 为 0 . 1 1 1 ,周限增长速率λ为 1 . 1 1 7,净繁殖率R0 为 41. 5 64,世代平均周期T为 3 3. 7d ,双倍时间为 7d。     

侧多食跗线螨实验种群繁殖特征生命表

研究了侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemuslatus (Banks)在 2 5℃ ,相对湿度 85 %～ 90 % ,取食辣椒条件下的种群繁殖特征生命表。结果表明 :该螨的内禀增长力为 0 2 94 8,周限增长率为 1 34 2 9,净增殖率为 2 5 4 94 4,种群世代平均周期为 1 3 85 0 9d ,种群加倍时间为 2 35 1 2d ,在理论年龄组配中 ,未成熟期(卵、幼螨、若螨 )占 70 1 781 % ,成螨占 2 9 82 1 9%。     

The influence of temperature on the life table of Hyperaspis notata

The coccinellid Hyperaspis notata Mulsant was introduced into Africa for the biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Two cohorts of strains, one originating from Southern Brazil and Paraguay feeding on P. manihoti, and one from Colombia feeding on Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams were studied at different temperatures between 15 and 34 °C and age-specific life tables were constructed. Although in the areas of origin the climatical conditions and the food sources are different, the survivorship and developmental times at the same temperature differed little among the two strains, the Colombian strain being slightly more tolerant to high temperatures. Jacknife estimates of the intrinsic rates of increase (rm) peaked very close to 30 °C for the two strains.     

DDT对多刺裸腹溞的急性毒性和生命表参数的影响

采用48 h急性毒性试验研究了DDT对多刺裸腹溞的48小时LC₅₀值,采用生命表试验方法研究了暴露于不同浓度（1、8、16、24、32和40 μg·L^-1）DDT溶液中的多刺裸腹溞的生命表统计学参数.结果表明：DDT对多刺裸腹溞48小时LC₅₀值为324 μg·L^-1;浓度在1～40 μg·L^-1的 DDT对多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、净生殖率、世代时间和总繁殖率均没有显著影响(P>0.05),但对种群内禀增长率(r_m)影响显著 (P<0.05).与空白对照组相比,浓度为8、16和40 μg·L^-1的DDT显著地提高了多刺裸腹溞种群r_m.在使用多刺裸腹溞的生命表统计学参数监测亚致死浓度的DDT的生态影响时,r_m是较敏感的指标.     

A general theory of life table construction and a precise abridged life table method

"In this paper we lay the foundation of life table construction by unifying the existing life table methods. We also present a new method of constructing current (period) abridged life tables.... The development includes (1) a careful formulation and computation of age-specific death rates, (2) derivation of a new set of formulas for computing the survivorship function from the observed age-specific death rates and populations, (3) estimation of the main life table functions by spline interpolation, integration and differentiation, and (4) use of a quadratic and a Gompertz function to close the life table.... The method is illustrated with construction of abridged life tables using Canadian data."     

The determination of key factors from life table data

Summary A new method is proposed for detecting key factors from life tables for animals whose life-cycle is divided into several stages. This method is based upon an equation that partitions the variance of the number alive at the end of the life-cycle into components associated with variation in the number entering the first stage of the cycle, variation in survival rates, and also density-dependent aspects of survival. It is illustrated by analysing Blank and Ash's (1962) census data for a population of partridges. The conclusions reached are somewhat different from those reached by Blank et al. (1967) when they applied Varley and Gradwell's (1960) type of key factor analysis to the same set of data.     

The effects of Nosema algerae on the horizontal life table attributes of Anopheles stephensi under laboratory conditions

Under controlled insectary conditions, infection with Nosema algerae (Cnidospora: Microsporidia) was found to significantly alter the life table characteristics of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) as follows: immature to adult survivorship decreased and developmental time was slightly delayed, female and male life expectancy at emergence decreased, fecundity, and thus the net reproductive rate, decreased, and the instantaneous rate of increase and the instantaneous birth and death rates decreased. The time in life of female reproduction and generation time were not significantly altered. Results are discussed in the context of vectorial capacity for malaria.     

荔枝蝽的实验种群生命表

通过田间笼罩试验 ,排除天敌等生物因子的作用 ,建立了荔枝蝽实验种群生命表 ,分析结果表明 ,荔枝蝽产卵期可持续 1 8周 ,产卵概率呈明显的偏态分布 ,且出现 2个产卵高峰 ;各虫态自然存活率很高 ,均在 95 %以上 ,其实验种群趋势的指数约为 84 0。     

鹅掌楸苗期动态生命表

报道了鹅掌楸在苗圃播种后的出苗率和幼苗存活率,根据定期观察数据编制了苗期动态生命表。结果表明,4个种源的出苗率都很低(1.64%～3.05%),比其各自的饱满种子率低得多;天然种源的出苗率高于栽培的种源,但前者的出苗数占饱满种子数的比例却低于后者。至一个生长季以后,幼苗存活率仅占出苗数的16%～27%,而黄山种源与庐山种源的交配后代则高达60%,明显地高于其亲本和其它种源。种子大小对于出苗率和幼苗存活率没有直接影响。最后讨论了遗传因素和生存环境对幼苗存活的影响,并认为种子和幼苗适合度低是鹅掌楸致濒的重要原因之一。     

常见寿命数据类型及生命表的编制方法

生命表是描述种群死亡过程的有用工具,介绍了4种常见的寿命数据类型;寿终数据,右删失数据,左删失数据和区间型数据特征及其相应的数据分析处理方法即生命表法,乘积限估计和Turbull估计法,对生命表法和乘积限估计法应用上的特点进行了比较,同时还对特殊的寿命数据类型－－截断数据做了简要介绍。     

转基因棉对土耳其斯坦叶螨生命参数的影响

为了研究转基因棉花对北疆叶螨优势种土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani(Ugarov et Nikolskii)种群生命参数的影响,本实验以常规棉中棉49作为对照,构建了叶螨在单价转基因棉新棉33B(Bt)、双价转基因棉中棉41(Bt+CpTI)上的室内种群生命表。结果表明,单双价转基因棉对叶螨的生长发育历期及生殖参数并没有明显影响;且取食常规棉的叶螨种群参数净生殖率、内禀增长率、平均世代周期、种群加倍时间、周限增长率、存活曲线也与单双价棉无显著差异,这说明转基因棉对棉叶螨的生长发育、繁殖及种群增长并无显著影响。     

Sublethal effects of fenazaquin on life table parameters of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Knowledge of the impact of acaricides on predatory mites is crucial for integrated pest management programs. The present study evaluated the sublethal effect of fenazaquin (Pride^® 20 % SC, Behavar, Iran) on life table parameters of the subsequent generation of the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), fed on Tetranychus urticae Koch under laboratory conditions [26 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 3 % RH and 16:8 (L:D) h]. The sublethal concentrations including LC₁₀, LC₂₀ and LC₃₀ were determined using a dose–effect assay. The total development time of both sexes enhanced with an increase in concentration. The oviposition period and total fecundity decreased in dose-dependent manner. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) significantly descended with concentration enhancing from LC₁₀ to LC₃₀, compared with the control. The net reproductive rate (R ₀) ranged between 2.76 and 7.37 offspring. Overall, the results indicated that fenazaquin had negative effects on development and life table parameters of the subsequent generation of A. swirskii. In conclusion, fenazaquin is not a compatible acaricide with A. swirskii and should not be used with this predatory mite in integrated management of T. urticae.     

In situ life table of a subtropical copepod

• 1 A life table of a subtropical population of Mesocyclops edax(Copepoda: Cyclopoida) was constructed from a cohort of individuals reared in enclosures in a small, eutrophic lake.
• 2 The lake population was sampled concurrently to determine age structure, per capita birth, death and growth rates, body size and clutch size.
• 3 Maturation times of enclosed males and females were 9.3 and 11.4 days, respectively. The population growth rate. r. was estimated to be 0.18 females day^-1 for the enclosed population, but approximated zero on most dates in the lake population. Mortality was low in the enclosures which excluded predators and high in the field population exposed to planktivorous fish and Chaoborus.
• 4 The means and variances of several fitness traits are related to the specific environment. The enclosure approach promises to be a useful tool in the study of zooplankton life history variation.

     

应用Jackknife技术统计昆虫生命表参数变异的VFP实现

研究昆虫种群的动态,掌握种群增长的潜力是非常重要的。应用生殖力生命表可进行种群增长动态的估计,常用5个主要参数来描述净增殖率、内禀增长率、世代平均周期、种群倍增时间和周限增长率,Jackknife技术可以用来估计内禀增长率等参数的变异程度,利用VFP编程实现了生命表参数变异程度的计算。