家蚕雌性附腺及其Ng突变体的蛋白质组差异研究(英)

家蚕雌蛾性附腺在化蛾前2到3天开始大量分泌胶状粘性蛋白,其贮存部迅速地膨大,而其Ng突变体的雌蛾性附腺不能正常分泌胶状粘性物质.分别对家蚕（Bombyx mori）的正常及Ng突变体雌蛾性附腺分泌部组织的蛋白质进行提取,并采用双向凝胶电泳和计算机辅助分析方法,对提取的蛋白质混合物进行分离和比较分析,并对主要差异表达的蛋白质用质谱鉴定.实验结果表明,用银染法,平均每张电泳图谱可以分离约700个蛋白质点,其中大部分的蛋白质点分布在pH 4～8 范围内,其分子质量主要集中在30～70 ku区域.比较分析发现一些差异表达蛋白,其中No2, 3蛋白质点经质谱鉴定为肌动蛋白A3,该蛋白质只在化蛹后期正常雌性附腺组织中特异表达,而Ng突变体中肌动蛋白A3的缺失,暗示了肌动蛋白A3可能与家蚕雌性附腺的胶状粘性物质的胞外分泌有关.     

家蚕雌性附腺及其Ng突变体蛋白质组双向电泳图谱分析

分别对家蚕(Bombyx mori．L)正常及Ng突变体雌蛾件附腺分泌部组织的蛋白质进行提取,并采用双向凝胶电泳和计算机辅助分析方法,对提取的蛋白质混合物进行分离和比较分析。用银染的方法,平均每张电泳图谱可以分离约700个蛋白质点,其中大部分的蛋白质点分布在pH4～8范围内,在分子量上主要集中在30～70kD区域：比较分析发现,有4种蛋白只在正常性附腺组织中特异表达,而有2种蛋白只在Ng突变体的组织中特异表达。另外约有29种蛋白在正常性附腺分泌部组织中的表达水平明显高于Ng突变,而约有15种蛋白在Ng突变体的分泌部组织中表达水平较高。这些差异蛋白质可能与Ng突变的形成和导致这种突变体的性附腺不能正常分泌粘性蛋白的性状有关。     

家蚕雌性附腺及其Ng突变体蛋白质组双向电泳图谱分析

分别对家蚕（Bombyx mori. L）正常及Ng突变体雌蛾性附腺分泌部组织的蛋白质进行提取,并采用双向凝胶电泳和计算机辅助分析方法,对提取的蛋白质混合物进行分离和比较分析。用银染的方法,平均每张电泳图谱可以分离约700个蛋白质点,其中大部分的蛋白质点分布在pH 4～8范围内,在分子量上主要集中在30～70 kD区域。比较分析发现,有4种蛋白只在正常性附腺组织中特异表达,而有2种蛋白只在Ng突变体的组织中特异表达。另外约有29种蛋白在正常性附腺分泌部组织中的表达水平明显高于Ng突变,而约有15种蛋白在Ng突变体的分泌部组织中表达水平较高。这些差异蛋白质可能与Ng突变的形成和导致这种突变体的性附腺不能正常分泌粘性蛋白的性状有关。     

转植酸酶基因家蚕的制作及表达检测

家蚕Bombyx mori丝腺具有高效合成蛋白质的特性,开发在丝腺特异表达外源蛋白质的生物反应器具有重要的意义。本研究利用piggyBac来源的两种载体pPIGA3GFP和pBac{3×P3-EGFPaf},建立了稳定的家蚕转基因技术体系; 然后,利用一株黑曲霉来源的植酸酶基因,构建了在家蚕后部丝腺特异表达的融合表达载体pBac [3×P3-EGFP+ FibLphyADsRed],注射蚕卵后,在53个G1蛾区中检测到3个有荧光蚕的蛾区。经Southern blot和反向PCR验证,转基因表达盒整合到家蚕染色体上。RT-PCR结果显示,植酸酶基因特异性地在后部丝腺表达,其表达模式与家蚕轻链丝素基因一致。结果表明我们成功获得了在后部丝腺特异表达植酸酶融合蛋白的转基因蚕,这为进一步开发家蚕生物反应器,利用转基因蚕生产各种重组蛋白具有积极的促进作用。     

家蚕性附腺发育与核酸及利它素蛋白变化的关系

对不同发育时期家蚕Bombyx mori雌性性附腺核酸和蛋白质含量测定的结果表明, 从家蚕化蛹后第6天到成虫羽化当天的性附腺内总蛋白质含量不断增加,至羽化当天为最高,达860±70 μg/对。不同时期内能引诱野蚕黑卵蜂识别寄主的利它素在总蛋白中所占的比例差异明显,从化蛹后第6天的10%增加到羽化后的58%。性附腺的总RNA含量从化蛹第6天到成虫羽化前1天几乎是直线增加,但羽化后下降很快。不同时期分泌部中总RNA含量变化与贮存部明显不同。含量最高时,分泌部RNA可占整个性附腺RNA的90%以上,而贮存部总RNA含量则远少于分泌部,羽化当天约为分泌部的十分之一。分泌部总RNA中的18S亚基含量远高于28S亚基,明显不同于贮存部的。从分泌部总RNA中分离的mRNA存在明显的条带分布,这预示着高丰度的mRNA的存在与总蛋白中高含量利它素的存在有着特殊对应关系。     

野蚕黑卵蜂寄主识别利它素的纯化及氨基酸组成分析

针对利它素特殊的物理及化学性质,采用特定的温度分离方法,成功地从野蚕Theophila mandarina和家蚕Bombyx mori的雌蛾性附腺中分别获得了纯度较高的野蚕黑卵蜂Telenomus theophilae寄主识别利它素。对这两种利它素氨基酸组成的分析表明,来自家蚕和野蚕雌蛾性附腺的利它素在氨基酸的组成和含量方面非常相似,在检测到的15种氨基酸中,甘氨酸、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸的克分子百分数在10%以上。从家蚕得到的分别为28.1%、18.5%和12.6%。从野蚕得到的分别为24.4%、18.1%和10.1%。这3种氨基酸之和在家蚕和野蚕中均超过50%以上。用凝胰乳蛋白酶对这两种利它素进行水解时发现溶液中均产生非水溶性沉淀,电泳表明沉淀的多肽蛋白分子量在10 Kd左右。这显示在野蚕和家蚕利它素结构中,有着与家蚕丝蛋白相类似的结构,存在着结晶区域（沉淀）和无定形区域（上清）。     

野蚕黑卵蜂寄主识别利它素的纯化及氨基酸组成分析

针对利它素特殊的物理及化学性质 ,采用特定的温度分离方法 ,成功地从野蚕Theophilamandarina和家蚕Bombyxmori的雌蛾性附腺中分别获得了纯度较高的野蚕黑卵蜂Telenomustheophilae寄主识别利它素。对这两种利它素氨基酸组成的分析表明 ,来自家蚕和野蚕雌蛾性附腺的利它素在氨基酸的组成和含量方面非常相似 ,在检测到的 15种氨基酸中 ,甘氨酸、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸的克分子百分数在 10 %以上。从家蚕得到的分别为 2 8 1%、 18 5 %和 12 6 %。从野蚕得到的分别为 2 4 4%、18 1%和 10 1%。这 3种氨基酸之和在家蚕和野蚕中均超过 5 0 %以上。用凝胰乳蛋白酶对这两种利它素进行水解时发现溶液中均产生非水溶性沉淀 ,电泳表明沉淀的多肽蛋白分子量在 10kD左右。这显示在野蚕和家蚕利它素结构中 ,有着与家蚕丝蛋白相类似的结构 ,存在着结晶区域 (沉淀 )和无定形区域 (上清 )。     

双向电泳法在家蚕蛋白质分离中的应用

家蚕Bombyxmori(L.)既是重要的经济昆虫,又是鳞翅目昆虫研究的典型模式生物。开展家蚕蛋白质组研究,将有助于阐明家蚕绢丝蛋白的分泌机理,也是研究鳞翅目昆虫及其他生物生命本质的需要。双向电泳是蛋白质分离的关键技术。为探讨适宜家蚕蛋白质组研究的双向电泳条件,以家蚕丝腺、丝腺内容物、蚕卵和血液为材料,在不同条件下进行双向电泳,并对分离的蛋白点进行质谱分析。结果表明:通过改进的蛋白质裂解液辅以超声破碎制备的蛋白质,双向电泳后能够得到较好的2-DE图,也能满足进行MALDI-TOFMS分析的需要。因此本研究方法适用于家蚕不同组织中蛋白质的提取和双向电泳。     

烟夜蛾雄蛾性附腺因子对雌蛾性信 息素合成的抑制作用

烟夜蛾Helicoverpa assulta处女蛾在交配后1 h,其性信息素滴度即显著降低,72 h内未见恢复。生测结果表明,烟夜蛾性信息素合成抑制因子主要来源于雄蛾性附腺。不同日龄雄蛾性附腺提取物的抑制活性无显著差异。光暗期对其活性具显著影响,暗期中雄蛾的性附腺物质对雌蛾性信息素合成具有较强抑制作用,而光期中雄蛾的性附腺物质不具抑制活性。在暗期的不同时间处理,对处女蛾性信息素合成的抑制作用无显著差异。雄蛾性附腺提取物对雌蛾性信息素合成的抑制作用与注射剂量有明显的相关性,0.2 ME（雄蛾当量）是产生显著抑制作用的最小剂量。对交配雌蛾注射性信息素生物合成激活神经肽（PBAN）提取物后,其性信息素合成又可恢复,这说明雌蛾交配后,性信息素滴度降低的原因是由于缺少了PBAN的调控。     

肝癌细胞分泌蛋白质的多种提取方法比较

由于分泌蛋白在重大生理和病理过程中的重要角色和功能, 使得分泌蛋白质组的研究备受人们关注. 高效提取分泌蛋白质是分泌蛋白质组学研究的第一步, 也是关键的一步. 本研究首次比较了3种常用的提取方法: 超滤法、沉淀法和透析法. 以具有高自发性转移潜能的人肝癌细胞系LM3为研究对象, 采用3种方法平行提取分泌蛋白, 发现超滤法的提取效率最高; 蛋白质经过溶液酶解, 在线的一维反相高效液相色谱分离和ESI-MS/MS质谱鉴定, 共鉴定了360个非冗余蛋白, 其中有34, 110和29个蛋白分别只在超滤法、沉淀法和透析法提取的样品中被鉴定到, 沉淀法占优势, 3种方法互相补充. 360个蛋白中, 有42个分泌蛋白为首次被鉴定到, 扩大了已有的人肝癌转移细胞分泌蛋白数据库.     

Proteome analysis of the silkworm (Bombyx mori. L) colleterial gland during different development stages

The silkworm, Bombyx mori, colleterial gland developed very slowly until 2 days before emergence, then markedly enlarged due to the accumulation of a glue-like substances (mainly including 85% water and 11% proteins). However, the No glue (Ng) mutant female moth secreted only very little glue-like substance and laid loose eggs naturally. High-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by computer-assisted analysis, was used to screen the secretory region of colleterial gland protein patterns during different development stages to find quantitative and qualitative difference in protein expression during the pupae and moth stages. More than 700 protein spots were resolved in different developmental stages from the secretory region of the glands and most of the proteins were distributed in the mass range from 30 to 70 kD with pH 4-8. Through comparison and analysis, it was found that 3 proteins were only expressed in the later pupae stage (one or two days before emergence) and moth stage. Furthermore, these proteins were not expressed in the Ng mutant especially actin. There was a great variation of some protein expression volume during the development. Protein spots that changed more than 1.5-fold in expression level (relative to day 9), including 6 spots that were down-regulated and 2 spots that were up-regulated in expression were excised for identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Results indicated that actins that participated or regulated the exocytosis of colleterial gland and other differentially expressed proteins might be related to colleterial gland development or the secretion of a glue-like substance.     

Studies on middle silkgland proteins of cocoon colour sex-limited silkworm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombyx mori</Emphasis> L.) using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Qualitative and quantitative differences in proteins expressed in the middle silkglands of male and female silkworm larvae that differ in silk colour were investigated by high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE), followed by computer assisted image analysis. About 1000 protein spots were resolved in both the sexes and most proteins were shown to be distributed in the area from 15 kDa to 70 kDa and pH 4–8. It was found that some proteins displayed higher expression in yellow cocoon, while two proteins were only expressed in female silkworm silkgland tissue through the comparison and analysis by two-D software. These proteins especially existed in female silkworm middle silkgland tissue of yellow cocoon. Furthermore, these proteins might be involved in the expression of cocoon colour phenotype     

Comparative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) posterior silk gland under high temperature treatment

The proteins from the posterior silk gland of silkworm hybrids and their parents reared under high temperatures were studied by using comparative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis. A total of 82.07, 6.17 and 11.76 % protein spots showed additivity, overdominance and underdominance patterns, respectively. Fifteen differentially expressed protein spots were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. Among these, four spots, including sHSPs and prohibitin protein that were directly relevant to heat response, were identified. Eleven protein spots were found to play an important role in silk synthesis, and nine protein spots expressed phosphorylation states. According to Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis, these nine spots played an important role in stress-induced signal transduction. Expression of most silk synthesis-related proteins was reduced, whereas stress-responsive proteins increased with heat exposure time in three breeds. Furthermore, most proteins showed under- or overdominance in the hybrids compared to the parents. The results suggested that high temperature could alter the expression of proteins related to silk synthesis and heat response in silkworm. Moreover, differentially expressed proteins occurring in the hybrid and its parents may be the main explanation of the observed heterosis.     

家蚕胚胎发育时期的蛋白质变化及构造分析

采用蛋白质双向电泳技术及蛋白质氨基酸序分析技术,从蛋白质水平研究了家蚕胚胎发育时期的基因表达情况。结果表明,从家蚕临界期胚胎直到点青期胚胎的较长一段时间内,蛋白质的双向电泳图变化不大,匹配蛋白质斑点率达６３．０％,卵特异性蛋白质,３０Ｋ蛋白质的含量很大。     

溴氰菊酯胁迫下小菜蛾幼虫体内差异表达蛋白的分析

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.是世界性十字花科蔬菜的主要害虫, 已对多种杀虫剂产生抗性, 其中以对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性发展最快。溴氰菊酯是拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂中杀虫毒力最强的品种。我们前期的研究发现, 小菜蛾溴氰菊酯敏感品系（DS）和抗性品系（DR）成虫期的蛋白质双向电泳(2-DE)图谱存在显著差异。本研究通过双向电泳技术从小菜蛾4龄幼虫中分离出89个有明显差异的蛋白点, 从中选出30个进行串联质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)实验, 并利用蛋白质数据库检索这些在抗性品系中表达而在敏感品系中不表达或者不同品系中差异表达的蛋白质的归属、 性质和功能, 最终成功鉴定出10个蛋白。对其中的3个基因进行了荧光定量PCR验证, 发现这些蛋白质在mRNA水平的表达与在蛋白水平的表达是一致的。这些在溴氰菊酯胁迫下差异表达的蛋白为研究溴氰菊酯的作用靶标和作用机理, 以及筛选与其抗性相关的蛋白质提供了依据。     

Studies on middle and posterior silk glands of silkworm (Bombyx mori) using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry

Silk glands, present in the larval stage of the silkworm, produce threads of silky material to form the cocoon and are mainly composed of three parts: the anterior, the middle, and the posterior silk glands, each playing different roles in silk secretion. High-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and computer-assisted analysis were used to investigate quantitative and qualitative differences between the middle and posterior silk glands. Silver staining revealed over 600 spots for each sample, mostly distributed from 15 to 100 kDa with pH 4-7. Computer-assisted image analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and post-source decay technology suggested that there were significant differences in spot distribution and expression between the middle and posterior silk glands. In addition, 98 spots from the posterior silk gland were excised and further investigated following trypsin digestion. The results suggested that more than 20% of the 88 proteins identified were related to heat-shock proteins and chaperones. Redox system and DNA replication proteins involved in silk protein synthesis were also detected in the posterior silk gland. Interestingly, two novel serpin proteins were identified in the middle silk gland, and to a lesser extent in the posterior gland, which were presumed to be involved in regulation of proteolytic activity and protection of silk proteins from degradation.     

家蚕类泛素化翻译后修饰蛋白NEDD8的cDNA克隆、表达分析和亚细胞定位

【目的】NEDD8是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰蛋白,对底物蛋白的功能具有重要的调节作用。本研究旨在探索家蚕Bombyx mori中NEDD8的功能。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术,从家蚕Bm N细胞中克隆了家蚕NEDD8完整的开放阅读框。通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测家蚕NEDD8在不同发育阶段、5龄第3天幼虫不同组织中以及Bm NPV感染Bm N细胞后的相对表达量。通过构建GFP融合表达的重组Bm NPV(B.mori nucleopolyherovirus)感染家蚕Bm N细胞,在共聚焦显微镜下观察NEDD8在细胞中分布情况,用GFP抗体进行Western blot验证。【结果】克隆获得了NEDD8基因。序列分析表明,家蚕NEDD8高度保守,与家蚕泛素蛋白氨基酸序列一致性最高。qRT-PCR分析结果表明,NEDD8在家蚕的不同组织中均有表达,其中头部中表达量最高,其次是丝腺中,而在精巢和卵巢中表达量最低;在家蚕5龄第3天幼虫始到化蛹后第3天NEDD8的表达量开始逐渐增加,化蛾后降至低水平;在家蚕杆状病毒感染Bm N细胞的早期和极晚期NEDD8的表达量都有明显增加。GFP-NEDD8融合表达定位显示NEDD8在Bm N细胞内普遍存在,分布于整个细胞中,并且在感染48 h后存在细胞质内的聚集现象。【结论】NEDD8编码序列在物种间高度保守;NEDD8在家蚕幼虫头部中表达量最高,在化蛹阶段表达量逐渐增加;NEDD8在Bm N细胞内普遍存在并且可能与参与Bm NPV复制。本研究所得结果为进一步研究NEDD8在家蚕中的生物学功能及修饰底物蛋白的作用机制奠定了基础。     

家蚕精巢蛋白质的双向电泳及质谱分析

精巢是雄性家蚕Bombyx mori的生殖腺,它的主要功能是产生精子,全面检测和鉴定精巢器官的蛋白分布将为分析家蚕雄性个体的发育和繁殖奠定基础。本研究利用双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和蛋白硝酸银染色技术对家蚕5龄第5天幼虫的精巢组织进行了蛋白检测,利用基质辅助激光解析质量飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF-MS）对表达量较高的蛋白点进行了肽质量指纹图谱鉴定。结果表明：家蚕精巢蛋白质可以检测出1 000个以上的蛋白点,这些蛋白点主要集中在分子量为15～90 kD区域,等电点3.5～9之间,其中60个蛋白点得到了成功鉴定,按照已知或推测的蛋白功能,将其分为8类,包括：细胞骨架和细胞结构蛋白,膜蛋白或信号相关蛋白,大量应激反应蛋白（伴侣蛋白）,线粒体和能量产生相关蛋白,转录调控和翻译及DNA/RNA结合相关蛋白,酶和少量血液组成蛋白。其中很多蛋白可能在鞭毛形成、能量代谢及减数分裂过程中有重要作用。这些结果为进一步认识家蚕精子形成过程提供了重要的生物学信息。     

Identification and expression pattern of the chemosensory protein gene family in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Insect chemosensory proteins (CSPs) as well as odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) have been supposed to transport hydrophobic chemicals to receptors on sensory neurons. Compared with OBPs, CSPs are expressed more broadly in various insect tissues. We performed a genome-wide analysis of the candidate CSP gene family in the silkworm. A total of 20 candidate CSPs, including 3 gene fragments and 2 pseudogenes, were characterized based on their conserved cysteine residues and their similarity to CSPs in other insects. Some of these genes were clustered in the silkworm genome. The gene expression pattern of these candidates was investigated using RT-PCR and microarray, and the results showed that these genes were expressed primarily in mature larvae and the adult moth, suggesting silkworm CSPs may be involved in development. The majority of silkworm CSP genes are expressed broadly in tissues including the antennae, head, thorax, legs, wings, epithelium, testes, ovaries, pheromone glands, wing disks, and compound eyes.