豚鹿几种激素的季节性变化模式研究

动物季节性发情繁殖涉及下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴系统复杂的神经内分泌过程。豚鹿Axis porcinus的繁殖行为在一定程度上受季节影响。本研究通过检测2015年5月、8月和10月雌性豚鹿血液中繁殖相关激素含量的变化模式,结合温度、湿度和光照时间的变化情况,粗略描绘了春季、夏季和秋季豚鹿内分泌调节动态。结果发现,豚鹿属于短光照繁殖类型动物,其繁殖激素存在季节性的周期变化。8月温湿度指数较高且光照时间较长,豚鹿血浆中三碘甲腺原氨酸、四碘甲腺原氨酸含量极显著低于5月、10月(P0.01);促黄体素、催乳素含量极显著低于5月、10月(P0.01);外周血液促卵泡素含量极显著低于5月(P0.01);夏季高温、高湿和长光照影响了豚鹿繁殖相关激素的分泌。     

世界豚类饲养设施的设计标准与白暨豚馆的设计

豚池是豚类动物饲养的基本条件,建设符合豚类动物生活,生长和繁殖所必需的饲养设施,是豚类饲养成败的关键之一。作者通过12年来白鱀豚Lipotes vexillifer饲养实践的总结,并实地考察了美、英、日、德国、法国、荷兰、瑞士和香港等国家和地区的豚类饲养设施,结合我国国情,设计了白暨豚饲养繁殖系统——新白鱀豚馆,为我国豚类养殖事业的发展打下了基础1-3。       

基于微卫星位点的人工圈养豚鹿亲子关系鉴定

豚鹿属我国国家I级重点保护动物,目前国内野生种群已经灭绝,人工圈养数量少,已极度濒危。成都动物园是国内最大的豚鹿饲养单位,对该园内豚鹿进行亲子鉴定及遗传谱系建立是我国豚鹿拯救工程中一重要环节。本文利用7个微卫星标记对成都动物园27只豚鹿个体进行了基因分型,在母本已知情况下成功鉴定了13对父子关系,其中排除法鉴定8对,似然法鉴定5对且置信度达95%。将亲子鉴定的结果辅以动物园豚鹿圈养的历史记录,我们构建了该园豚鹿的遗传谱系图。本文的研究成果将为后续人工繁殖中亲本雌雄配对的个体选择以及种群的遗传管理提供参考。     

人工饲养鲸类动物的繁殖

介绍多年来对鲸类动物在人工饲养条件下繁殖问题的研究成果,包括：雌雄性生殖器官的组织解剖,饲养和采精训练,人工饲养条件下的繁殖,孕豚护理,分娩和幼豚饲养。为推动我国鲸类动物的人工繁殖提供科学资料。     

豚鹿MHC-DOA基因克隆及其外显子2遗传多样性研究

主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)在脊椎动物的免疫系统中起着重要的作用,MHC-DOA基因是MHCⅡ类的非经典基因,其外显子2多态性丰富。豚鹿Axis porcinus是我国极度濒危的动物。本研究以成都动物园圈养的38头豚鹿为研究对象,提取豚鹿血液总RNA,反转录合成cDNA为模板,利用PCR方法克隆到豚鹿MHC-DOA序列;同时利用PCR方法扩增38头豚鹿的MHC-DOA基因外显子2基因并测序,再进行多态性分析。结果显示:豚鹿MHC-DOA基因开放阅读框长753 bp,编码250个氨基酸残基;蛋白质同源性分析表明,豚鹿MHC-DOA基因与东欧马鹿Cervus elaphus hippelaphus的同源性最高(98.4%);38头豚鹿的MHC-DOA外显子2共有10种单倍型,整体遗传多样性水平中等;MHC-DOA外显子2部分序列中发生了核苷酸的缺失和插入,进而引起DOA蛋白序列发生改变。豚鹿MHC-DOA多态性的研究对豚鹿种群遗传结构调查、遗传资源的保护具有重要意义。     

从头组装豚鹿血液转录组揭示雌雄基因表达差异

豚鹿Axis porcinus是国家一级重点保护野生动物,为理解其基因表达上的基本特征,本研究采用RNA-seq技术对16个豚鹿血液样本进行了测序和从头组装,一共得到615 548条unigenes,Contig N50为803 bp。将组装的转录本进行同源序列比对注释,发现豚鹿血液在信号转导、抗病毒感染和免疫系统等通路上表达的基因最丰富。通过比较雌雄豚鹿的差异表达基因（DEGs）,鉴定了1 781个在雄性中显著上调和14个显著下调的性别差异表达基因,雄性的高表达DEGs远多于雌性,且主要富集在精子形成、睾丸功能和自身免疫相关通路,暗示雌雄豚鹿在生殖发育和自身免疫方面存在较大差异。部分可能与鹿角生长相关的基因（Rela、ADAMTS2、OLIG1、Snai1、PTH1R、TGFBI、MMP9）均在雄性豚鹿中显著高表达。本研究为丰富豚鹿转录表达提供了基础数据,为进一步深入挖掘豚鹿功能基因、分子标记开发以及鹿角形成机制提供了参考。     

豢养条件下白鱀豚雌雄个体的感情协调及其行为分

为独居6年的雄性白鱀豚“淇淇”成功地介绍了雌性白鱀豚“珍珍”。通过近两年的驯养,已使雌雄豚生活融洽。本文还对不同个体之间的行为关系作了仔细的观察和研究,特别对白鱀豚的性行为和人工饲养条件下繁殖的可行途径作了探讨。     

永远的“淇淇”

<正>1 978年,中国科学院水生生物研究所成立白鱀豚研究组,正式开始科学研究。同年,国务院颁布了《水资源繁殖保护条例》、《 关于严格保护珍贵稀有野生动物通令》,也将其列为重点保护对象。随着对白鱀豚"琪琪"的人工饲养成功,白鱀豚逐渐被科学家揭开了神秘的面纱,并且引起了国内外的高度关注。但人们并不知道,在这一过程中还有那些未曾饲养成功的白鱀豚,为科     

云南西南部的豚鹿

豚鹿(Axis porcinus)是偶蹄目鹿科中的一种动物,以往文献记载仅产于尼泊尔、印度、缅甸和泰国等地。彭鸿授等(1962)第一次记录了在我国云南省西南部的耿马、西盟两个自治县亦有分布。 1964年5月间,笔者曾到我国豚鹿产地——耿马县四方井采集,借此机会对豚鹿的栖息环境和生活习性进行了调查了解。雄性豚鹿具角但较小,一般在254—305毫米之间,角长最大者为508毫米,角基周79毫米。每角具三叉,眉叉与角干呈锐角,外上叉伸向内方。豚鹿的体型略比赤麂(Muntiacus muntjak)为大,雌兽小于雄兽,体重最大的达50余公斤。肩高610毫米,身长1067—     

水鹿和梅花鹿杂交的研究

本文介绍在１９８７年到１９９１年间，选用小鹿和梅花鹿杂交繁殖的试验研究。通过两种鹿的合群饲养后，进行分组分圈交配。在两组实验中，以水鹿为母体，梅花鹿为父本，这一组进行杂交繁殖取得成功，于１９９１年８月９日繁殖出了第一代杂交雄性幼鹿。幼鹿个体大，同时又具有梅花鹿及不鹿的体色，也产生了些新的特征。     

豚鹿血液细胞和血液化学指标测定

应用Sysmex F-820血球计数仪和Olympus AU400全自动生化分析仪,对成都动物园圈养的16只豚鹿的46个血液样本进行血液细胞及血液化学43项指标检测,并对成体、亚成体及幼体进行统计分析,建立了一个参考指标.这对豚鹿的疾病诊断和繁育研究具有重要的意义.     

Widespread hybridization in the introduced hog deer population of Victoria,Australia, and its implications for conservation

In Australia, many species have been introduced that have since undergone drastic declines in their native range. One species of note is the hog deer (Axis porcinus) which was introduced in the 1860s to Victoria, Australia, and has since become endangered in its native range throughout South‐East Asia. There is increased interest in using non‐native populations as a source for genetic rescue; however, considerations need to be made of the genetic suitability of the non‐native population. Three mitochondrial markers and two nuclear markers were sequenced to assess the genetic variation of the Victorian population of hog deer, which identified that the Victorian population has hybrid origins with the closely related chital (Axis axis), a species that is no longer present in the wild in Victoria. In addition, the mitochondrial D‐loop region within the Victorian hog deer is monomorphic, demonstrating that mitochondrial genetic diversity is very low within this population. This study is the first to report of long‐term persistence of hog deer and chital hybrids in a wild setting, and the continual survival of this population suggests that hybrids of these two species are fertile. Despite the newly discovered hybrid status in Victorian hog deer, this population may still be beneficial for future translocations within the native range. However, more in‐depth analysis of genetic diversity within the Victorian hog deer population and investigation of hybridization rates within the native range are necessary before translocations are attempted.     

Facilitative interactions between an exotic mammal and native and exotic plants: hog deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Axis porcinus</Emphasis>) as seed dispersers in south-eastern Australia

Endozoochory by exotic mammalian herbivores could modify vegetation composition by facilitating the dispersal and establishment of exotic and native plant species. We examined the potential for endozoochoric dispersal of native and exotic plants by exotic hog deer (Axis porcinus) in south-eastern Australia. We quantified the germinable seed content of hog deer faecal pellets collected in five vegetation types within a 10,500-ha study area that was representative of their Australian range. Twenty exotic and 22 native species germinated from hog deer faecal pellets and significantly more native species germinated compared to exotic species. Seedlings of the encroaching native shrub Acacia longifolia var. sophorae emerged, but no native trees emerged and the percentage of grasses that germinated was low (11%). The species composition of germinants was similar among the five vegetation types. We estimated that the hog deer population in our study area could potentially disperse >130,000 viable seeds daily. Our study shows how an exotic mammal can disperse seeds from both native and invasive plants and highlights the need for endozoochory to be considered more widely in studies assessing the impacts of exotic mammals on plant communities.     

Secretory ribonuclease genes and pseudogenes in true ruminants

Mammalian pancreatic ribonucleases (RNase) form a family of extensively studied homologous proteins. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the primary structures of these enzymes, indicated that the presence of three homologous enzymes (pancreatic, seminal and brain ribonucleases) in the bovine species is due to gene duplication events, which occurred during the evolution of ancestral ruminants. In this paper the sequences are reported of the coding regions of the orthologues of the three bovine secretory ribonucleases in hog deer and roe deer, two deer species belonging to two different subfamilies of the family Cervidae. The sequences of the 3′ untranslated regions of the three different secretory RNase genes of these two deer species and giraffe are also presented. Comparison of these and previously determined sequences of ruminant ribonucleases showed that the brain-type enzymes of giraffe and these deer species exhibit variations in their C-terminal extensions. The seminal-type genes of giraffe, hog deer and roe deer show all the features of pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the complete coding regions and parts of the 3′ untranslated regions of the three different secretory ribonuclease genes of ox, sheep, giraffe and the two deer species, show that pancreatic, seminal- and brain-type RNases form three separate groups.     

人工育幼豚鹿幼仔的生长发育规律初步研究

测定了成都动物园圈养种群中9只人工育幼豚鹿幼仔(2004～2007年)体重和8只豚鹿的体尺,并观察了8只豚鹿的牙齿(0～63 d)的生长情况.结果为:幼仔在0～54 d内体长、肩高、后足长、耳长和尾长以及体重都随日龄呈直线增长趋势,其中体长和肩高与幼仔的日龄显著相关(P<0.01).初生幼仔齿式2(I 0/2, C 0/0, P 0/0),2周龄齿式2(I 0/2,C 0/0, P 2/2),7周龄齿式2(I 0/2,C 0/2或C 1/2, P 2/2).     

Dry season diets of sympatric ungulates in lowland Nepal: competition and facilitation in alluvial tall grasslands

Based on microhistological analyses of faecal material, we compared the early dry season diets of greater one-horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis, swamp deer Cervus duvauceli and hog deer Axis porcinus, which inhabit the same alluvial grassland habitat complex in lowland Nepal. Their diets were quite similar, both at the forage category level and within subcategories of graminoids and woody plants. Early successional tall grasses, especially Saccharum spontaneum, were the dominant food of all three species, underlining the key role of the threatened alluvial floodplains in large mammal conservation in South Asia. The two deer species ate significantly more graminoids (>66.5%) than did rhino (45.5%), and although they did not differ in proportions of graminoids, swamp deer ate significantly more late successional tall grasses (Narenga porphyrocoma and Themeda spp.) and short grasses (mainly Imperata cylindrica) than hog deer. The two deer consumed almost equal proportions of woody browse (ca. 10%), significantly less than that of rhino (33.0%). The prediction of the Jarman–Bell hypothesis, that large-bodied herbivores are less selective and subsist on lower quality graminoids than smaller ruminants, was not supported by the data. Based on this and previous studies in the same area we propose a conceptual model where the larger megaherbivores (rhino and elephant Elephas maximus) facilitate the smaller swamp deer and hog deer during the monsoonal growing season, while the smaller and more selective deer species outcompete the larger during the dry season when food is more limited. Owing to the all-year sprouting ability of S. spontaneum, facilitation may occur also in the dry season with low numbers of megaherbivores, thus accentuating competitive exclusion at higher deer densities.     

Predicting spacing behavior and mating systems of solitary cervids: a study of hog deer and Indian muntjac

This study investigates the validity of current theory for predicting ecological and allometric effects on space use, social structure and mating systems of poorly known solitary cervids, based on a comparative analysis of radio-telemetry data on hog deer Axis porcinus (N=32) and Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak (N=28). The larger and sexually size-dimorphic hog deer inhabit highly productive alluvial floodplains, where resource distribution is patchy and spatiotemporally unpredictable. As predicted for this species, site fidelity was low and range sizes varied among sex and age groups and among seasons. Hog deer were probably non-territorial, as home range sizes seemed too large to be exclusive when taking into account their high population density. Extensive movements of adult males during the rut implied "roaming" as a mating strategy. The smaller, forest-dwelling and sexually size-monomorphic muntjacs inhabit a more uniform and stable habitat. As predicted, muntjacs exhibited higher site fidelity than hog deer, and no seasonal variations in home range sizes. Adults exhibited relatively large home range overlap, both inter- and intrasexually. Hence, strict territoriality did not occur, but their well-defined home ranges and high site fidelity indicated some form of site-specific dominance. In conclusion, habitat characteristics were appropriate predictors of home range sizes and site fidelity. Body mass appeared to be a suitable predictor of intraspecific patterns in space use but a poor predictor of interspecific patterns, probably due to a confounding effect of habitat productivity.     

Cryopreservation of adult cervid testes

Several species of cervids are currently classified as threatened or endangered due to a rapid decline in their populations. Sperm cryopreservation, in association with assisted reproductive technologies, can find application for the conservation of endangered cervids. In cases of unsuccessful sperm retrieval through other means prior to the death of the animal, adult testis is the only source of sperm. Recovery of viable sperm from adult testes depends on the effective preservation of testicular tissues through optimization of cryopreservation protocols. The present study evaluated combinations of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with 0% or 80% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 20% DMSO with 0 or 20% FBS for the cryopreservation of testicular tissues of three adult cervids using uncontrolled slow freezing protocol. The cryopreserved testis was compared to chilled tissue without cryoprotectants. Results revealed that testicular tissues of barking deer cryopreserved in 20% DMSO (D20) had all the analyzed 7 parameters (number of TNP1-, PRM2 and acrosin-expressing cells/tubule and, the number of viable, morphologically normal, acrosome intact, Annexin V-negative sperm) comparable to the chilled testis. However, testicular tissues of sambhar and hog deer cryopreserved only in D20S20 had 5 of 7 parameters comparable to the chilled testis. In conclusion, D20 is acceptable for cryopreservation of barking deer and D20S20 for sambar and hog deer testes.     

Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I in adult male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): associations with serum testosterone, morphometrics and age during and after the breeding season

Our understanding of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in cervids has been limited mostly to its effects on antler development in red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), and pudu (Pudu puda). Although IGF-I has been found to play a critical role in reproductive function of other mammals, its role in reproduction of deer is unknown. The objectives of the present study were to determine if serum levels of IGF-I change during the breeding season, assess whether age influences serum IGF-I, compare levels of IGF-I measured during and following the breeding season, and determine if IGF-I is associated with body and antler characteristics in free-ranging adult, male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We collected serum and morphometric data from hunter-harvested and captured white-tailed deer to investigate these objectives. Mean level of serum IGF-I during the breeding season was 63.6 ng/ml and was greatest in deer between 2.5 and 5.5 years old (57.4-79.9 ng/ml). Levels of serum IGF-I decreased by approximately 40% as the breeding season progressed, but levels were less in deer following the breeding season (34.6 ng/ml). Both body and antler size were associated positively with IGF-I when controlling for age. Serum testosterone was also associated positively with IGF-I. Levels of serum testosterone during the breeding season generally increased with age from 4.82 (1.5 years old) to 18.79 ng/dl (5.5 years old), but decreased thereafter. These data suggest that IGF-I may be an important hormone in breeding, male white-tailed deer.