公共场所物体表面葡萄球菌分布及耐药性调查

目的了解城市公共场所物体表面葡萄球菌的分布及耐药特征。方法培养法分离公共场所物体表面葡萄球菌,质谱法鉴定所属种,K-B法检测对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果从14个公共场所分离葡萄球菌219株,其中184株经鉴定分别属于金黄色葡萄球菌(14株,7.6%)和13种凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CoNS,170株,92.4%),最常见CoNS有表皮葡萄球菌(63株)、腐生葡萄球菌(29株)、人葡萄球菌(19株)、溶血葡萄球菌(16株)。分离的葡萄球菌对青霉素和红霉素的耐药率最高,分别为77.7%(143/184)和64.7%(119/184);仅20株(20/184,10.9%)对受试抗生素全部敏感。14株金黄色葡萄球菌均为甲氧西林敏感菌(MSSA),40.0%(68/170)CoNS为耐甲氧西林菌株(MRCoNS),60.0%(102/170)CoNS为甲氧西林敏感株(MSCoNS),未见对丁胺卡那、万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药菌株。结论城市公共场所物体表面葡萄球菌存在种的多样性,以CoNS为主,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌比例较高,耐药现象普遍。     

临床分离凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌细菌谱

目的了解玉溪市人民医院临床分离凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）的菌种构成和耐药特征。方法对该院近6年来临床分离的808株CNS作回顾性分析。结果808株CNS共有16种;表皮葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌占CNS的77.2%;甲氧西林耐药（MRCNS）和甲氧西林敏感（MSCNS）各占63.3%和36.7%;β-内酰胺酶阳性检出率为84.5%,且MRCNS显著高于MSCNS（χ^2=50.88,P〈0.01）;药敏结果：MRCNS除万古霉素、呋喃妥因和利福平外,青霉素、氨苄西林等12种临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率在50.6%-100%,显示了高度的耐药性和多重耐药。结论CNS在临床标本中的检出范围广、种类多,以表皮葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌为主,MRCNS的高度耐药和多重耐药形势严重,加强CNS的细菌学监测非常必要。     

826株临床分离葡萄球菌的鉴定和耐药性研究

目的：研究葡萄球菌感染病原菌的分类、分布特点及对常用抗生素的耐药性。方法：应用MicroScan WalkAway-40全自动微生物分析仪对临床标本中分离的826株葡萄球菌进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果：826株葡萄球菌感染中,其中金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)294株占35．6％,表皮葡萄球菌为主的凝固酶阴性细菌(CNS)532株占65．4％。葡萄球菌分离株主要来源于呼吸道(46％)和泌尿道(23．7％)。MRS的产生率分别为金黄色葡萄球菌77．9％,表皮葡萄球菌80．3％,溶血葡萄球菌74．8％,腐生葡萄球菌82．5％,其他78．5％。MRSA、MRCNS对青霉素G、氨苄西林、苯唑西林几乎全部耐药,对万古霉素、阿米卡星、利福平、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦仍敏感,但发现3例万古霉素低敏株。结论：葡萄球菌感染仍以呼吸道和泌尿道为主,MRS菌株高达70％以上,万古霉素、阿米卡星、利福平、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦仍是治疗的首选药物。     

血流感染葡萄球菌菌种分布及耐药特性分析

目的了解血流感染中葡萄球菌的菌种分布及其耐药特性,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法回顾性分析南昌大学第二附属医院2013年1月至2013年8月期间临床各科室送检的血培养标本中葡萄球菌的菌种分布和耐药特性。采用BACT/ALERT 3D全自动血培养仪进行培养,VITEK2-compact全自动细菌分析仪进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验。WHONET 5.6软件分析数据。结果共分离获得176株葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌24株,占13.6%;路邓葡萄球菌1株,占0.6%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)151株,占85.8%,人葡萄球菌53株、溶血葡萄球菌32株、表皮葡萄球菌23株及头状葡萄球菌15株居前四位。最常见的葡萄球菌分别为人葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及表皮葡萄球菌。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林CNS(MRCNS)检出率分别为29.2%和85.4%,对青霉素耐药率均100.0%,磺胺甲噁唑对MRSA(耐药率仅14.3%)有较强的体外抗菌活性,利福平对MRCNS(耐药率仅18.2%)有较强的体外抗菌活性,均未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素的菌株。结论葡萄球菌引起的血流感染菌种分布较广,以人葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及表皮葡萄球菌为主,人葡萄球菌较金黄色葡萄球菌耐药及多重耐药性严重,但均仍对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素保持高度敏感。     

医院感染葡萄球菌菌种变迁与耐药性近况

目的：了解近9年来医院感染葡萄球菌菌种的变迁与近3年来葡萄球菌药状况。方法：1993年1月至2001年12月我院传染病科等13科室住院病人的各种标本采用血琼脂培养,所分离的葡萄球菌采用美国DADE公司生产的MICROSCAN WALKAY-40全自动微生物分析仪鉴定到种及其亚种。药敏试验药物有青霉素、苯唑西林、氨苄西林、哌拉西林、阿莫西林／克拉维酸（阿莫仙）、头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦（舒普深）、庆大霉素、复方新诺明、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、利福平、万古霉素、红霉素、林可霉素、四环素、伊米配能／西司他丁（泰能）共18种。采用液体稀释法测定每株葡萄球菌对受试药物的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,操作按说明书进行。质控菌ATCC25923。依据新近NCCLS标准判读结果。结果：1993年至1998年分离的葡萄球菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡萄）占71.43%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）占28.57%,包括表皮葡萄球菌（表葡菌）、腐生葡萄球菌、里昂葡萄球菌和头状葡萄球菌4种。1999年至2001年分离的424株葡萄球菌中,金葡菌仅占29.01%,CNS增至13种,占70.995,以表葡菌、溶血葡萄球菌、松鼠葡萄球菌为主。近3年来分离的各种葡萄球菌甲氧西林耐药率在73.03%-100%之间,除对舒普深、复方新诺明、利福平和万古霉素较敏感外,对其余抗菌药物的耐药率均超过60％,以金葡菌、溶血葡萄球菌、松鼠葡萄球菌的耐药率为最高。MRS耐药率普遍高于MSS,且均呈多重耐药。5.42%(23/424)菌株万古霉素MIC＞16mg/L,除1株为MSCNS外,其余22株均为MRS。结论：3年来医院感染葡萄球菌菌种构成比发生了显著变化,以CNS为主。对抗菌药物呈多重耐药,部分菌株对万古霉素敏感性降低,应予警惕。     

侗族传统发酵肉的微生物特性

目的：对侗族传统发酵肉的微生物生态系的构成进行分析。方法：稀释平板法,结果：乳酸细菌在发酵30d达到最大值,4个处理的logCFU/g值均在8.2以上;280个MRS平板分离物中,米酒乳杆菌占37.91%,片球菌占20.71%。MSA平板培养物在发酵全过程中,均呈上升趋势;60d后,4个处理的logCFU/g值平均为5.5,增加了2.0;腐生葡萄球菌、肉葡萄球菌和木糖葡萄球菌是其优势菌群。酵母菌的数量在发酵过程中未见明显增加,发酵完毕,菌数的logCFU/g值在5.7左右,鉴定结果表明主要是德巴利酵母和球拟酵母。革兰阴性的肠细菌群发酵50d后,其logCFU/g值在2.0以下,结论：对发酵肉品微生态系的不断了解和肉品发酵技术不断完善,将为人们提供新颖、营养、安全的食品。     

凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌致新生儿败血症临床分析

目的了解本地区凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）致新生儿败血症的病原学及耐药性状况,用以指导临床治疗。方法回顾性分析64株CNS致新生儿败血症血培养的病原学及耐药性。结果64株CNS中以表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌为主;耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）39株,分离率为60．9％,β-内酰胺酶检出率达100％,MRCNS对青霉素、红霉素、苯唑西林耐药率最高,对利福平、呋西地酸、替考拉宁、喹奴普汀／达福普汀等耐药率均较低;甲氧西林敏感凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MSCNS）25株,分离率为39．1％,13-内酰胺酶检出率为44％,MSCNS对大多数抗生素敏感;64株CNS中未检测到万古霉素耐药株。结论新生儿败血症中CNS以表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌为主,MRCNS检出率高且呈多重耐药,应重视对其监测与控制。     

葡萄球菌临床分离株对抗生素的药物敏感性

目的 了解天津8家三级甲等医院葡萄球菌临床分离株对常用抗生素的耐药情况和趋势。方法 收集天津市8所医院葡萄球菌临床株,用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性测定。结果 2001～2002年分离的葡萄球菌临床株490株。金黄色葡萄球菌319株,MRSA占51.7%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌171株,MRCNS占65.6%。其中一医院2002～2003年分离的葡萄球菌临床株共103株.金黄色葡萄球菌81株,MRSA占%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌22株,MRCNS占72.84%;未发现万古霉素耐药株。结论 葡萄球菌的标本来源主要是痰培养和尿培养。MRSA的分离率与我国其他地区的数据相似。万古霉素在该地区仍然是最有效的治疗葡萄球菌感染的抗菌药物。     

905株葡萄球菌的种群分布及耐药性分析

目的了解某医院2010年临床分离葡萄球菌的种群分布和耐药性。方法对该院2010年临床分离的905株葡萄球菌的种群、耐药性做回顾性分析。结果905株葡萄球菌包含11个种,其中金黄色葡萄球菌（SAU）455株,占50．28％;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）450株,占49．72％;临床分离葡萄球菌对抗生素耐药率可因标本来源、培养环境、种群结构、产酶与否等因素差异有统计学意义。除利奈唑胺、万古霉素和呋喃妥因敏感及四环素耐药率差异无统计学意义以外,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）高于甲氧西林敏感葡萄球菌（MSS）,x2值在4．30—451．0,P〈0．01或0．05,差异有统计学意义;β-内酰胺酶阳性菌高于β-内酰胺酶阴性菌,凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌与凝固酶阳性菌对利福平、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、青霉素G、四环素、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素的耐药率差异存在统计学意义,P〈0．05或P〈0．01;尿菌高于其他标本分离菌。各种葡萄球菌在各临床科室及标本中的分布也不尽相同。结论葡萄球菌耐药性可由多方面因素引起,临床实验室必须加强葡萄球菌分布和耐药性监测,为临床提供各种葡萄球菌诊治的依据。     

安徽不同地区奶站牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素污染状况评估

目的评定安徽地区各奶站牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌以及肠毒素的污染情况。方法通过从安徽省不同地区30所奶站采集乳样,进行乳源性金黄色葡萄球菌的分离与生化鉴定,并采用PCR技术对分离出的菌株进行金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素血清型鉴定。结果安徽省30个奶站中有4个地区奶站的牛奶中污染金黄色葡萄球菌;从污染牛奶中共分离出5株金黄色葡萄球菌,检出率为16.7%。经鉴定,所分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌中2株为肠毒素A型,1株为肠毒素C型,2株为同时产肠毒素A和肠毒素C。结论安徽省不同地区奶站中的牛奶污染的金黄色葡萄球菌产肠毒素类型以肠毒素A为主。     

宣威火腿成熟产品中主要微生物菌相构成分析

目的 :了解宣威火腿成熟产品中的微生物菌相构成 ,探讨微生物在宣威火腿中所起的作用。方法 :采用选择性培养基对宣威火腿成熟产品中的主要微生物菌相进行分离和计数。结果 :与发酵香肠不同 ,宣威火腿中的优势菌群为葡萄球菌和微球菌、霉菌 ,它们的数量在火腿表面均达到了 10 6 CFU/ g以上 ,而乳酸菌及肠杆菌、肠球菌的数量均明显低于优势菌群 (P<0 .0 1)。结论 :耐盐性的葡萄球菌和微球菌的代谢活动以及火腿表面大量霉菌的生长是宣威火腿独特风味形成的基础。     

Growth of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in povi masima, a traditional Pacific island food

AIMS: To obtain preliminary data on the microbiology and hurdles to pathogen growth in the traditional Pacific Island food, povi masima, which is essentially beef brisket cured in brine. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six containers of povi masima were prepared and two were inoculated with five enterotoxigenic strains of Staphyloccocus aureus. The povi masima were divided into two lots each containing two uninoculated control and an inoculated container. Lot 1 was incubated at room temperature (20 degrees C) and lot 2 under refrigeration (4-5 degrees C) for up to 98 days. During storage, samples were removed and tested for aerobic plate count, coagulase-producing Staphylococci, Clostridium perfringens, staphylococcal enterotoxin and various chemical parameters of the food. Coagulase-producing Staphylococci and aerobic plate counts grew to high levels in both the inoculated and uninoculated lots stored at room temperature, but enterotoxin was only detected at one time point in these lots and this may represent a false positive result. The concentration of NaCl in the meat increased with time as concentrations equilibrated, and nitrite was rapidly lost in those lots stored at room temperature. Storage at 4-5 degrees C prevented proliferation of coagulase-producing Staphylococci. CONCLUSIONS: For safe curing and storage, this food should be kept under refrigeration as this prevented growth of staphylococci. Optimum storage would also be achieved with improved attempts to ensure equal distribution of NaCl prior to storage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Under conditions traditionally used to cure and store this food, enterotoxigenic staphylococci can grow to numbers where toxigenesis might occur, especially during the early stages of curing where the salt has not diffused from the brine into the meat.     

从中药筛选金黄色葡萄球菌耐抗菌素抑制剂

用耐甲氧西林的金葡菌（MRSA）及金葡菌标准株为试验菌,测定了14种中药的乙醇提取物与4种抗菌药物的联合抗菌作用。狭叶十大功劳、马齿苋、厚朴、桔梗、益母草、夏枯草与4种抗菌药物对两株金葡菌存在联合作用;泽漆、马鞭草、乌头、车前草、白曼陀罗、杜仲与4种抗菌药物无联合作用;芍药与青霉素、头孢曲松产生很好的联合效应;鸡骨常山能提高环丙沙星的抗菌作用。筛选与抗菌素有联合作用的中草药对抑制金黄色葡萄球菌是可行的。     

A comparative analysis of carcass and meat traits,and rumen bacteria between Chinese Mongolian sheep and Dorper × Chinese Mongolian crossbred sheep

Mutton is one of the most widely consumed meats globally. The Chinese Mongolian sheep (MS) breed is an indigenous breed of sheep characterised by high-quality meat and strong adaptability. Dorper × Chinese Mongolian crossbred sheep (DS) is an improved breed with a rapid growth rate and high mutton yield found in parts of China. The rumen microbiota is known to play a key role in shaping host nutrition and health. However, the carcass traits and meat nutritional qualities of DS and MS remain poorly defined, as does how rumen microbes affect these characteristics. The objective of this study was to compare carcass profiles, rumen bacterial communities, and meat nutritional qualities between MS and DS and clarify the associations between rumen microbiota and meat nutritional composition. We found that DS had a faster growth rate and better carcass traits than MS, including BW, carcass weight, meat weight, and loin-eye area. We further found that metabolite and rumen bacterial community composition differed between the two sheep breeds. First, compared with MS, DS had lower contents of some sweet amino acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and beneficial metabolites. Secondly, MS and DS had distinct rumen bacterial compositions, and these differential bacteria were related to carcass traits as well as to contents of meat amino acids, free fatty acids, and other metabolites. Taken together, our data showed that DS had better carcass characteristics but lower meat nutritional quality, parameters that were associated with differences in rumen bacterial community composition. These findings may benefit future breeding strategies aimed at improving sheep carcass performance and meat quality worldwide.     

金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒的作用机制与其耐药性的研究进展

葡萄球菌广泛分布于自然界中,如空气、土壤、水以及物体的表面,在人和动物的皮肤表面部、鼻咽、肠道也常可发现葡萄球菌。大部分葡萄球菌是非致病菌,少数可引起人或动物致病,金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus,金葡菌）即为最主要的致病性葡萄球菌。金葡菌是一种革兰氏阳性球菌,是医院感染常见的病原体之一,同时也是引起食品污染和细菌性食物中毒的一种重要细菌,其产生的毒素可使人中毒,带来非常严重的公共卫生负担。本文拟对金葡菌的病原与病理学特性,金葡菌与食物中毒,抗生素滥用与金葡菌耐药性等方面做简要综述。     

金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒的作用机制与其耐药性的研究进展

葡萄球菌广泛分布于自然界中,如空气、土壤、水以及物体的表面,在人和动物的皮肤表面部、鼻咽、肠道也常可发现葡萄球菌.大部分葡萄球菌是非致病菌,少数可引起人或动物致病,金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,金葡菌)即为最主要的致病性葡萄球菌.金葡菌是一种革兰氏阳性球菌,是医院感染常见的病原体之一,同时也是引起食品污染和细菌性食物中毒的一种重要细菌,其产生的毒素可使人中毒,带来非常严重的公共卫生负担.本文拟对金葡菌的病原与病理学特性,金葡菌与食物中毒,抗生素滥用与金葡菌耐药性等方面做简要综述.     

Role of Clove and Tulsi on broiler health and meat production

The role of Clove (Cv) and Tulsi (Ts) supplementation on broiler growth performance and gut health as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters has already been established. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the role of Cv and Ts on the serum biochemical profile and meat quality traits in broilers. A total of sixty (60) one-day-old commercial broiler chicks were randomly allotted into four homogenous groups (15 birds per group). They were then fed Cv powder and Ts extract from day (d) 8 to d 28 with drinking water i.e. zero level of Cv or Ts (T0), 0.5% Cv + 2% Ts (T1), 1.0% Cv + 3% Ts (T2), 1.5% Cv + 4% Ts (T3). Blood and meat samples were collected on d 14, 21, and 28 to analyze the serum-biochemical profile and meat quality. Supplementation of Cv and Ts improved serum-biochemical profile by reducing total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels in broilers. However, they did not affect the serum protein levels while the 0.5–1% Cv and 2–3% Ts supplemented groups had higher glucose levels on d 21. Production of breast and thigh meat increased with increased size, and density of myofibers while fed 0.5–1% Cv and 2–3% Ts. On the contrary, 1.5% Cv powder and 4% Ts extract supplementation improved thigh meat color, breast and thigh meat pH as well as the water-holding capacity. The current study findings suggest that Cv and Ts can be used in combination to improve broiler health, production, and meat quality.