太湖梅梁湾沿岸带水体生物学与光学特性

基于 1998～ 1999年周年 4季原位水下光场观测资料及中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统研究站 1992～ 2 0 0 1年悬浮物、叶绿素 a、透明度长期历史观测资料分析了太湖梅梁湾沿岸带第 2号站点水体的生物学与光学特性 ,探讨了水下光合有效辐射(PAR)总量的日变化、垂直分布 ;光衰减系数的季节变化及光谱分布 ;影响光衰减系数的主要水色因子。结果表明 ,无论是 PAR还是光谱衰减系数其值都很高 ,其中 PAR衰减系数在 1.4 0～ 5 .30 / m间变化 ,均值为 2 .4 3± 0 .5 5 / m,秋季最大、夏季最小 ,真光层深度在 0 .87～ 3.2 9m间变化 ,均值为 1.98± 0 .4 1m;水下光谱在蓝光波段衰减最强烈 ,其次是红光、绿光 ,随着深度增加光谱成分出现绿移和红移现象 ,绿红光占得比例越来越大 ;光谱衰减系数随着波长的增加大致呈下降趋势 ,但在 6 70 nm附近有个峰值 ;基于线性相关分析发现在混浊的沿岸带水体中影响光衰减主要因子为水体中的悬浮物和有色可溶性有机物 ,叶绿素 a对 PAR衰减系数的贡献率只占到 1.5 9%～ 14 .2 1%。     

基于VGPM模型和MODIS数据估算梅梁湾浮游植物初级生产力

基于MODIS影像数据反演的2009年2月份至12月份太湖梅梁湾水域表面叶绿素a、悬浮物浓度以及水温数据,结合初级生产力垂向归纳模型(Vertically Generalized Production Model:VGPM)估算获得梅梁湾2009年逐月平均日初级生产力时空分布。结果表明,梅梁湾2009年年平均日初级生产力及逐月平均日初级生产力空间分布差异显著,呈现从湾内向湾口逐渐递减的趋势。时间序列分析显示,梅梁湾初级生产力季节差异显著,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,全年初级生产力主要集中在夏季,占47.4%。通过分析VGPM模型中几个输入参数对初级生产力的影响,发现悬浮物浓度与标准化初级生产力存在显著负冥函数关系,反映沉积物再悬浮引起的悬浮物浓度增加能降低水体初级生产力。温度对初级生产力也有一定的调控与制约,与初级生产力呈现正相关趋势,在低于21℃的温度范围内与最大光合作用速率呈现正相关。     

基于GOCI影像的湖泊悬浮物浓度分类反演

悬浮物直接影响到光在水体中的传播,进而影响着水生生态环境,最终决定了湖泊的初级生产力。传统的遥感反演估算模型大多是针对某一湖区进行统一建模,忽视了不同区域水体光学性质的复杂差异性,并且传统的传感器时间分辨率和空间分辨率受到一定限制。针对太湖、巢湖、滇池、洞庭湖4个湖区利用两步聚类法将高光谱模拟到GOCI影像上的波段进行分类,将水体类型分为三类,第一类水体为悬浮物主导的水体,第二类水体为悬浮物和叶绿素a共同主导的水体,第三类水体为叶绿素a主导的水体。针对不同类型水体的光学特征,分别构建了悬浮物浓度反演模型,结果表明第一类水体可以利用B7/B4,第二和第三类水体可以利用B7/(B8+B4)作为波段组合因子对悬浮物浓度进行模型构建。精度验证结果表明,分类建模后第一类和第三类水体悬浮物浓度估算精度都得到了较明显提高,第一类水体RMSE降低了9.19mg/L,MAPE降低了3%,第三类水体RMSE降低了5.63 mg/L,MAPE降低了13.97%,第二类水体精度稍有降低。最后将反演模型应用于2013年5月13日的GOCI影像,可知整体而言太湖西南部地区悬浮物浓度较高,东北部地区悬浮物浓度较低,并且从9:00到15:00,太湖南部悬浮物浓度较高的区域在逐渐缩小。     

荔枝的光合特性

在低光强(0至0.15m mol m^-2s^-1)下,荔枝叶子的光合速率随光入射量子通量的增高而增大。在光强0.7m mol m^-2s^-1时光合速率为1.76μmol m^-2s^-1。光合作用的光补偿点约为0.02 m mol m^-2s^-1光量子。荔技叶子具有低的气孔对水分传导率。气孔对水分传导率和蒸腾速率在低光强时随入射量子通量增高而增大:而细胞间CO₂浓度随光强增高而下降。在光强高于0.2m mol m^-2 s^-1光量子时,细胞间CO₂浓度变化较少。在低光强时,叶子的水分利用效率（光合/蒸腾）随光强增高而增大。在光强高于0.2m mol m^-2 s^-1光量子时,水分利用效率明显降低。荔枝叶子的最适光合作用叶温为22-26℃。可能表明在华南夏季中午的高温限制荔枝的田间光合作用。外界CO₂浓度增高相应增高细胞间CO₂浓度。当细胞间CO₂浓度约低于230μ1.1^-1时,光合速率随细胞间CO₂浓度增高而增大。在更高的细胞间CO₂浓度对,光合速率变化则较少。荔枝叶子光合速率对叶子/空气水蒸汽压陡度的变化响应不敏感。气孔对水分传导率和细胞间CO₂浓度随叶子/空气水蒸汽压陡度增大略有降低。     

不同模型对黄山栾树快速光曲线拟合效果的比较

用Li-6400光合仪同时测定了CO2浓度为380和600μmol·mol-1条件下黄山栾树的光响应曲线和快速光曲线,分别采用不同模型进行了拟合.结果表明:直角双曲线模型和双指数方程拟合得到的最大电子传递速率远大于实测值;直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、单指数方程不能拟合黄山栾树存在PSⅡ动力学下调的快速光曲线,只有双指数方程和直角双曲线修正模型可以拟合黄山栾树存在PSⅡ动力学下调的快速光曲线,且可以计算它的饱和光强.综合拟合结果可知,直角双曲线修正模型不仅可以很好地拟合黄山栾树的快速光曲线,而且得到的最大电子传递速率和饱和光强与实测值相符合.此外,通过拟合植物的快速光曲和光响应曲线,还可以判断在饱和光强时它的电子传递速率与碳同化是否同时达到最大值.     

荔枝的光合特性

在低光强(0至0.15m mol m~(-2)s~(-1))下,荔枝叶子的光合速率随光入射量子通量的增高而增大。在光强0.7m mol m~(-2)s~(-1)时光合速率为1.76μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。光合作用的光补偿点约为0.02 m mol m~(-2)s~(-1)光量子。荔技叶子具有低的气孔对水分传导率。气孔对水分传导率和蒸腾速率在低光强时随入射量子通量增高而增大:而细胞间CO_2浓度随光强增高而下降。在光强高于0.2m mol m~(-2) s~(-1)光量子时,细胞间CO_2浓度变化较少。在低光强时,叶子的水分利用效率(光合/蒸腾)随光强增高而增大。在光强高于0.2m mol m~(-2) s~(-1)光量子时,水分利用效率明显降低。荔枝叶子的最适光合作用叶温为22-26℃。可能表明在华南夏季中午的高温限制荔枝的田间光合作用。外界CO_2浓度增高相应增高细胞间CO_2浓度。当细胞间CO_2浓度约低于230μ1.1~(-1)时,光合速率随细胞间CO_2浓度增高而增大。在更高的细胞间CO_2浓度对,光合速率变化则较少。荔枝叶子光合速率对叶子/空气水蒸汽压陡度的变化响应不敏感。气孔对水分传导率和细胞间CO_2浓度随叶子/空气水蒸汽压陡度增大略有降低。     

真光层深度的遥感反演及其在富营养化评价中的应用

真光层深度直接影响水体中浮游植物的分布和初级生产力以及水体生态环境,是水生态研究的一个重要参数.利用2006年10月24日～11月2日太湖水下实测光谱数据和光合有效辐射(PAR)数据,通过数据的处理和分析,尝试建立真光层深度与水面以下遥感反射率的关系模型,并利用真光层深度与透明度的关系,建立水体富营养化真光层深度评价模型.研究结果表明:真光层深度与归一化遥感反射率具有很好的相关性;选用特定波段的归一化反射率作为变量,建立两者的关系模型能较好的反演真光层深度,所建立的模型算法中,指数模型拟合方程的综合效果好于其他模型,波段比值算法反演精度要好于单波段算法;利用利用真光层深度进行富营养化评价具有一定的应用价值,利用该模型对太湖水体进行富营养化评价,得出太湖西部湖区大部分已富营养化,东部湖区处于中营养化和轻度富营养化状态.     

底泥再悬浮对东湖水体初级生产力的影响

为研究底泥再悬浮对东湖初级生产力的影响, 通过模拟东湖通道施工导致的底泥再悬浮过程, 用原位黑白瓶法测量了水体初级生产力, 同步测定受试水体的光强、营养盐以及藻类叶绿素荧光活性, 结果表明, 随着再悬浮底泥含量的增加, 水体出现明显的光衰减现象, 光强显著降低(P0.05); 总氮总磷浓度升高; 藻类最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)上升; 水体呼吸作用显著增强(P0.05), 总初级生产力与净初级生产力先增大后减小。与不含再悬浮底泥的对照组相比, 水体再悬浮底泥含量50100 g/L处理组具有较高的初级生产力; 相对其他处理组, 再悬浮底泥含量200 g/L处理组的初级生产力显著降低(P0.05), 且其净初级生产力为负值。研究结果表明, 在一定范围内的底泥再悬浮通过增加水体营养盐含量的方式提高水体初级生产力, 较大含量的再悬浮底泥则通过影响水体光强降低初级生产力, 该结果确认了东湖通道施工引起的底泥再悬浮对水域生态系统的影响, 值得引起关注和重视。     

苋菜的光合特性

宽菜Amaranthus cruentus cv.生长在调控的温室条件。在光强0至800μmol.m~(-2)S~(-1),光合速率(PN,μmol.CO_2m~(-2)、s~(-1))随光强(PFD,μmol、m~(-2)、s~(-1))增高而增大,其关系为PN=56.82 PFD×10~(-3)—2.13。光补偿点为60μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1)。叶片在1400 μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1)达到光合光饱和点。在叶温35℃,叶片/空气水蒸汽压陡度20 m Pa、Pa~(-1)和外界CO_2浓度340μ1、1~(-1),光饱和光合速率为51.63±4.90μ mol.CO_2、m~(-2)、S~(-1)。在光强0至600μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1),气孔传道率随光强增高而增大。光强高于600μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1),气孔传道率变化较小。细胞间CO_2浓度为120μ1.1~(-1)由于细胞间CO_2浓度在光合速率——CO_2关系曲线的转折点,可能表明光合作用不受气孔限制。结果表明,苋菜适于高光强环境生长,在干旱条件下具有高的光合速率。     

春季季风转换期间孟加拉湾的初级生产力

2010年中国科学院东北印度洋科学考察期间,对孟加拉湾水域初级生产力展开了研究.孟加拉湾表层水体的水温较高,盐度变化范围较大,且上层水体营养盐含量较低,在真光层底部营养盐浓度突然增加.表层叶绿素a浓度较低(＜0.1 mg/m3),叶绿素a最大值常出现在75 m水深处,上层水体浮游植物的生长受氮限制明显.表层潜在初级生产力低于0.2mgcm-3h-1,且初级生产速率在50-75 m出现最大值.水柱中初级生产力变化范围为199-367 mgCm-2d-1,高值出现在88°-89°(E)附近.浮游植物固碳的主要贡献者是微微型浮游生物(＜3 μm),其次是小型浮游生物(＞20 μm)和微型浮游生物(3-20 μm),但表层与75 m水深处固碳浮游植物的结构有一定差异.将孟加拉湾与阿拉伯海初级生产力进行对比,孟加拉湾水体初级生产力显著低于阿拉伯海,且初级生产力的影响因素有着显著的差异.     

Environmental control of phytoplankton productivity in turbulent turbid systems

Factors affecting phytoplankton productivity are analysed in turbid systems, such as shallow lakes and rivers. When resuspension from the sediment or loading from the catchment significantly increases inorganic (non-algal) turbidity and hence light attenuation potentials for high production are not realised. Energy available for phytoplankton growth is strongly regulated by underwater light availability which depends on the critical mixing depth, fluctuating light intensities and algal circulation patterns. Higher production rates in shallow waters are often compensated by greater algal respiration due to higher water temperatures when compared to deeper lakes.Total daily integral production of turbulent, turbid environments can be predicted from a combination of easily measured variables such as maximum photosynthetic rates, algal biomass, surface irradiance and some measure of underwater light attenuation.     

Statistics of the Underwater Light Field: An Empirical Model

The underwater light field is described as a stochastic process, with the vertical attenuation as a random variable. It is shown that the vertical attenuation integral is well described as a Normal process with uncorrelated increments. The attenuation processes within a water body are found to be quite independent of the incoming irradiance. Thus, the relative light intensity at any depth can be approximated by a Lognormal random variable. Based upon the expectation of this Lognormal variable, and the mean value of the incident irradiance, the irradiance delivered at any depth can be estimated, as well as the statistical distribution of the irradiance. Light data from a number of Norwegian soft-water lakes showed good fit to the model. Two productive lakes included in this study also had a light regime well described by the statistical model. However, the model should be extended to cater for seasonal variations in these applications.     

Interactive effects of light and nutrients on phytoplankton stoichiometry

The stoichiometric composition of autotrophs can vary greatly in response to variation in light and nutrient availability, and can mediate ecological processes such as C sequestration, growth of herbivores, and nutrient cycling. We investigated light and nutrient effects on phytoplankton stoichiometry, employing five experiments on intact phytoplankton assemblages from three lakes varying in productivity and species composition. Each experiment employed two nutrient and eight irradiance levels in a fully factorial design. Light and nutrients interactively affected phytoplankton stoichiometry. Thus, phytoplankton C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios increased with irradiance, and slopes of the stoichiometric ratio versus irradiance relationships were steeper with ambient nutrients than with nutrients added. Our results support the light–nutrient hypothesis, which predicts that phytoplankton C:nutrient ratios are functions of the ratio of available light and nutrients; however, we observed considerable variation among lakes in the expression of this relationship. Phytoplankton species diversity was positively correlated with the slopes of the C:N and C:P versus irradiance relationships, suggesting that diverse assemblages may exhibit greater flexibility in the response of phytoplankton nutrient stoichiometry to light and nutrients. The interactive nature of light and nutrient effects may render it difficult to generate predictive models of stoichiometric responses to these two factors. Our results point to the need for future studies that examine stoichiometric responses across a wide range of phytoplankton communities.     

The impact of phytoplankton on spectral water transparency in the Southern Ocean: implications for primary productivity

Spectral water transparency in the Northern Weddell Sea was studied during Austral spring. The depth of the 1-% surface irradiance level (euphotic depth) varied between 35 and 109 m and was strongly influenced by phytoplankton biomass. Secchi depths were non-linearly related to euphotic depth. In phytoplankton-poor water, the most penetrating spectral region was restricted to a relatively narrow waveband in the blue (488 nm), but the range was broader, between 488 and 525 nm when phytoplankton were abundant. Water transparency in the red spectral range was always low and only to a small extent affected by phytoplankton. Two independent procedures were used to quantify the impact of phytoplankton on spectral water transparency: (1) Regression analysis of spectral in situ vertical light attenuation coefficients in the sea, against coincident chlorophyll concentrations. This method gave chlorophyll-specific light attenuation coefficients; the y-intercept could be interpreted as a measure of light attenuation by pure water plus non-algal material. (2) Spectra of in vivo light absorption derived by spectroscopy, using phytoplankton enriched to varying degrees onto filters. Thus chlorophyll-specific absorption cross-sections were determined. Estimates obtained by both procedures were in close agreement. By integrating over the spectrum of underwater irradiance, in situ chlorophyll-specific absorption cross sections of phytoplankton suspensions, related to all photosynthetically active radiation, were calculated. Light absorption by phytoplankton for photosynthesis is accomplished mainly in the blue spectral range. Also dissolved and particulate organic matter contributed to the attenuation of blue light. Because in water poor in phytoplankton, underwater irradiance was progressively restricted to blue light, chlorophyll-specific absorption cross-sections of phytoplankton, averaged over the spectrum of photosynthetically active irradiance, increased with water depth. In water with elevated phytoplankton biomass, overall light attenuation was generally enhanced. However, because the spectral composition of underwater light changed relatively little with depth, except immediately below the water surface, light absorption cross-sections of phytoplankton changed little below 10 m depth. Vertical differences in the proportions of underwater light absorbed by the phytoplankton community here were mainly dependent on biomass variations. Because of the comparatively small attenuation of blue light by non-algal matter, the efficiency of light harvesting by phytoplankton at any given concentration of chlorophyll in Antractic waters is greater than in other marine regions. At the highest phytoplankton biomass observed by us, as much as 70% of underwater light was available for phytoplankton photosynthesis. When phytoplankton were scarce, <10% of underwater light was harvested by phytoplankton.Contribution within the European Polarstern Study (EPOS), supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Grant Ti 115/16-1 to MMT, the European Science Foundation, and by the Alfred Wegener Institut für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven     

Response of lake phytoplankton communities to in situ manipulations of light intensity and colour

Phytoplankton preferences for light intensity and colour weredetermined in field experiments using coloured plexiglass cubessuspended at different depths in Heney Lake, Québec.Diatoms and green algae favoured intensities greater than 1%I_o (surface irradiance) contrary to dinoflagellates and otherflagellates that preferred lower intensity. Red radiation usuallyincreased the relative proportion of blue-greens, diatoms andgreen algae, whereas it reduced that of dinoflageilates. Wepropose that differential utilization of the light gradientallows certain phytoplankton taxa to partition the water column,thereby reducing potential competition. This is supported bythe general agreement between our findings and the known depthdistribution of algae in lakes.     

Seasonal changes in the underwater light climate of two Canadian shield lakes

This study examines the seasonal variation in the underwater spectral distribution of light in a mesotrophic (Lake Cromwell) and an oligo-mesotrophic (Lake Croche) temperate lake. Gilvin is primarily responsible for the strong selective attenuation of blue light in both lakes. As a result of differing gilvin concentrations light transmission maxima of downwelling and upwelling spectra are near 615 nm in Lake Cromwell and 599 nm in Lake Croche. With increases in depth both upwelling and downwelling radiance fluxes decrease, are shifted to longer wavelengths and become more monochromatic. The greatest penetration of light occurs in the summer and spring after which a gradual decrease occurs through fall to a minimum value in winter. Under the winter cover the P ₅₀ of downwelling light shifts 10 to 20 nm towards shorter wavelengths. Seasonal changes in downwelling irradiance are related to solar altitude, concentration of suspended particles, phytoplankton populations, amount of gilvin, mixing and winter cover. The brownish colouration of these lakes is explained by reflectance of spectrally impure orangish-red light.     

Light availability as a possible regulator of cyanobacteria species composition in a shallow subtropical lake

1. Variations in the relative biovolumes of dominant cyanobacterial taxa were evaluated in the context of environmental conditions using canonical correlation analysis (CCorrA) and Redundancy Analysis (RDA). The objective was to test a conceptual model in which underwater irradiance determines dominance by bloom-forming (high light adapted) or non-blooming (low light adapted) taxa. 2. The data set consisted of 404 contiguous observations, collected over a 3-year period at eight pelagic sites, in shallow Lake Okeechobee, Florida, U.S.A. Data included species biovolumes, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), dissolved oxygen (DO) and chlorophyll a concentrations, as well as two indices: underwater irradiance (Secchi depth) and the ratio of Secchi:total depth. 3. The first environmental canonical variable was strongly correlated with the two light-related indices, and negatively correlated with TP. This reflects the predominant role of resuspended P-rich lake sediments in controlling underwater irradiance in the shallow lake. The first species canonical variable displayed a strong negative correlation with Lyngbya limnetica and L. contorta, and positive correlations with Anabaena circinalis, Aphanizomenon flos aquae and Microcystis spp. The results support the conceptual model; the first pair of canonical variables explained 55% of the variation in the species–environmental data set. RDA results provided further support for the hypothesis that irradiance was the major force controlling community structure. 4. One unexpected result was a positive association between Oscillatoria spp. dominance and indicators of high irradiance. This conflicts with past research indicating that Oscillatoria is a low light adapted taxon, and the finding that it is the most abundant taxon in Lake Okeechobee. This may reflect the fact that the two Lyngbya taxa were more strongly associated with low light conditions than Oscillatoria. CCorrA results indicated that Oscillatoria densities are strongly controlled by water temperature. There is a need for more detailed studies of cyanobacteria ecophysiology in order to explain fully the seasonality of phytoplankton in this and other shallow subtropical lakes.     

The role of phytoplankton in determining the underwater light climate in Lake Constance

At all seasons, the underwater light field of meso-eutrophic large (480 km²) deep (mean: 100 m) Lake Constance was studied in conjunction with the assessments of vertical distributions of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations. Vertical profiles of scalar, downwelling and upwelling fluxes of photosynthetically available radiation, as well as fluxes of spectral irradiance between 400 and 700 nm wavelength were measured.The overall transparency of the water for PAR is highly dependent on chlorophyll concentration. However, the spectral composition of underwater light is narrowing with water depth regardless of phytoplankton biomass.Green light is transmitted best, even at extremely low chlorophyll concentrations. This is explained by the selective absorption of blue light by dissolved organic substances and red light by the water molecules. Nevertheless, significant correlations were found between vertical attenuation coefficients of downwelling spectral irradiance and chlorophyll concentrations at all wavelengths. The slopes of the regression lines were used as estimates of chlorophyll-specific spectral vertical light attenuation coefficients (K _c()).The proportions of total upwelling relative to total downwelling irradiance (reflectance) increased with water depth, even when phytoplankton were homogeneously distributed over the water column. Under such conditions, reflectance of monochromatic light remained constant. Lower reflectance of PAR in shallow water is explained by smaller bandwidths of upwelling relative to downwelling light near the water surface. In deeper water, by contrast, the spectra of both upwelling and downwelling irradiance are narrowed to the most penetrating components in the green spectral range. Reflectance of PAR was significantly correlated with chlorophyll concentration and varied from 1% and 1-% at low and high phytoplankton biomass, respectively. Over the spectrum, reflectance exhibited a maximum in the green range. Moreover, in deeper layers, a red maximum was observed which is attributed to natural fluorescence by phytoplankton chlorophyll.     

Carbon-14 Uptake by Picoplankton and Total Phytoplankton in Eight New Zealand Lakes

Eight New Zealand lakes were surveyed for ¹⁴C uptake by phytoplankton as a function of light intensity. The results support the view that the photosynthetic picoplankton is an important contributor to primary productivity in oligotrophic lakes but is relatively unimportant in more eutrophic lakes. A comparison of carbon uptake vs. light intensity characteristics (P vs. I) of the picoplankton size class vs. that of the total phytoplankton community supports the view that the picoplankton size class may be adapted to utilization of dimmer light.