Mechanism of spasmolytic activity of a fraction of Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight

The effect of chloroform soluble fraction (F-A) of twigs of Sarcostemma brevistigma on contractions induced by KCl, histamine, and acetylcholine in the isolated guinea pig ileum and taenia coli smooth muscles has been evaluated. F-A (19.5 microg/ml) significantly inhibited the contraction induced by 40 mM KCl to the extent of 87.6% in the isolated guinea pig ileum. In the isolated guinea pig ileum, F-A (64.3 and 59.2 microg/ml) significantly inhibited the contractions induced by acetylcholine and histamine to the extent of 85 and 83% respectively. In the isolated guinea pig taenia coli, F-A (65.2 microg/ml) significantly inhibited the contraction induced by 40 mM KCl to the extent of 96.0%. The inhibitory effect of F-A (40 microg/ml) on the isolated guinea pig taenia coli was reduced by Bay K 8644 (10(-6) M) to the extent of 61.6 from 73.6%. These results suggest that the F-A may exhibit smooth muscle relaxant activity by blocking the Ca2+ channels.     

Study of mechanisms mediating contraction to leukotriene C4, D4 and other bronchoconstrictors on guinea pig trachea

Contractions of guinea pig trachea in the absence and presence of indomethacin to LTD4 greater than LTC4 greater than K+ greater than histamine greater than acetylcholine were reduced following a 45 minute exposure of the tissues to calcium-free Krebs' solution (Ca2+-free Krebs' solution), were further reduced by a transient exposure to EGTA (1.25 mM) in Ca2+-free Krebs' solution and were virtually abolished when tested in the presence of EGTA (0.125 mM) in Ca2+-free Krebs' solution. In normal Krebs' solution (2.5 mM Ca2+) the Ca2+ entry blockers nifedipine (N) much greater than D-600 greater than verapamil (V) greater than diltiazem (D) almost completely abolished the contractions to K+ but blocked only a component of the maximum response to the other agonists. After exposure to Ca2+-free Krebs' solution for 45 minutes, any residual contractions to LTC4 & LTD4, were reversed by low concentrations of N (0.3 microM) or D-600 (2.1 microM). Leukotrienes appear to mobilize a superficial and a bound store of Ca2+ which gains entry through at least two types of Ca2+ channels (or mechanisms), one of which is blocked by N and D600. K+-induced contractions appear to be dependent on superficial and tightly bound Ca2+ but entry is solely through channels which are blocked by the Ca2+ entry blockers studied. Contraction to histamine and acetylcholine persisted following exposure of the tissues to Ca2+ free Krebs' solution but contractile activity was virtually abolished in Ca2+ free Krebs' solution containing EGTA. Residual contractions to histamine and part of the residual contractions to acetylcholine in Ca2+-free Krebs' solution were blocked by low dose N (0.3 microM) or D600 (2.1 microM). These findings suggest a major role for extracellular Ca2+ during spasmogen-induced contraction in this tissue.     

The effect of calcium antagonists on contractions of the sensitized and normal guinea pig ileum

The purpose of this study was to learn wether a number of Ca²⁺ antagonists were effective in reducing contractile response of the isolated ileum of the sensitized and normal guinea pig. Contractions of the normal ileum in response to LTD₄, acetylcholine, histamine, and potassium chloride were obtained before and after verapamil, diltiazen and papaverine. Ovalbumin-induced contractions of the ovalbumin-sensitized ileum were obtained in the presence of the three Ca²⁺ antagonists. In the normal ileum, all the Ca²⁺ antagonists were highly effective in diminishing the contractile responses to LTD₄, acetylcholine, histamine and potassium chloride. In the sensitized ileum, ovalbumin-evoked contractions, with subsequent release of a potent contractile mediator (presumably SRS-A), were Ca²⁺-dependent since verapamil, diltiazem and papaverine caused a concentration-related reduction of contractions. Thus, the influx of extracellular Ca²⁺ plays a key role in the contractile responses of the normal and sensitized guinea pig ileum when stimulated by various potent agonists acting on specific receptors or on the cell membrane.     

Lithium does not synergize the peripheral action of cholinomimetics as seen in the central nervous system

Lithium is known to synergize the action of cholinomimetics in the CNS such that pilocarpine induces seizures in low concentration (1/13th of per se dose) in rats. The present study was undertaken to see if lithium priming also enhances the peripheral effects of acetylcholine and pilocarpine i.e. change in blood pressure in rats and contractions of the isolated guinea pig ileum. In anaesthetized rats the blood pressure was recorded from cannulated carotid artery connected through the pressure transducer to Coulbourn polygraph. The blood pressure response of pilocarpine was not different either in magnitude or in duration when administered 1, 2 and 4 h after lithium chloride (3 meq/kg) pretreatment as compared to the control. Similarly acetylcholine effect remained unchanged after lithium chloride priming. In the isolated guinea pig ileum experiments, ileum was incubated for 1 h in different concentrations of lithium chloride and effect on acetylcholine induced contractions were observed. Lithium in concentration of 2.8 x 10(-3) M had no effect on acetylcholine induced contractions while incubation with higher concentrations of 1.4 x 10(-2) M and 2.8 x 10(-2) M significant inhibition of acetylcholine contractions were observed. At this concentration, histamine induced contractions were also inhibited. The results indicate that lithium does not synergize the action of cholinomimetics in the periphery as that seen in the CNS. The inhibition of acetylcholine and histamine induced contractions in guinea pig ileum at high concentration of lithium seems to be non-specific effect.     

Capacitative calcium entry in guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle in vitro

This study investigates the involvement of capacitative Ca2+ entry in excitation-contraction coupling in guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle. Thapsigargin (0.1 nM-1 microM, a sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor) produced slowly developing sustained tonic contractions in guinea pig isolated gallbladder strips. All contractions approached 50% of the response to carbachol (10 microM) after 55 min. Contractile responses to thapsigargin (1 microM) were abolished in a Ca(2+)-free medium. Subsequent re-addition of Ca2+ (2.5 mM) produced a sustained tonic contraction (99 +/- 6% of the carbachol response). The contractile response to Ca2+ re-addition following incubation of tissues in a Ca(2+)-free bathing solution in the absence of thapsigargin was significantly less than in its presence (79 +/- 4 % vs 100 +/- 7 % of carbachol; p < 0.05). Contractile responses to Ca2+ re-addition following treatment with thapsigargin were attenuated by (a) the L-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channel antagonist, nifedipine (10 microM) and (b) the general inhibitor of Ca2+ entry channels including store-operated channels, SK&F96365 (50 microM and 100 microM). In separate experiments, responses to Ca2+ re-addition were essentially abolished by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein (100 microM). These results suggest that capacitative Ca2+ entry provides a source of activator Ca2+ for guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle contraction. Contractile responses to Ca2+ re-addition following depletion of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin, are mediated in part by Ca2+ entry through voltage-operated Ca2+ channels and by capacitative Ca2+ entry through store-operated Ca2+ channels which can be blocked by SK&F96365. Furthermore, capacitative Ca2+ entry in this tissue may be modulated by tyrosine kinase.     

Functional role of M2 muscarinic receptors in the guinea pig ileum

Muscarinic agonists elicit contraction in the standard guinea pig ileum bioassay through activation of M3 muscarinic receptors that are also linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Surprisingly, the most abundant muscarinic receptor in the ileum is the M2 which causes a specific inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation elicited by the beta-adrenergic receptor. After most of the M3 receptors are inactivated, the ileum still retains high sensitivity to muscarinic agonists provided that the contractile responses are measured in the presence of histamine and forskolin, which together, have no effect on contraction. Under these conditions, the potencies of antagonists for blocking the contractile response are consistent with those expected for an M2 response. Moreover, the muscarinic contractile response measured in the presence of histamine and forskolin after inactivation of M3 receptors is pertussis toxin sensitive. In contrast, muscarinic contractions in the standard bioassay are pertussis toxin insensitive. These results demonstrate that the M2 muscarinic receptor can cause an indirect contraction of the guinea pig ileum by preventing the relaxing effect of agents that increase cAMP.     

Histamine H3 receptors in the guinea pig ileum: evidence for a postjunctional location.

The effect of the selective histamine H3 receptor agonists (R)alpha-methylhistamine, (R)MHA and immepip (IMM) on intestinal smooth muscle contractility was investigated on isolated cells from the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum. (R)MHA (10(-13)-10(-8) M) and IMM (10(-13)-10(-8) M) did not significantly modify the basal length of intestinal cells; in contrast both agonists (10(-15)-10(-11) M) prevented the contraction produced by acetylcholine (10(-7) M). The (S)-isomer of alpha-methylhistamine, (S)MHA, was inactive both on basal contractility and on acetylcholine-induced contractions. The relaxant effect of (R)MHA was not modified by famotidine (10(-7) M), but totally prevented by the selective H3 receptor antagonist clobenpropit (10(-8) M), which per se did not modify either basal contractility or the contractile response to acetylcholine. These data indicate that inhibitory histamine H3 receptors are present on smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig ileum and can be activated by very low concentrations of selective agonists. It is not clear, however, whether they can have a functional importance in the regulation of intestinal contractility in an intact system.     

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: increased tone, enhancement of acetylcholine release, and stimulation of adenylate cyclase in intestinal smooth muscle

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was examined $\text{in vitro}$ for effects on tone and neuronal release mechanisms in intestinal smooth muscle since this is a site of high peptide concentration. VIP contracted the guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum in concentrations ranging from 10^?9 to 10^?7 M. Increased tone in the guinea pig ileum was partially antagonized by the anticholinergic agent, atropine (4.38 × 10^?6 M) suggesting that one component of the contractile response was due to the indirect release of acetylcholine. The H₁ receptor antagonist, pyrilamine, did not alter the increased tone produced by VIP indicating that histamine release did not contribute to the ileal contractile response and that VIP exerted a selective effect to enhance neuronal release of acetylcholine. The ability of VIP to modulate acetylcholine release was confirmed in field stimulated ileal preparations where VIP increased the force developed to endogenously released acetylcholine without altering the direct response to acetylcholine. In rabbit jejunum and ileal smooth muscle, VIP related cyclic AMP levels. However, inhibition of phosphodiesterase with papaverine did not potentiate either the VIP-induced ileal contraction or enhancement of the field stimulated response. This raises the possibility that increases in intestinal cyclic AMP may be involved more in VIP-induced alterations in ion transport or secretory phenomenon than in intestinal motility. These studies describing the ability of VIP to modulate acetylcholine release and to increase ileal tone are consistent with the proposed role of VIP in intestinal patholgies involving excessive mucous secretion and motility.     

Inhibitory effects of hot water extract of the Stevia stem on the contractile response of the smooth muscle of the guinea pig ileum

The effects of a hot water extract of the stem of Stevia rebaudiana on the smooth muscle of isolated guinea pig ileum were investigated. The butyl alcohol layer of the extract antagonized the contractions of the isolated guinea pig ileum induced by histamine (1 x 10(-5) M) and acetylcholine (1 x 10(-5) M) in a concentration-dependent manner. The butyl alcohol layer of the extract also showed inhibition of CaCl(2) (1 x 10(-3)-3.8 x 10(-1) M)-induced contractions. The antagonism of the extract was considered to be non-specific, but this action might be related to an influx of extracellular Ca(2+).With column chromatography preparation, the active component was assumed to be as stevioside. The antagonistic effects exerted by the stem extract of Stevia rebaudiana contributed to the gastroprotective activity of the extract in animals fed dietary histamine.     

Isolation, partial purification and pharmacodynamics of a slow contractile substance in the venom sac extract of the wasp Vespa cincta Fabr

The venom of V. cincta contains acetylcholine (ACh), histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Blockers of these agonists did not block completely the hypotensive and smooth muscle contractile activity of venom. On smooth muscle, there was a residual slow contraction. The active substance which produced this slow contraction was separated by solvent extraction, gel filtration and TLC. The purified material (which has been provisionally designated "Vecikinin") lowered cat, rat and guinea pig blood pressure, increased amplitude of cardiac contraction, and increased capillary permeability. Vecikinin contracted several smooth muscle preparations (rat uterus, rat ascending colon, guinea pig ileum, guinea pig colon and rat ileum), while relaxing rat duodenum. Its contractile activity was not lost on boiling, but acid or alkali-boiling reduced its contractile activity. It was inactivated on incubation with chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase but not with trypsin, pepsin or leucine aminopeptidase. It is a peptide, appears to be of low molecular weight, and could be distinguished from substance P, angiotensin, bradykinin and hornet or wasp kinin.     

Does antinerve growth factor affect isolated ileal contractility in rat?

This study investigates the effects of antinerve growth factor (anti-NGF) application on isolated ileal contractility in the rat. For this purpose, rats were divided into four groups. The control animals (n=8) received only intraperitoneal injection of an isotonic NaCl solution (i.p). Anti-NGF was daily administered intraperitoneally at the dose of 1 ng/g level in the first experimental group (n=8), and at doses of 10 ng/g (n=7) and 40 ng/g (n=7) in the second and third experimental groups, respectively. Seven days after the injections rats were sacrificed and ileum segments were isolated. Responses to acetylcholine (ACh) were evaluated by using standard Tyrode, double-calcium Tyrode and calcium-free Tyrode solutions. The average peak amplitude of ACh-induced contractions recorded in standard Tyrode solution was significantly decreased in all three experimental groups as compared to the control group (p 0.05). When double-calcium Tyrode solution was used as the perfusion medium, the responses to ACh were also lower in all anti-NGF applied groups as compared to its control group (p 0.05). Our results showed that the application of anti-NGF reduced the contractile responses of the rat isolated ileum apparently by decreasing the calcium influx from the extracellular medium.     

Biological activity and anti-prostaglandin effects of prostaglandin analogue, ent-11-epi-15-epi PGE2 methyl ester

The biological activity and anti-prostaglandin property of the prostaglandin analogue, ent-11-epi-15-epi PGE2 methyl ester, were studied on isolated guinea pig ileum. Ent-11-epi-15-epi PGE2 methyl ester contracted guinea pig ileum and produced a concentration-response curve parallel to that of PGE2. However, the former exhibited a lower maximal effect than PGE2. At concentrations greater than 10(-6)M, ent-11-epi-15-epi PGE2 methyl ester selectively antagonized contractile actions of PGE2 and PGE2 alpha without affecting contractions induced by acetylcholine. These observations suggest that the PG analogue acted like a competitive antagonist to PGE2 and PGF2 alpha on guinea pig ileum in vitro.     

Effect of mefloquine on the mechanical activity of the mouse isolated rectal smooth muscle.

The effects of mefloquine on the mechanical activity of the mouse isolated rectal smooth muscle was studied. Mefloquine (4.1x10-5 - 5.2x10-3M) when applied alone and separately exerted variable effects on the rectum. In some preparations, it caused slight phasic contractions while in others no response was elicited. When the external Ca(2+) was increased from 1.8mM to 300mM mefloquine produced phasic contractile activity which was abolished on return to normal 1.8mM suggesting that the contractile activity was due to extracellular Ca(2+) influx. Meflaquine [4.1x10-6M - 4.1x10-4M] caused contraction - dependent inhibition of KCL, Carbachol and CaCl2 [in depolarizing Tyrode Solution]. Mefloquine [2.1x10-4M] blocked KCL, but not carbachol contractions which were largely reversed by increasing [Ca2+]. The results show that mefloquine possesses anticholinergic and appreciable calcium channel blocking activity.     

Prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated inhibitory action of clonidine and B-HT 920, but not urapidil in guinea pig ileum

Isolated guinea pig ileal longitudinal muscle was stimulated transmurally with a frequency of 0.1 Hz, duration of 0.5 msec, and supramaximal voltage (80-100 V). Transmural stimulation induces ileal contractions via activation of cholinergic neurons. alpha 2-Adrenergic agonists block the response to transmural stimulation via activation of prejunctional alpha 2 receptors which inhibit release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve terminals. Urapidil has been reported to have alpha 2-agonistic actions, and therefore was compared to the prototypic alpha 2 agonists, clonidine and B-HT 920. Clonidine and B-HT 920 depressed responses to transmural stimulation in the guinea pig ileum. Clonidine was the most potent inhibitor of the contractions, followed closely by B-HT 920. Very high concentrations of urapidil were necessary to suppress nerve-induced contractions of the ileum. The effects of clonidine and B-HT 920, but not urapidil, were antagonized by the selective alpha 2 antagonist, yohimbine. In unstimulated preparations, in which exogenous acetylcholine was used to elicit contractions of the ileum, urapidil depressed the response while clonidine and B-HT 920 had no effect. When PGF1 alpha was used to contract the ileum, no inhibitory effects were noted for urapidil, clonidine, or B-HT 920. Therefore urapidil, only in high concentrations, inhibits the contraction to transmural stimulation by depressing the response at a postjunctional cholinergic site. No evidence was found that urapidil can act as an agonist at a prejunctional alpha 2-receptor site.     

Contractile activity of Trimeresurus flavoviridis phospholipase A2 on guinea pig ileum and artery.

Trimeresurus flavoviridis phospholipase A2 (PLA2) induced strong contractions of the smooth muscles of guinea pig ileum and artery in a concentration-dependent manner (10(-10)-10(-6) M). When the same dose of PLA2 was administered in repetition to the ileal preparation, the contraction diminished progressively and was no longer recovered even by consecutive washings. The enzymatically inactive derivative of PLA2, in which His-47 was p-bromophenacylated, was unable to elicit contraction. Also, no activity was observed when the Ca(2+)-free medium was used. The contraction induced by PLA2 was inhibited completely by 1.0 x 10(-6) M indomethacin, but not by nordihydroguaiaretic acid. These results imply that the PLA2-induced contraction is due essentially to the hydrolytic action of the enzyme against phospholipid membranes to liberate arachidonic acid that is then converted to pharmacologically active prostaglandins. In guinea pig artery, PLA2 caused both contraction and relaxation.     

Ranitidine potentiates ileum contractions caused by GABA and electrical stimulation

GABA-evoked contractions of the guinea pig ileum were significantly potentiated by the histamine H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine in concentrations above 10 microM. To help define the mechanism of this interaction, the present study compared the effects of ranitidine on contractile responses of the guinea pig ileum to GABA, acetylcholine (A Ch) and electrical stimulation of intrinsic cholinergic neurons. Ranitidine, at concentrations that potentiated responses to GABA, also potentiated contractions induced by transmural electrical stimulation. The ability of ranitidine to amplify these latter responses was antagonized by atropine. Contractile responses to exogenous A Ch, however, were unaffected by ranitidine at any concentration. These results suggest that prejunctional, rather than postjunctional mechanisms, are of primary importance in the interaction between ranitidine and GABA.     

Voltage dependent activation of tonic contraction in cardiac myocytes.

Contractions of isolated single myocytes of guinea pig heart stimulated by rectangular depolarizing pulses consist of a phasic component and a voltage dependent tonic component. In this study we analyzed the mechanism of activation of the graded, sustained contractions elicited by slow ramp depolarization and their relation to the components of contractions elicited by rectangular depolarizing pulses. Experiments were performed at 37 degrees C in ventricular myocytes of guinea pig heart. Voltage-clamped myocytes were stimulated by the pulses from the holding potential of -40 to +5 mV or by ramp depolarization shifting voltage within this range within 6 s. [Ca2+]i was monitored as fluorescence of Indo 1-AM and contractions were recorded with the TV edge-tracking system. Myocytes responded to the ramp depolarization between -25 and -6 mV by the slow, sustained increase in [Ca2+]i and shortening, the maximal amplitude of which was in each cell similar to that of the tonic component of Ca2+ transient and contraction. The contractile responses to ramp depolarization were blocked by 200 microM ryanodine and Ca2+-free solution, but were not blocked by 20 microM nifedipine or 100-200 microM Cd2+ and potentiated by 5 mM Ni2+. The responses to ramp depolarization were with this respect similar to the tonic but not to the phasic component of contraction: both components were blocked by 200 microM ryanodine, and were not blocked by Cd2+ or Ni2+ despite complete inhibition of the phasic Ca2+ current. However, the phasic component but not the tonic component of contraction in cells superfused with Ni2+ was inhibited by nifedipine. Both components of contraction were inhibited by Ca2+-free solution superfused 15 s prior to stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: In myocytes of guinea pig heart the contractile response to ramp depolarization is equivalent to the tonic component of contraction. It is activated by Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by the ryanodine receptors. Their activation and inactivation is voltage dependent and it does not depend on the Ca2+ influx by the Ca2+ channels or reverse mode Na+/Ca2+ exchange, however, it may depend on Ca2+ influx by some other, not yet defined route.     

Antagonistic effect of KC-404, a new anti-asthmatic agent, on leukotriene D4-induced contractile responses in isolated guinea pig smooth muscles

The inhibitory effects of KC-404, a novel clinically available anti-asthmatic drug, on leukotriene(LT) D4-, LTC4-, histamine- and acetylcholine(ACh)-induced contractile responses in isolated guinea pig lung parenchymal, tracheal and ileal longitudinal strips were compared using an organ bath system. In lung parenchyma, KC-404 antagonized LTD4 in a competitive fashion, whereas it antagonized histamine noncompetitively. The pA2 value against LTD4 was 7.39. KC-404 hardly antagonized LTC4 and ACh. A ranked order of potency estimated from its minimum effective concentrations (MEC) was LTD4 greater than histamine greater than LTC4 greater than ACh. In trachea, KC-404 antagonized LTC4 and LTD4 in a competitive fashion, while it antagonized histamine noncompetitively. The pA2 values against LTC4 and LTD4 were 5.99 and 6.51, respectively. KC-404 hardly antagonized ACh. A ranked order of the potency estimated from MEC was LTD4 greater than LTC4 greater than histamine greater than ACh. The pA2 values of KC-404 against LTD4 in lung parenchyma and trachea were little or not altered, while its inhibitory effect on histamine-induced contraction in trachea was markedly diminished by the pretreatment of tissues with indomethacin. In ileum, KC-404 noncompetitively antagonized all of the agonists used. A ranked order of the potency estimated from pD2 values was LTD4 divided by LTC4 greater than histamine greater than ACh. These results suggest that KC-404 is a selective antagonist of LTD4 and that it might interact with LTD4 receptor in airway smooth muscles but not in ileum. Another possibility that the drug might interact with LTD4 specific excitation-contraction coupling mechanism was also discussed.     

Effect of papaverine on the tonus and contraction of depolarized taenia coli musculature in guinea pigs

Experiments were performed on the isolated strips of guinea pig taenia coli. The smooth muscle was depolarized in a solution with high potassium concentration (120 mM KCl). The effect of papaverine (in concentration of from 10(-5) to 3.10(-5) g/ml) on the tonus and the contractile off-response originating after the ending of longlasting strong polarizing current was investigated. It was found that: 1) papaverine abolished the concentrations induced by drugs (histamine, acetylcholine, bradykinin); 2) papaverine reduced the tonus of depolarized muscle and eliminated its increase under the effect of a rise of the external calcium concentration; 3) papaverine had no effect on the amplitude and the ascending phase of the contractile off-response; 4) papaverine accelerated the discending phase of the contractile off-response. The data obtained suggest: 1) there are chemoexcitable calcium channels in the cellular membrane which are blocked by papaverin; 2) there are calcium "leakage" channels in the cellular membrane responsible for the tone maintenance which are blocked by papaverine; 3) papaverine has a negligible effect on the electroexcitable calcium channels.     

Influence of platelet-activating factor on leukotriene D4-induced contractions of the guinea pig parenchymal strip

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and sulphidopeptide leukotrienes, such as leukotriene D4 (LTD4), are potent constrictors that are probably released simultaneously in a variety of inflammatory respiratory events. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether LTD4-induced contractions of guinea pig parenchymal lung strips (GPPS) are modified in the presence of PAF. The contractile responses of isolated GPPS to cumulative doses of LTD4, acetylcholine, histamine, and potassium chloride in the presence of PAF (0.1 nM, 0.1 microM) were compared with parallel controls. There was no significant alteration of the response to acetylcholine and potassium chloride and the PAF-induced inhibition of the response to histamine, although significant, was not concentration dependent. In contrast, PAF in a concentration range from 0.1 nM to 1.0 microM caused a marked, concentration-dependent reduction of LTD4-induced contractions. Pretreatment with the PAF receptor antagonist, BN52021, prevented the attenuation of LTD4-induced contraction by PAF. The attenuation of LTD4-induced contraction by PAF was also prevented by pretreatment with indomethacin or with the thromboxane synthase inhibitor U63,557A, but not by pretreatment with the lipoxygenase inhibitors BW755c or nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Thus inhibition of LTD4-induced GPPS contraction by PAF is receptor dependent and probably secondary to thromboxane generation. The respiratory smooth muscle response to leukotrienes may be modified significantly by concomitant PAF release.