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1.
Picea mariana (black spruce) and P. rubens (red spruce) are closely related species which are difficult to differentiate morphologically. RAPD markers differentiating
black and red spruces have been previously identified. In the present study, genetic validity of these markers was determined
using samples representing range–wide provenances. Their applicability for certifying genetic identity of individual black,
red trees and their hybrids from several sympatric and allopatric locations was demonstrated. These diagnostic fragments of
both red and black spruce were present at a frequency of over 0.95 in allopatric provenances, but at a lower frequency in
some sympatric provenances (0.43–1.00). Natural populations of red spruce exhibiting typical red spruce phenotype contained
black spruce diagnostic RAPD fragments and black spruces growing in bogs with typical bog black spruce morphology, contained
red spruce-specific RAPD markers. Some major RAPD markers were cloned and sequenced. The results reveal an extremely high
degree of identity between the random primer and the primer binding sites on the genome. Amplification of black and red spruce
genomic DNA with designed primers flanking the species-diagnostic RAPD markers indicates that most of RAPD markers used to
differentiate black spruce from red spruce are not species specific since these sequences were detected in several spruce
species using a more sensitive detection method.
Received June 17, 2002; accepted August 5, 2002 Published online: February 4, 2003 相似文献
2.
R. Schubert Christoph Sperisen Gerhard Müller-Starck Sabina La Scala Dieter Ernst Heinrich Sandermann Jr. Klaus-Peter Häger 《Trees - Structure and Function》1998,12(8):453-463
Based on PCR technologies, we have isolated three genomic cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) clones from Norway spruce,
Picea abies (L.) Karst., revealing about 99% identity within their protein coding regions. All clones contain five introns with an identity
of 97–100% for intervening sequences II, III and IV, whereas intron V sequences revealed only 87–89% identity. Intron I sequences
share an identity of 85–98% among all three clones. Intron IV is only present in Norway spruce and not found in published
genomic CAD sequences of angiosperms. Tandem repeats between 24 and 49 bp were discovered within intervening sequences I and
V. Southern hybridization of seedling DNA and PCR-based intron analyses using diploid leaf buds and haploid megagametophytes
indicate the existence of a small CAD gene family within the spruce genome, consisting of at least two loci. Evolutionary
analyses of CAD encoding sequences using distance matrix- and parsimony-based methods revealed that CADs from angiosperms
form a clade distinct from those of gymnosperms. Confirmed by maximal bootstrap values of 100%, a gene duplication gave rise
to two different groups of angiospermous CADs and this duplication may have occurred in an early stage of angiosperm radiation,
certainly before the separation of the Dilleniidae and Rosidae lineages. Phylogenetic investigations suggest angiosperm CAD
II sequences to have evolved more rapidly than angiosperm CAD I genes. On the other hand, CAD gene evolution appears to be
significantly slower in conifers than in angiosperms.
Received: 27 February 1998 / Accepted: 22 April 1998 相似文献
3.
Few microsatellite markers have been specifically developed for Picea sitchensis. In January 2004 the appearance of over 10 000 sequences of expressed regions of DNA from P. glauca in GenBank presented an opportunity for the development of additional microsatellite markers in Sitka spruce. Mono‐ and dinucleotide repeat sequences were located in these sequences and primers were designed around these regions. Amplification was attempted in Sitka material from a broad geographical range and the level of polymorphism was assessed. Primers were also tested in progeny of a controlled cross. Nine polymorphic loci that demonstrated Mendelian inheritance in Sitka were discovered in this study. 相似文献
4.
A total of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and characterized for a Chinese medicinal plant, Epimedium brevicornum (Berberidaceae). A genomic DNA enrichment protocol was used to isolate microsatellite loci and polymorphism was explored
using 38 individuals from one natural population. The observed number of alleles ranged from 2–14. The ranges of observed
and expected heterozygosity were 0.00–0.83 and 0.15–0.88, respectively. In addition, successful cross-species amplification
of this set of microsatellite markers in other four medicinal Epimedium species suggested that they would provide a useful tool for the genetic and conservation studies of Epimedium species. 相似文献
5.
Fifty new microsatellite loci for the wheat genetic map 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
P. Stephenson G. Bryan J. Kirby A. Collins K. Devos C. Busso M. Gale 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1998,97(5-6):946-949
Hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) has low levels of RFLP. Simple sequence repeats, however, show high levels of polymorphism and are therefore especially
useful in intervarietal breeding applications. We present 53 newly mapped microsatellite loci for the wheat genetic map, 41
primary loci and 12 additional loci from these same primer pairs. Markers have been accredited with a quality score on a scale
of 1–5 which describes the complexity of the amplification product profile from each primer pair.
Received: 29 June 1997 / Accepted: 4 February 1998 相似文献
6.
Tracking the progression of speciation: variable patterns of introgression across the genome provide insights on the species delimitation between progenitor–derivative spruces (Picea mariana × P. rubens)
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Guillaume de Lafontaine Julien Prunier Sébastien Gérardi Jean Bousquet 《Molecular ecology》2015,24(20):5229-5247
The genic species concept implies that while most of the genome can be exchanged somewhat freely between species through introgression, some genomic regions remain impermeable to interspecific gene flow. Hence, interspecific differences can be maintained despite ongoing gene exchange within contact zones. This study assessed the heterogeneous patterns of introgression at gene loci across the hybrid zone of an incipient progenitor–derivative species pair, Picea mariana (black spruce) and Picea rubens (red spruce). The spruce taxa likely diverged in geographic isolation during the Pleistocene and came into secondary contact during late Holocene. A total of 300 SNPs distributed across the 12 linkage groups (LG) of black spruce were genotyped for 385 individual trees from 33 populations distributed across the allopatric zone of each species and within the zone of sympatry. An integrative framework combining three population genomic approaches was used to scan the genomes, revealing heterogeneous patterns of introgression. A total of 23 SNPs scattered over 10 LG were considered impermeable to introgression and putatively under diverging selection. These loci revealed the existence of impermeable genomic regions forming the species boundary and are thus indicative of ongoing speciation between these two genetic lineages. Another 238 SNPs reflected selectively neutral diffusion across the porous species barrier. Finally, 39 highly permeable SNPs suggested ancestral polymorphism along with balancing selection. The heterogeneous patterns of introgression across the genome indicated that the speciation process between black spruce and red spruce is young and incomplete, albeit some interspecific differences are maintained, allowing ongoing species divergence even in sympatry. The approach developed in this study can be used to track the progression of ongoing speciation processes. 相似文献
7.
G. R. Brown J. E. Carlson 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,95(1-2):1-9
Molecular cytogenetics is a convenient tool to investigate the organization and evolution of plant genomes. In coniferous
trees of the Pinaceae, cytogenetic data is rudimentary since individual chromosomes are difficult to distinguish and karyotypes
of related species are poorly differentiated. We determined the chromosomal locations of ribosomal RNA genes in white spruce
(Picea glauca) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The biotin-labeled DNA probes consisted of the 5s ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplified from white spruce using the polymerase chain reaction and a heterologous 18s-5.8s-26s rDNA sequence. The 5s rDNA was present only on chromosome 5 at a single locus and near to an 18s-5.8s-26s rDNA locus in both species. Additional 18s-5.8s-26s rDNA loci were found at interstitial sites on six and four chromosomes of white and Sitka spruce, respectively, providing
potentially useful interspecific differences. Progress in karyotyping both species is presented. A molecular analysis of 5s rDNA of white spruce revealed the presence of two classes of repeating units, one of 221 bp corresponding to the PCR amplification
product, and another of approximately 600 bp. The nucleotide sequence and copy number of the 221-bp class is reported.
Received: 17 September 1996/Accepted: 20 December 1996 相似文献
8.
J. Germano A. S. Klein 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,99(1-2):37-49
Picea rubens (red spruce) and P. mariana (black spruce) are closely related species which are difficult to differentiate morphologically. They are sympatric with
P. glauca (white spruce) in the northern portion of their ranges. In order to identify potential interspecific polymorphisms, the chloroplast
trnK intron and rpl33-psaJ-trnP region were sequenced, and the nuclear-encoded ITS region of the rDNA repeat was partially sequenced. Thirteen chloroplast
and 12 nuclear candidate interspecific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. The species-specificity of
several SNPs was determined by surveying DNAs amplified from trees representing range-wide provenance tests; these included
46 red spruce from 11 provenances, 84 black spruce from 30 provenances and 90 white spruce from 22 provenances. Two SNPs (1
chloroplast and 1 nuclear), which distinguish black spruce from red and white spruce, were consistent among 96–100% of the
trees surveyed. Five SNPs (4 chloroplast and 1 nuclear), which distinguish white spruce from red and black spruce, were consistent
among 100% of surveyed trees. These species-specific SNPs were used to identify anonymous spruce samples in a blind test,
and their utility for small amounts of tissue, as little as single needles, was demonstrated. Scoring these SNPs is much less
labor intensive than previous molecular methods for taxa differentiation (restriction fragment length polymorphisms or random
amplified polymorphic DNAs), therefore they can be applied to large population studies.
Received: 16 December 1998 / Accepted: 5 January 1999 相似文献
9.
K. K. Nkongolo 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》1999,215(1-4):229-239
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to determine genetic relationships amongP. mariana (black spruce),P. rubens (red spruce), andP. glauca (white spruce) and to assess the degree of polymorphism within populations from different provenances and among spruce hybrids. Eleven arbitrary decamer primers were used to amplify genomic DNAs extracted from embryogenic cultures and seedlings. Species-specific RAPD markers were identified.Picea mariana andP. rubens showed similar RAPD profiles confirming their close genetic relationship. Species-specific RAPD markers were identified and were useful in distinguishing white spruce from black and red spruces. RAPD differentiation between populations within each species was small. The level of polymorphism was much higher in spruce hybrid populations than in the pure species. Cytological analysis ofP. mariana ×P. rubens hybrids showed normal mitotic behaviour at prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. All the hybrids analyzed from different cross combinations were euploids. 相似文献
10.
Development of microsatellite markers for white spruce (Picea glauca) and related species 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
R. B. Hodgetts M. A. Aleksiuk A. Brown C. Clarke E. Macdonald S. Nadeem D. Khasa E. Macdonald 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,102(8):1252-1258
We report the development of 13 primer pairs that allow the unambiguous amplification of 15 microsatellite (SSR) loci in white
spruce (Picea glauca). Fourteen of these loci were polymorphic in trees sampled at three geographically separated regions of western Canada. Segregation
analysis carried out on these loci confirmed a Mendelian inheritance pattern for all except two, which showed significant
segregation distortion. All of these primer pairs amplified SSR loci in at least one of the other Picea species tested [black spruce (P. mariana), red spruce (P. rubens), Norway spruce (P. abies), Colorado spruce (P. pungens), sitka spruce (P. sitchensis) and Engelmann spruce (P. engelmannii)]. Given the important commercial and ecological roles of these species, this set of markers will be invaluable for their
management, the improvement of commercially important traits, and the study of their ecology and genetics.
Received: 18 August 2000 / Accepted: 28 September 2000 相似文献
11.
A pooled DNA method was used to produce fully informative EST (expressed sequence tag)‐derived markers for the Picea genus. Nine markers were produced from 10 cDNA identified as candidates for cold tolerance or embryogenesis. Indels and SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) were characterized from sequences obtained from pools of 10 individuals for each of the three species: Picea glauca (white spruce), Picea mariana (black spruce) and Picea abies (Norway spruce). Indels were present in 28% of the sequences and SNPs with a frequency greater than 10% were present on average in 1.2% of the positions. 相似文献
12.
Yuri K. Novozhilov Steven L. Stephenson Maribeth Overking John C. Landolt Gary A. Laursen 《Mycological Progress》2007,6(1):45-51
The moist chamber culture technique was used to investigate the assemblages of myxomycetes (plasmodial slime moulds or myxogastrids)
associated with the microhabitats represented by the bark surface of living black spruce (Picea mariana) trees and forest floor leaf litter in the Caribou–Poker Creek Research Watershed located approximately 50 km north of the
city of Fairbanks. This study was carried out in the context of a larger project (Frostfire) that involved an experimental
burn of a major portion of this watershed. Our study sites consisted of examples of the two major forest types (black spruce
and birch–alder–quaking aspen) found within the watershed. Black spruce trees were sampled at three study sites (two burned
sites and one control site), whereas samples of litter were obtained from four study sites (two control and two burned). The
acidic bark of black spruce was found to support few myxomycetes, and only five species were recorded from a total of 81 moist
chamber cultures prepared with samples of bark. The number of species (16) recorded from the 156 moist chamber cultures prepared
with litter was appreciably higher. In general, numbers of species and records for litter and bark were fairly comparable
in burned sites versus control sites, with the litter microhabitat of the black spruce forest type the major exception. One
of the myxomycetes recovered from litter is a species new to science and is described herein as Diderma boreale. 相似文献
13.
Background
Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are highly informative molecular markers for various biological studies in plants. In spruce (Picea) and other conifers, the development of single-copy polymorphic genomic microsatellite markers is quite difficult, owing primarily to the large genome size and predominance of repetitive DNA sequences throughout the genome. We have developed highly informative single-locus genomic microsatellite markers in black spruce (Picea mariana) and red spruce (Picea rubens) using a simple but efficient method based on a combination of AFLP and microsatellite technologies.Principal Findings
A microsatellite-enriched library was constructed from genomic AFLP DNA fragments of black spruce. Sequencing of the 108 putative SSR-containing clones provided 94 unique sequences with microsatellites. Twenty-two of the designed 34 primer pairs yielded scorable amplicons, with single-locus patterns. Fourteen of these microsatellite markers were characterized in 30 black spruce and 30 red spruce individuals drawn from many populations. The number of alleles at a polymorphic locus ranged from 2 to 18, with a mean of 9.3 in black spruce, and from 3 to 15, with a mean of 6.2 alleles in red spruce. The polymorphic information content or expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.340 to 0.909 (mean = 0.67) in black spruce and from 0.161 to 0.851 (mean = 0.62) in red spruce. Ten SSR markers showing inter-parental polymorphism inherited in a single-locus Mendelian mode, with two cases of distorted segregation. Primer pairs for almost all polymorphic SSR loci resolved microsatellites of comparable size in Picea glauca, P. engelmannii, P. sitchensis, and P. abies.Significance
The AFLP-based microsatellite-enriched library appears to be a rapid, cost-effective approach for isolating and developing single-locus informative genomic microsatellite markers in black spruce. The markers developed should be useful in black spruce, red spruce and other Picea species for various genetics, genomics, breeding, forensics, conservation studies and applications. 相似文献14.
Genetic linkage maps have been produced for a wide range of organisms during the last decade, thanks to the increasing availability
of molecular markers. The use of microsatellites (or Simple Sequence Repeats, SSRs) as genetic markers has led to the construction
of “second-generation” genetic maps for humans, mouse and other organisms of major importance. We constructed a second-generation
single-tree genetic linkage map of Norway spruce (Picea abies K.) using a panel of 72 haploid megagametophytes with a total of 447 segregating bands [366 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms
(AFLPs), 20 Selective Amplification of Microsatellite Polymorphic Loci (SAMPLs) and 61 SSRs, each single band being treated
initially as a dominant marker]. Four hundred and thirteen markers were mapped in 29 linkage groups (including triplets and
doublets) covering a genetic length of 2198.3 cM, which represents 77.4% of the estimated genome length of Picea abies (approximately 2839 cM). The map is still far from coalescing into the expected 12 chromosomal linkage groups of Norway spruce
(2n = 2x = 24). A possible explanation for this comes from the observed non-random distribution of markers in the framework
map. Thirty-eight SSR marker loci could be mapped onto 19 linkage groups. This set of highly informative Sequence Tagged Sites
(STSs) can be used in many aspects of genetic analysis of forest trees, such as marker-assisted selection, QTL mapping, positional
cloning, gene flow analysis, mating system analysis and genetic diversity studies.
Received: 5 November 1997 / Accepted: 16 March 1998 相似文献
15.
The spruce (Picea) species are ecologically and economically important in Canada. Highly informative markers with high multiplex ratios are needed to assist spruce genomics, genetics, and breeding programs. Selectively amplified microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) markers are highly suitable for these programs. We have developed, optimized, and characterized a set of 10 new SAMPL primers in combination with 16 MseI primers and resolved a large number of polymorphic SAMPL markers in spruce. The SAMPL primers were designed from the compound microsatellite repeats found in Norway spruce (Picea abies) and white spruce (Picea glauca). A total of 6313 polymorphic SAMPL makers were produced by 160 SAMPL–MseI primers combinations in eight progeny of a spruce mapping population. 相似文献
16.
Guidong Miao Changwei Shao Hongyu Ma Xiaolin Liao Songlin Chen 《Conservation Genetics》2009,10(3):631-633
Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) is a rare fish species in China. Here, we reported 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from a dinucleotide-enriched
genomic library of starry flounder (P. stellatus). The number of alleles, observed and expected heterozygosity per locus in 30 individuals ranged from two to six, from 0.2500
to 1.0000 and from 0.4512 to 0.7667, respectively. One locus significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after
Bonferroni correction and no significant linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci was found. Cross-species amplification
of these microsatellite loci in additional three fish species was performed. These polymorphic microsatellite loci would be
useful for investigating genetic population structure and construction of genetic linkage map in P. stellatus.
Guidong Miao and Changwei Shao have contributed equally. 相似文献
17.
Alan B. Darlington Anna Halinska James F. Dat T. J. Blake 《Trees - Structure and Function》1997,11(4):223-228
Plant responses to saturation vapour pressure deficit (SVPD) were studied by subjecting black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.] and jack pine seedlings (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) to humid (0.3 – 0.8 kPa) or dry (2.0 – 2.5 kPa SVPD) regimes for 4 weeks using a computer-controlled environmental
system to control diurnal variation in SVPD. Dry matter accumulation in needles was not altered by increasing SVPD. However,
root growth declined by 60% which increased shoot to root ratio and reduced total seedling dry weight in both black spruce
and jack pine. Relative growth rate of jack pine also declined to about half the rate of plants grown under humid conditions.
In situ root marking studies showed that the decline in root growth of jack pine under the high SVPD was the result of reduced
lateral root initiation, whereas root elongation was unaffected by humidity. A 4-week exposure to dry air increased abscisic
acid (ABA) levels in needles, but not roots, of jack pine whereas ABA levels in black spruce were not altered. A short (3-day)
exposure failed to increase needle ABA levels in either species. These results suggest that the responses of conifers to dry
air were not the result of ABA accumulation.
Received: 24 March 1996 / Accepted: 30 May 1996 相似文献
18.
Jaramillo-Correa JP Bousquet J Beaulieu J Isabel N Perron M Bouillé M 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2003,106(8):1353-1367
Primers previously developed to amplify specific non-coding regions of the mitochondrial genome in Angiosperms, and new primers for additional non-coding mtDNA regions, were tested for their ability to direct DNA amplification in 12 conifer taxa and to detect sequence-tagged-site (STS) polymorphisms within and among eight species in Picea. Out of 12 primer pairs, nine were successful at amplifying mtDNA in most of the taxa surveyed. In conifers, indels and substitutions were observed for several loci, allowing them to distinguish between families, genera and, in some cases, between species within genera. In Picea, interspecific polymorphism was detected for four loci, while intraspecific variation was observed for three of the mtDNA regions studied. One of these (SSU rRNA V1 region) exhibited indel polymorphisms, and the two others ( nad1 intron b/c and nad5 intron1) revealed restriction differences after digestion with Sau3AI (PCR-RFLP). A fourth locus, the nad4L- orf25 intergenic region, showed a multibanding pattern for most of the spruce species, suggesting a possible gene duplication. Maternal inheritance, expected for mtDNA in conifers, was observed for all polymorphic markers except the intergenic region nad4L- orf25. Pooling of the variation observed with the remaining three markers resulted in two to six different mtDNA haplotypes within the different species of Picea. Evidence for intra-genomic recombination was observed in at least two taxa. Thus, these mitotypes are likely to be more informative than single-locus haplotypes. They should be particularly useful for the study of biogeography and the dynamics of hybrid zones. 相似文献
19.
The co-occurrence of ectomycorrhizal,arbuscular mycorrhizal,and dark septate fungi in seedlings of four members of the Pinaceae 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although roots of species in the Pinaceae are usually colonized by ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, there are increasing reports
of the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi in these species. The objective of
this study was to determine the colonization patterns in seedlings of three Pinus (pine) species (Pinus banksiana, Pinus strobus, Pinus contorta) and Picea glauca x Picea engelmannii (hybrid spruce) grown in soil collected from a disturbed forest site. Seedlings of all three pine species and hybrid spruce
became colonized by EM, AM, and DSE fungi. The dominant EM morphotype belonged to the E-strain category; limited colonization
by a Tuber sp. was found on roots of Pinus strobus and an unknown morphotype (cf. Suillus–Rhizopogon group) with thick, cottony white mycelium was present on short roots of all species. The three fungal categories tended to
occupy different niches in a single root system. No correlation was found between the percent root colonized by EM and percent
colonization by either AM or DSE, although there was a positive correlation between percent root length colonized by AM and
DSE. Hyphae and vesicles were the only AM intracellular structures found in roots of all species; arbuscules were not observed
in any roots. 相似文献