其它药剂

<正>本文介绍了结构式(I)这种化合物及其盐类。R是结构式(Ⅱ)和(Ⅲ)的一个基团。在(Ⅱ)中R是羟基,缺失裂解的键,或替代R产是H,裂解的键是双键。结构式(Ⅰ)是抗菌的化合物,对革兰氏阳性菌株特别有效。这类化合物还是抗肿瘤剂     

马卵母细胞孤雌激活与体细胞核移植技术

在马(Equus caballus)的繁殖和非繁殖季节,本研究探讨马扩展型(Ex)和紧凑型(Cp)卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs)卵母细胞的孤雌激活效率。在繁殖季节,探讨马驹和成年马成纤维细胞核移植(SCNT)的成功率。孤雌激活实验结果显示,在繁殖季节,发育到2-细胞、4-细胞和桑椹胚的比例,扩展型(Ex)卵丘-卵母细胞复合体分别是52.8%(19/36)、38.9%(14/36)和5.6%(2/36),紧凑型(Cp)卵丘-卵母细胞复合体分别是47.9%(23/48)、33.3%(16/48)和6.2%(3/48)。在非繁殖季节,发育到2-细胞、4-细胞的比例,扩展型(Ex)分别是37.2%(16/43)和16.3%(7/43),紧凑型(Cp)的比例分别是35.1%(27/77)和11.7%(9/77),都没有获得桑椹胚。同一季节,扩展型(Ex)与紧凑型(Cp)胚胎发育的比率差异不显著(P 0.05),不同季节,两者差异显著(P 0.05)。体细胞核移植实验结果显示,以马驹成纤维细胞作为核供体细胞,胚胎发育到2-细胞、4～8细胞和桑椹胚的比例分别是41.5%(22/53)、33.9%(18/53)和15.1%(8/53),以成年马成纤维细胞作为核供体细胞,比例分别是38.9%(7/18)、22.2%(4/18),没有获得桑椹胚。综上所述,季节和卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs)类型影响马卵母细胞孤雌激活的效率,不同核供体细胞影响克隆胚胎构建的成功率。     

载脂蛋白(a)单克隆抗体的制备及其性能研究

载脂蛋白(a)简称 apo(a),是脂蛋白(a)(Lp(a))中特征性蛋白成分,分子量在400—700kD,apo(a)以二硫键与低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的载脂蛋白 B100相连构成 Lp(a),分子量在1 200—1 500kD。近年来国内外学者认为 Lp(a)和 apo(a)是研究动脉粥样硬化危险因素的重要指标。我们为了探索脂质代谢紊乱引起的心血管系统疾病,进行了apo(a)的单克隆抗体研究。apo(a)提取的脂蛋白 Lp(a)经密度为     

唇形科鼠尾草属的物种多样性与分布

为全面了解唇形科鼠尾草属(Salvia)植物的多样性和分布格局及其形成机制, 作者查阅了国际权威生物多样性信息网站(GBIF, The Plant List)、中国数字植物标本馆(CVH)、教学标本资源共享平台和中国自然保护区标本资源共享平台中该属物种名称及标本采集信息, 以及国内32家标本馆的标本, 分析并绘制其物种分布图。结果显示, 具有明确地理坐标的世界和中国分布信息分别有57,674条和11,596条, 已接受种名952个。在世界范围内, 以中南美洲(510种)物种数量最多, 其次是西亚(270种)、欧洲(117种)、东亚(97种)和北美(94种); 在国家尺度上, 以墨西哥物种数量最多(322种), 其次是俄罗斯(109种)、土耳其(88种)、美国(85种)和中国(82种)。在中国, 以云南和四川省鼠尾草种数最多(合计占全国的63%), 两省分布最多的县域地区分别是玉龙县(23种)、香格里拉县(20种)、大理市(13种)和木里县(17种)、宝兴县(13种)、马边县(13种)。在自然地理区域上, 以横断山区最为丰富, 占该属全国物种总数的52.8%, 特有种达23种; 广布种以荔枝草(S. plebeia)分布的县域数量最多(395县), 其次是鼠尾草(S. japonica) (199)、丹参(S. miltiorrhiza) (192)、贵州鼠尾草(S. cavaleriei) (173)、华鼠尾草(S. chinensis) (153)和粘毛鼠尾草(S. roborowskii) (100)。鼠尾草属主要分布于北半球温带及亚热带高海拔地区, 中国是东亚的多样性分布中心, 代表性广布种及狭域特有种均有分布, 尤以云南、四川以及横断山区的物种多样性和特有种比例最高。     

安徽省七种鸟类新纪录

本文报道了7种安徽省鸟类分布新纪录,分别为黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor)、沙丘鹤(Grus canadensis)、黑雁(Branta bernicla)、黄眉姬鹟(Ficedula narcissina)、鳞头树莺(Urosphena squameiceps)、黑眉柳莺(Phylloscopus ricketti)以及红颈苇鹀(Emberiza yessoensis)。其中黑脸琵鹭、沙丘鹤和黑雁是迷鸟,黄眉姬鶲、鳞头树莺和红颈苇鹀是旅鸟,黑眉柳莺是夏候鸟。     

1990年中国科学院上海植物生理研究所招考硕士研究生试题

植物生理学试题1名词解释(20分) (1)光呼吸(2)光补偿点 (3、合理密植(4)光周期 (5)生长素氧化酣(6)玉米素 (7)酸生长学说(8)蒸腾系数 (9)根压(10)生理酸性盐2.填充题(20分) (1)光合磷酸化有两种类型,一种叫____, 另一种叫 (2)光合作用和硝酸还原的关系是__,当 光强度高时,有较多的光合产物运到细胞 质中,这些化合物在细胞质中参加__ 反应形成N人DPH,于是硝酸盐还原反应 加速。 (3)经济产景。(光合面积丫_又光合时 间一光合产物的消耗)又 (4)_是一种植物激素,它可似促进气 孔的关闭,这一反应是由_细胞 来调控的。 (勿光敏素是一种_,它与的…     

中国鮡科鱼类RAPD分析及鰋鮡鱼类单系性的初步研究

鱼类已被形态学证明是(鱼兆)科鱼类的一个自然类群,包括原(鱼兆)属(Glyptosternum)、石爬(鱼兆)属(Euchiloglanis)、(鱼兆)属(Pareuchiloglanis)、(鱼兆)属(Exostoma)等9属31个种。       

Harpin_(Pss)诱导的烟草早期防卫反应及钙的参与

Harpin_(Pss)可引发烟草过敏反应。超氧化物歧化酶能抑制,而过氧化氢酶不能抑制harpin_(Pss)诱导产生的这个反应,表明是超氧阴离子(O_2~-)是harpin_(Pss)诱导的烟草过敏反应的必要因子。Harpin_(Pss)还可引起烟草悬浮细胞活性氧的释放和胞外碱性化这两个早期防卫反应。Diphenylene iodonium能消除这种活性氧的诱导,这提示harpin_(Pss)可能是通过诱导NADPH氧化酶而产生O_2~_的。EGTA在无Ca~(2 )培养基中,能消除harpin_(Pss)诱导的烟草悬浮培养物的这两种防卫反应,再向培养基加Ca~(2 ),可恢复harpin_(Pss)的效应。LaCl_3、verapamil、新霉素、U-73122和LiCl也能抑制harpin_(Pss)诱导的这些反应,这表明由Ca~(2 )通道介导的Ca~(2 )内流和胞内Ca~(2 )库中Ca~(2 )的释放也参与了harpin_(Pss)诱导的早期防卫反应和过敏反应。在加harpin_(Pss)后很长时期内加放线菌素D、环己亚胺,都能抑制由它引发的过敏性细胞坏死过程,但它们对harpin_(Pss)诱导的活性氧的产生没有影响。表明O_2~-只是harpin_(Pss)诱发过敏性细胞凋亡的一个促发信号,过敏反应是更复杂的过程,需有基因持续地表达。     

白毫早茶园3种害虫与其捕食性天敌的数量、时间和空间关系

为了合理利用和保护天敌进行卵形短须螨、双斑长跗萤叶甲和假眼小绿叶蝉的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法和生态位分析法对合肥地区白毫早茶园3种主要害虫与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间等方面关系进行分析,利用害虫与天敌关系密切指数之和综合评判9种天敌与3种害虫关系密切的前四位天敌。2015年卵形短须螨的前四位天敌是鳞纹肖蛸(5.3079)、三突花蟹蛛(5.1716)、锥腹肖蛸(4.8367)和草间小黑蛛(4.7869);2016年前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(5.3975)、鳞纹肖蛸(4.9414)、茶色新圆蛛(4.8757)、锥腹肖蛸(4.6815)。对两年结果综合分析,卵形短须螨的前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(10.5691)、鳞纹肖蛸(10.2493)、茶色新圆蛛(9.6353)和锥腹肖蛸(9.5182)。2015年双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.6926)、异色瓢虫(5.6976)、八斑球腹蛛(5.5101)和斜纹猫蛛(5.4552);2016年依次是茶色新圆蛛(5.2909)、锥腹肖蛸(5.2710)、鳞纹肖蛸(5.1063)和斜纹猫蛛(5.0703)。对两年结果综合评判,双...     

饲养条件下白豚微量元素的积累

白鱀豚(Lipotesvexillifer)是仅分布于我国长江中下游水域的一种珍稀濒危动物。长江水体污染(如有毒元素等)被认为可能是白鱀豚种群致危的主要因素之一(Yang,1997)。迄今,有关白鱀豚体内微量元素的研究尚很少,只有陆佩洪等(1983)、杨利寿等(1988)曾报道过白鱀豚组织中铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和镉(Cd)在某些组织器官中的积累水平。本文对1头饲养条件下白鱀豚“淇淇”体内的必需元素Cu、Zn、锰(Mn)、钼(Mo)、硒(Se)和有毒或非必需元素砷(As)、Cd、铝(Al)的积累特征进行了报道,以期为白豚的保护提供…     

Retinoic acid, local cell-cell interactions, and pattern formation in vertebrate limbs.

Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, has remarkable effects on developing and regenerating limbs. These effects include teratogenesis, arising from RA's ability to inhibit growth and pattern formation. They also include pattern duplication, arising as a result of the stimulation of additional growth and pattern formation. In this review we present evidence that the diverse effects of RA are consistent with a singular, underlying explanation. We propose that in all cases exogenously applied RA causes the positional information of pattern formation-competent cells to be reset to a value that is posterior-ventral-proximal with respect to the limb. The diversity of outcomes can be seen as a product of the mode of application of exogenous RA (global versus local) coupled with the unifying concept that growth and pattern formation in both limb development and limb regeneration are controlled by local cell-cell interactions, as formulated in the polar coordinate model. We explore the possibility that the major role of endogenous RA in limb development is in the establishment of the limb field rather than as a diffusible morphogen that specifies graded positional information across the limb as previously proposed. Finally, we interpret the results of the recent finding that RA can turn tail regenerates into limbs, as evidence that intercalary interactions may also be involved in the formation of the primary body axis.     

Retinoic acid respecifies limb bud cells in vitro.

Retinoic acid (RA) is known to have dramatic effects on limb pattern formation and has been shown to exert its effects on limbs by converting anterior limb bud cells into cells with posterior positional properties. In this study we find that dissociated posterior limb bud cells from chick and mouse embryos cultured at high density (micromass cultures) are able to stimulate the formation of supernumerary digits when grafted into developing wing buds and that the positional identity of both chick and mouse limb bud cells can be maintained for finite periods of time in vitro. Furthermore, using this assay system we have tested whether anterior cells from mouse and chick limb buds can be converted into cells with posterior identity by exposure to RA in vitro. We find that anterior limb bud cells acquire posterior properties after culture in the presence of RA.     

Retinoid antagonists inhibit normal patterning during limb regeneration in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum

Retinoic acid (RA) has been detected in the regenerating limb of the axolotl, and exogenous RA can proximalize, posteriorize, and ventralize blastemal cells. Thus, RA may be an endogenous regulatory factor during limb regeneration. We have investigated whether endogenous retinoids are essential for patterning during axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) limb regeneration by using retinoid antagonists that bind to specific RAR (retinoic acid receptor) or RXR (retinoid X receptor) retinoid receptor subtypes. Retinoid antagonists (Ro41-5253, Ro61-8431, LE135, and LE540) were administered to regenerating limbs using implanted silastin blocks loaded with each antagonist. The skeletal pattern of regenerated limbs treated with Ro41-5253 or Ro61-8431 differed only slightly from control limbs. Treatment with LE135 inhibited limb regeneration, while treatment with LE540 allowed relatively normal limb regeneration. When LE135 and LE540 were implanted together, regeneration was not completely inhibited and a hand-like process regenerated. These results demonstrate that interfering with retinoid receptors can modify pattern in the regenerating limb indicating that endogenous retinoids are important during patterning of the regenerating limb.     

The role of cartilage and fibronectin during respecification of pattern induced in the regenerating amphibian limb by retinoic acid

When retinoic acid (RA) is applied to the regenerating limb the positional information of blastemal cells is respecified and extra limb segments develop. We are trying to elucidate the molecular basis of the action of RA and report here experiments focused on the role that fibronectin (FN) might play in the process. The FN distribution in stump tissues, regeneration blastemas and RA-treated blastemas was investigated by immunocytochemistry. Two effects of RA were observed. Firstly, excessive dedifferentiation of the severed cartilage at the amputation plane, resulting in lumps of FN-positive matrix being released into the blastema; secondly, blastemal cells tend to aggregate together into FN-positive accumulations. Excessive dedifferentiation of the cartilage plays no role in the RA-induced respecification of pattern, because we show that extra segments are still produced in RA-treated limbs from which all the cartilage has been removed. The effect on blastemal cell FN distribution was investigated in several ways. Axolotl plasma FN and cellular FN were characterised on immunoblots, and no obvious change was observed after RA treatment; neither were there changes in amounts of FN detected by ELISA. Levels of FN synthesis were measured by [35S]-methionine labelling and again no change observed after RA treatment. We conclude that the change in FN distribution observed by immunocytochemistry after RA treatment may be due to the retention of FN on the surface of the blastemal cells rather than to any effect on the levels of synthesis of this molecule.     

Opposing RA and FGF signals control proximodistal vertebrate limb development through regulation of Meis genes

Vertebrate limbs develop in a temporal proximodistal sequence, with proximal regions specified and generated earlier than distal ones. Whereas considerable information is available on the mechanisms promoting limb growth, those involved in determining the proximodistal identity of limb parts remain largely unknown. We show here that retinoic acid (RA) is an upstream activator of the proximal determinant genes Meis1 and Meis2. RA promotes proximalization of limb cells and endogenous RA signaling is required to maintain the proximal Meis domain in the limb. RA synthesis and signaling range, which initially span the entire lateral plate mesoderm, become restricted to proximal limb domains by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) activity following limb initiation. We identify fibroblast growth factor (FGF) as the main molecule responsible for this AER activity and propose a model integrating the role of FGF in limb cell proliferation, with a specific function in promoting distalization through inhibition of RA production and signaling.     

Mouse limb bud cells respond to retinoic acid in vitro with reduced growth.

Retinoic acid (RA) has dramatic effects on the pattern of developing and regenerating vertebrate limbs. These effects are considered to result from RA-induced changes in the positional identity of limb cells, and involve the formation of extra structures. Whether the growth required to form the supernumerary parts of the pattern is a primary effect of RA treatment or a secondary effect that follows after a change in positional identity is not at present known. In this paper we have investigated the effects of RA treatment on the growth of cells from anterior and posterior halves of mouse limb buds in vitro. We observed that under our culture conditions, limb bud cells treated with 1 nM to 1 microM RA (0.3 ng/ml to 300 ng/ml) continue to grow but do so at a significantly slower rate than control cultures. There is a maximum inhibition of growth (50% of controls) between 10 nM and 100 nM RA, which corresponds to the measured range of concentrations of RA in vivo. Our observation of a significant decrease in growth rate over a wide range of RA concentrations is consistent with comparable reports of growth inhibition for a large number of other cell types in vitro as well as with the observation that exogenous RA inhibits blastemal growth in amphibians during the period of exposure to RA. We propose that the effects of RA on growth, either enhancement in vivo or reduction in vitro, can be seen as consequences of the ability of RA to alter positional identity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Sonic hedgehog (SHH) specifies muscle pattern at tissue and cellular chick level, in the chick limb bud.

Development of the musculature in chick limbs involves tissue and cellular patterning. Patterning at the tissue level leads to the precise arrangement of specific muscles; at the cellular level patterning gives rise to the fibre type diversity in muscles. Although the data suggests that the information controlling muscle patterning is localised within the limb mesenchyme and not in the somitic myogenic precursor cells themselves, the mechanisms underlying muscle organisation have still to be elucidated. The anterior-posterior axis of the limb is specified by a group of cells in the posterior region of the limb mesenchyme, called the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). When polarizing-region cells are grafted to the anterior margin of the bud, they cause mirror-image digit duplications to be produced. The effect of ZPA grafts can be reproduced by application of retinoic acid (RA) beads and by grafting sonic hedgehog (SHH)-expressing cells to the anterior margin of the limb. Although most previous studies have looked at changes of the skeletal patterning, ZPA and RA also affect muscle patterning. In this report, we investigated the role of SHH in tissue and cellular patterning of forearm wing muscles. Ectopic application of a localised source of SHH to the anterior margin of the wing, leading to complete digit duplication, is able to transform anterior forearm muscles into muscles with a posterior identity. Moreover, the ectopic source of SHH induces a mirror image duplication of the normal posterior muscles fibre types in the new posterior muscles. The reorganisation of the slow fibres can be detected before muscle mass cleavage has started; suggesting that the appropriate fibre type arrangement is in place before the splitting process can be observed.     

"Chemical surgery" as an approach to study morphogenetic events in embryonic mouse limb

Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) or retinoic acid (RA) was injected into pregnant mice in doses which induce a high incidence of limb defects. Within 4 hr of the treatment, extensive cell death was observed in the embryonic limb buds. However, the location of necrotic cells and the eventual limb defects were different for the two chemicals. Ara-C killed cells in those regions of the limb which were undergoing active proliferation. RA, on the other hand, had no effect on actively dividing cells but was lethal to cells of chondrogenic lineage at stages when their proliferation rate had fallen 7- to 10-fold below the original rate. In all cases, an excellent correlation between the location of dead cells (as seen 4 hr after drug treatment) and the eventual bony defects (as seen in the term fetuses) was observed. The unique properties of Ara-C and RA have been exploited in determining the relative levels of cytodifferentiation in the embryonic mouse limb buds. It is concluded that in the limbs of early 11th day mouse embryos (comparable to chick stage 19–20), differentiation of future skeletal elements has not yet begun. However, by the 12th day (comparable to chick stage 23), cell populations destined to form most of the future cartilages (except for digits) have already been established.