凤盲蝽属一新种（半翅目：盲蝽科）

本文记述采自甘肃祁连山北麓的半翅目盲蝽科叶盲蝽亚科凤盲蝽属昆虫１新种－－祁连凤盲蝽。新种的模式标本保存在南开大学生物系。     

中国内蒙古齿爪盲蝽亚科新种和新纪录（半翅目：异翅亚目：盲蝽科）

本文内蒙古半翅目盲蝽科齿爪盲蝽亚科２种新,克氏点盾盲蝽和棕齿爪盲蝽,１个中国新纪录属,毛膜盲蝽属,１８６４及６个中国新纪录种,对新种进行了描述,同时记录了新纪录种的分布。     

狭盲蝽族二新种记述：半翅目：盲蝽科

狭盲蝽族二新种记述（半翅目：盲蝽科）唐周怀（陕西省动物研究所,陕西省西安市７１００３２）关键词盲蝽科,狭盲蝽族,新种,分类学,中国狭盲蝽族（ＳｔｅｎｏｄｅｍｉｎｉＣｈｉｎａ）隶属盲蝽科（Ｍｉｒｉｄａｅ）盲蝽亚科（Ｍｉｒｉｎａｅ）,该族成员适应在禾本科...     

蒙古国盲蝽科一新种记述(半翅目)

蒙古国盲蝽科一新种记述（半翅目）能乃扎布,齐宝瑛（内蒙古师范大学生物系．呼和浩特０１００２２）作者在整理蒙古国畜牧学院Ｌ．ＣｈｏｇＳＯｌｌｌｚｌｌｆｌＶ博士送来的半翅目标本时,发现盲错科Ｍｉｒｉｄａｅ盲蜡亚科Ｍｉｒｉｎａｅ狭盲错属ｓｔｅａ（Ｘｍｌｌｔ...     

中国四种角盲蝽的识别

角盲蝽属Ｈｅｌｏｐｅｌｔｉｓ（我国已有文献中又有称为“刺盲蝽属”者）昆虫是一类重要的害虫,属于半翅目盲蝽科（Ｍｉｒｉｄａｅ）单室盲蝽亚科（Ｂｒｙ－ｏｃｏｒｉｎａｅ）。此属为泛热带分布。目前已知在全世界为害经济作物约２０多种;在国内除严重为害腰果外,还为害其它多种作物,如可可、咖啡、茶树备石榴、红毛榴莲、胡椒、洋蒲桃及芒果等［１,２］,主要以成、若虫刺吸植物的嫩叶。嫩梢及幼果等,造成被害株叶片的腐坏、枯萎以及大小不同的产量损失,严重为害时,可造成绝收［３］。由于此类盲蝽在体色上常有种种变异,并略具…     

缘蝽总科支序分析及其高级分类系统(半翅目:异翅亚目)(英)

本文在已有大量比较形态学研究和各科支序分析研究基础上,对缘蝽总科的科、亚科、族等亚群的系统发育关系作了支序分析研究,结果表明,缘蝽总科、蛛缘蝽科、姬缘蝽科的单系群地位得到证明。而缘蝽科由于其棒缘蝽亚科和希缘蝽亚科分别占据支序图的两个最低位置,它们在缘蝽总科中具有较多的原始特征,缘蝽亚科的Chariesterini族与南美缘蝽亚科互为姐妹群而与缘蝽亚科其它族差异较大;姬缘蝽科的红缘蝽亚科处在该分支的最高位置且与姬缘蝽亚科中的Harmostini族互为姐妹群,与姬缘蝽亚科其它族关系也较近,因而传统的缘蝽科、缘蝽亚科、姬缘蝽亚科为并系群。为使各分类单元为单系群即自然类群,使分类系统更忠实于系统发育关系,本文将棒缘蝽亚科和希缘蝽亚科分别提升为科,Chariesterini族提升为亚科;红缘蝽亚科降为族,姬缘蝽科不设亚科。据上述分类学变动提出了缘蝽总科族以上高级阶分类系统。     

盲蝽科昆虫的食性

盲蝽科是半翅目最大的科 ,该科昆虫既有植食性和肉食性类群 ,又有杂食性类群 ,有很大的经济价值。作者综述了盲蝽科昆虫各食性类群中重要种类的寄主范围 ,指出在杂食性盲蝽中作为害虫的天敌作用远远大于对植物的危害 ,同时探讨了盲蝽科昆虫与植物的关系类型及食性的进化。     

大眼长蝽的外部形态观察（半翅目：长蝽科）

本文扼要记述了半翅目长蝽科的大眼长蝽成虫期的外部形态,希图据此获得对大眼长蝽亚科形态学的进一步认识,为长蝽总科的系统发育研究提供资料。文章还兼对该亚科的泡眼长蝽的部分构造作了记载。     

中国的伊缘蝽属(半翅目:姬缘蝽科)

姬缘蝽科(Rhopalidae)为缘蝽总科(Coreoidea)中的一个类群。许多分类工作者曾将其视为缘蝽科(Coreidae)的一个亚科,如China ＆ Miller(1959)、萧等(1977)等。但近代多数半翅目学者则赞成独立为科的意见(Southwood ＆ Leston 1959、Stichel 1961、Kerzhner ＆     

中国半翅目异翅亚目的新种和新纪录

本文记述了我国半翅目异翅亚目的四个属和六个种,其中包括一个新属和五个新种。它们代表在我国首次纪录的两个科:捷蝽科(Velocipedidae),细蝽科(Leptopodidae)和一个亚科:版纳蝽亚科(Saileriolinae),后者属于异尾蝽科(Urostylidae)。     

Areas of endemism in the Nearctic: a case study of 1339 species of Miridae (Insecta: Hemiptera) and their plant hosts

Areas of endemism are essential first hypotheses in investigating historical biogeography, but there is a surprising paucity of such hypotheses for the Nearctic region. Miridae, the plant bugs, are an excellent taxon to study in this context, because this group combines high species diversity, often small distribution ranges, a history of modern taxonomic revisions, and comprehensive electronic data capture and data cleaning that have resulted in an exceptionally error‐free geospatial data set. Many Miridae are phytophagous and feed on only one or a small number of host plant species. The programs ndm/vndm are here used on plant bug and plant data sets to address two main objectives: (i) identify areas of endemism for plant bugs based on parameters used in a recent study that focused on Nearctic mammals; and (ii) discuss hypotheses on areas of endemism based on plant bug distributions in the context of areas identified by their host plant species. Given the narrow distribution ranges of many species of Miridae, the analytical results allow for tests of the prediction that areas of endemism for Miridae are smaller and more numerous, especially in the Western Nearctic, than are those of their host plants. Analyses of the default plant bug data set resulted in 45 areas of endemism, 35 of them north of Mexico and many located in the Western Nearctic; areas in the Nearctic are more numerous and smaller than those identified by mammals. The host plant data set resulted in ten areas of endemism, and even though the size range of areas is similar between the Miridae and plant data sets, the average area size is smaller in the Miridae data set. These results allow for the conclusion that the Miridae indeed present a valuable model system to investigate areas of endemism in the Nearctic.     

Molecular phylogeny of the plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) and the evolution of feeding habits

The first comprehensive cladistic analysis of Miridae, the plant bugs, is presented based on analysis of 3935 base pairs of mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (18S, 28SD3) DNA for 91 taxa in seven subfamilies. Data were analysed using maximum likelihood (ML), parsimony and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. The phylogenetic results are compared with previous hypotheses of higher relationships in the family using alternative hypothesis tests. A Bayesian relaxed molecular clock is used to examine divergence times, and ancestral feeding habits are reconstructed using parsimony and a Bayesian approach. Clades recovered in all analyses are as follows: Cimicomorpha, Miroidea and Miridae; Bryocorinae: Bryocorini; Stenodemini; Mirinae; Deraeocorinae (Clevinemini + Deraeocorini); Cylapinae; Isometopinae; Bryocorinae: Dicyphini; Orthotylini; Phylinae (Phylini + Pilophorini), and Phylinae as sister group to all the remaining mirid taxa. These results are largely congruent with former hypotheses based on morphological data with respect to the monophyly of various subfamilies and tribes; however, our results indicate that the subfamily Bryocorinae is not monophyletic, as the two tribes, Dicypini and Bryocorini, were separated in the phylogenetic results. Divergence time estimates indicate that the radiation of the Miridae began in the Permian; most genus‐level radiations within subfamilies began in the late Cretaceous, probably in response to the angiosperm radiation. Ancestral feeding state reconstructions based on Bayesian and parsimony inference were largely congruent and both reconstructed phytophagy as the ancestral state of the Miridae. Furthermore, the feeding habits of the common ancestors of Mirinae + Deraeocorinae, Bryocorinae + Cylapinae + Isometopinae + Orthotylinae, and the remaining taxa excluding Phylinae, were inferred as phytophagous. Therefore, at least three shifts from phytophagy or polyphagy to predation occurred within the Miridae. Additionally, based on the mirid host‐plant records, we discovered several trends, such as a strong relationship between host‐plant ranges and a facultative feeding habit. © The Willi Hennig Society 2011.     

盲蝽象抗药性治理的研究进展

主要综述了国外关于盲蝽象的化学防治和抗药性的研究成果,结合国内发生情况,分别从盲蝽象的分布、危害、化学防治史、抗药性测定方法、抗药性产生和发展、抗药性机理以及抗药性治理措施等方面进行综述并进行展望。     

Potential for classical biological control of the potato bug Closterotomus norwegicus (Hemiptera: Miridae): description, parasitism and host specificity of Peristenus closterotomae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The potato bug, Closterotomus norwegicus (Gmelin) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an introduced pest of lucerne, white clover and lotus seed crops in New Zealand and a key pest of pistachios in California, USA. Efforts were made to identify potential biological control agents of C. norwegicus in Europe. A total of eight parasitoids, including six primary parasitoids from the genus Peristenus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and two hyperparasitoids from the genus Mesochorus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), were reared from C. norwegicus nymphs collected in various habitats in northern Germany. With a proportion of more than 85% of all C. norwegicus parasitoids, Peristenus closterotomae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a new species, was the most dominant parasitoid, whereas other parasitoid species only occurred sporadically. Peristenus closterotomae did not fit in the keys to any described species and is described as new to science. Parasitism caused by P. closterotomae was on average 24% (maximum 77%). To assess the host specificity of parasitoids associated with C. norwegicus, the parasitoid complexes of various Miridae occurring simultaneously with C. norwegicus were studied. Peristenus closterotomae was frequently reared from Calocoris affinis (Herrich-Schaeffer), and a few specimens were reared from Calocoris roseomaculatus (De Geer) and the meadow plant bug, Leptopterna dolobrata (Linnaeus) (all Hemiptera: Miridae). The remaining primary parasitoids associated with C. norwegicus were found to be dominant in hosts other than C. norwegicus. Whether nymphal parasitoids may potentially be used in a classical biological control initiative against the potato bug in countries where it is introduced and considered to be a pest is discussed.     

Abundance and sensitivity of beneficials in deciduous fruit as a decision tool for selectivity testing

Thirty-two selectivity tests on apple trees were evaluated in order to determine the best timing for selectivity tests based on the predominance of various beneficial groups and their sensitivity to pesticides during the season. In the testing method used the whole insect populations of apple trees were measured. For the purpose of this evaluation the numbers of beneficial species were aggregated at the family/order level (Anthocoridae, Miridae, Nabidae, Coccinellidae, Hymenoptera and Araneae, respectively). Logarithmically transformed figures of the species counts in azinphos-methyl- and water-treated trees, plotted over the observation period, demonstrated that the months of June to August are the most suitable ones for carrying out selectivity tests on fruit trees. The sensitivity of the various beneficial groups were obtained by comparing the logits of the mortality rates of azinphos-methyl and water by weighted t -tests. The sensitivity did not vary greatly over the testing season from June to October for all groups except Miridae during the second half of the season. This can be explained by the predominance of the less sensitive adults ready for hibernation.     

抗除草剂转基因水稻对二种刺吸性害虫和二种天敌的影响

为探明转基因抗除草剂水稻对非目标生物的影响,于2007年和2008年对转Bar基因抗除草剂籼稻Bar68-1和非转基因对照D68稻田的2种常见刺吸性害虫和2种天敌在水稻分蘖中期、分蘖末期、齐穗期和乳熟期4个时期的种群密度进行了调查和比较。结果显示,抗除草剂水稻与对照稻田的飞虱、叶蝉、盲蝽、蜘蛛的发生密度,除不喷药处理区的2007年水稻乳熟期和2008年分蘖中期的盲蝽科的发生密度差异显著外,其余均无显著差异。试验结果表明,转基因抗除草剂水稻Bar68-1对包括飞虱、叶蝉、盲蝽、蜘蛛等类群在内的稻田非目标生物的田间自然种群的影响与非转基因水稻基本相同。     

Heteropteran ovaries: variations on the theme

Ovaries of heteropterans consist of telotrophic meroistic ovarioles that are composed of apically located tropharium and basal vitellarium, containing developing oocytes. The tropharium (trophic chamber) houses trophocytes (nurse cells) that are connected with the centrally located trophic core. The organization of the heteropteran tropharia is highly variable and differs in representatives of primitive versus advanced families. The differences concern the mitotic activity of the apical nurse cells, organization of the trophocytes (individual cells or "syncytial lobes"), their connection with the trophic core and the development of F-actin meshwork around the trophic core. In members of primitive taxa of the Heteroptera, tropharia are composed of individual, usually mononucleate trophocytes. On the contrary, tropharia in advanced heteropterans are built of large "cytoplasmic lobes" that contain several trophocyte nuclei. Mitotic divisions of the trophocytes in the apical part of the trophic chamber are observed in most bugs (except Dipsocoridae, Miridae and Cimicidae). Tropharia of Miridae represent an entirely different organization (they are built of one type of highly polyploid trophocytes). Anagenesis of heteropteran trophic chamber is discussed in the context of presented data.     

Cleome hassleriana plants fully support the development and reproduction of Nesidiocoris tenuis

BioControl - Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a zoophytophagous predator that feeds on plants as well as prey. Several non-crop host plant species have been used to maintain...     

First evidence of sex chromosome pre-reduction in male meiosis in the Miridae bugs (Heteroptera)

The karyotype and male meiosis of Macrolophus costalis Fieber (Insecta, Heteroptera, Miridae) were studied using C-banding, AgNOR-banding and DNA sequence specific fluorochrome staining. The chromosome formula of the species is 2n = 28(24+X1X2X3Y). Male meiotic prophase is characterized by a prominent condensation stage. At this stage, two sex chromosomes, "X" and Y are positively heteropycnotic and always appeared together, while in autosomal bivalents homologous chromosomes were aligned side by side along their entire length, that is, meiosis is achiasmatic. At metaphase I, "X" and Y form a pseudobivalent and orient to the opposite poles. At early anaphase I, the "X" chromosome disintegrates into three separate small chromosomes, X1, X2, and X3. Hence both the autosomes and sex chromosomes segregate reductionally in the first anaphase, and separate equationally in the second anaphase. This is the first evidence of sex chromosome pre-reduction in the family Miridae. Data on C-heterochromatin distribution and its composition in the chromosomes of this species are discussed.