Fine structure of seminiferous tubules in antarctic seals

Summary The fine structure of seminiferous tubules from 5 crabeater, 2 leopard and 2 Ross seals showed that during the nonbreeding season the tubules were essentially similar in possessing spermatogenic and Sertoli cells. However, the tubules of leopard and Ross seals had more primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids than the crabeater seals. In general, the tubules were devoid of spermatozoa. The spermatids showed stages of maturation such as Golgi phase of acrosome formation, acrosomal cap formation and condensation of nuclei. Some spermatids degenerated in tubules. Both maturing and degenerating spermatids were closely associated with Sertoli cells. Junctional complexes with plaques of filaments were observed between Sertoli cells and the spermatogenic cells. Sertoli cells, irregular and polygonal, contained highly convoluted nuclei, strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, small mitochondria, variable amounts of lipid droplets, lysosomes, lipofuscin granules and highly plicated plasma membranes. In brief, the spermatogenic activity had practically ceased in the testes and the animals probably secreted low levels of testosterone during the nonbreeding season.This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grants G.U. 30270 and G.U. 29829X from the Office of Polar Program and by NIH Grant 5 R01 AM11-376     

Serum chemistry and antibodies against pathogens in antarctic fur seals, Weddell seals, crabeater seals, and Ross seals

Information on health parameters, such as antibody prevalences and serum chemistry that can reveal exposure to pathogens, disease, and abnormal physiologic conditions, is scarce for Antarctic seal species. Serum samples from Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella, n=88) from Bouvet?ya (2000-2001 and 2001-2002), and from Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii, n=20), Ross seals (Ommatophoca rossii, n=20), and crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus, n=9) from the pack-ice off Queen Maud Land, Antarctica (2001) were analyzed for enzyme activity, and concentrations of protein, metabolites, minerals, and cortisol. Adult Antarctic fur seal males had elevated levels of total protein (range 64-99 g/l) compared to adult females and pups (range 52-79 g/l). Antarctic fur seals had higher enzyme activities of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and amylase, compared to Weddell, Ross, and crabeater seals. Antibodies against Brucella spp. were detected in Weddell seals (37%), Ross seals (5%), and crabeater seals (11%), but not in Antarctic fur seals. Antibodies against phocine herpesvirus 1 were detected in all species examined (Antarctic fur seals, 58%; Weddell seals, 100%; Ross seals, 15%; and crabeater seals, 44%). No antibodies against Trichinella spp., Toxoplasma, or phocine distemper virus (PDV) were detected (Antarctic fur seals were not tested for PDV antibodies). Antarctic seals are challenged by reduced sea ice and increasing temperatures due to climate change, and increased anthropogenic activity can introduce new pathogens to these vulnerable ecosystems and represent a threat for these animals. Our data provide a baseline for future monitoring of health parameters of these Antarctic seal species, for tracking the impact of environmental, climatic, and anthropogenic changes in Antarctica over time.     

Ultrastructure of the corpus luteum of antarctic seals during pregnancy

Summary The fine structure of granulosa lutein cells from three crabeater seals, Lobodon carcinophagus, and two leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx, has been studied from early through mid-pregnancy. Analysis of the arrangement and modifications of the cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions has revealed three types of lutein cells throughout the corpus. Type I cell typically possesses a central nucleus and cytoplasm containing very large amounts of smooth and/or fenestrated endoplasmic cisternae which frequently extend from the juxta-nuclear to the periphery of the cell. Type II cell contains a central or eccentric nucleus, moderate amounts of peripheral, smooth and fenestrated cisternae which often form large and concentric membranous whorls, numerous mitochondria and small lipid droplets. Frequently these cells show polarity in the arrangement of the cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions. Type III cell contains predominant large lipid droplets, many mitochondria, and small amounts of smooth and fenestrated cisternae. In light microscopy the type I cell is evenly granular, while the type III cell is highly vacuolated. Type II cells have both granular and vacuolated conditions. Ultrastructural features of type I and II cells suggest that they probably secrete most of the steroids, whereas the primary role of the type III cells appear to be lipid storage.This research was supported by National Science Foundation, Grant No. 1325 from the Office of Antarctic Biology.     

Iodine distribution in an antarctic meromictic saline lake

Water samples collected from a range of depths in Ace Lake in the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica were analysed for iodine species by a polarographic method. Contrary to thermodynamic prediction, iodide was the predominant species in oxic surface waters. Total dissolved iodine was closely correlated with bacterial density down the water column. This observation and other data are used to postulate a scheme for the biological mediation of iodine distribution in the lake.     

Some anatomical aspects of the cardiovascular system of antarctic seals and their possible functional significance in diving

The hearts and ascending aortae of 11 Weddell seals, Leptonychotes weddelli, three adult Crabeater seals, Lobodon carcinophagus, two adult Ross seals, Ommatophoca rossi, and one adult Leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx, were examined for comparison with terrestrial forms. The Weddell seal specimens were from animals ranging in age from midterm in fetal development to mature adults. All specimens were collected in 1971, 1972, and 1973, from McMurdo Sound and the Ross Sea, Antarctica. The phocid hearts were characteristically broader and flatter than those of other carnivore families and they tended toward bifid apices. The heart form indices (height/circumference) averaged 31.5 compared to 39.0 for felids. The right ventricular chambers of the Antarctic seals were found to average longer in Weddells and narrower in all, than those reported for four other carnivore families. An elastic enlargement was present in the ascending aortae of all seals. The largest diameter of the aortic bulb averaged 25.5 mm more than the base of the aorta in the adult Weddell seals which represented an increase of 72.5% over the base. It is suggested that the general heart form, and especially the ascending aortae, are anatomical adaptations to diving. The compressed heart makes possible unimpaired function when the chest is compressed during deep dives. The aortic bulb maintains mean arterial blood pressure and perfusion of the brain and cardiac tissue during diving bradycardia.     

Ecological implications of body composition and thermal capabilities in young antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella)

In comparison with other homeotherms, young recently weaned marine mammals in high latitudes face exceptional energetic demands when foraging and thermoregulating. Lipids are an important source of energy and a major component of insulation that allows them to meet these demands. To examine the role of lipid stores in a high-latitude pinniped, we measured the body composition and thermoregulatory capabilities of Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) pups and yearlings by using flow-through respirometry and hydrogen isotope dilution. From these data, we constructed a model to examine the importance of postweaning fasting capability in free-ranging young fur seals. Resting metabolic rates were different for pups and yearlings measured in 0.6 degrees C water, 10.3 degrees C water, and ambient air; however, mass and percent lipid as covariates accounted for the different metabolic responses in pups and yearlings for all treatments. The estimated lower critical temperature for combined pups and yearlings was 14.4 degrees C, 10 degrees -15 degrees C above water temperatures normally experienced by Antarctic fur seals. Modeling predicted that a weaned fur seal pup would survive at sea from 9.8 to 36.2 d before succumbing to starvation. The most likely maximum travel distance within this time constraint suggests that food resources close to the natal rookery are important to first-year survival for this species.     

A panel of new microsatellite loci for genetic studies of antarctic fur seals and other otariids

Nine dinucelotide microsatellite loci were developed in the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella. Each locus possessed between 4 and 9 alleles in a sample of twenty individuals sampled from Bird Island, South Georgia, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.52 to 0.84. All but one of the loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and no evidence was found for genotypic disequilibrium. Additionally, all of the loci successfully cross-amplified in the South American fur seal Arctocephalus australis, the New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri and the Steller’s sea lion Eumetopias jubatus, and six also yielded products in the more distantly related harbour seal Phoca vitulina and walrus Odobenus rosmarus. These loci should prove useful for studies of the population genetics of Antarctic fur seals and other important otariid species.     

The distribution of hauled-out ringed seals and an interpretation of Taylor's law

Summary The sizes of the groups in which ringed seals (Phoca hispida) haul out were studied from aerial survey data from a wide area of the Canadian Arctic. Densities of hauled-out ringed seals varied over a wide range, but the mean group size was comparatively constant. Ringed seal distribution data obeyed Taylor's law of variation; about half the increase in aggregation with density was due to change in group size, and half to increasingly clumpy distribution of groups.     

Widespread distribution and identification of eight novel microcystins in antarctic cyanobacterial mats

The microcystin (MC) content and cyanobacterial community structure of Antarctic microbial mat samples collected from 40 ponds, lakes, and hydroterrestrial environments were investigated. Samples were collected from Bratina Island and four of the Dry Valleys, Wright, Victoria, Miers, and Marshall. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and protein phosphatase 2A (PP-2A) inhibition assays resulted in the identification of low levels (1 to 16 mg/kg [dry weight]) of MCs in all samples. A plot of indicative potencies of MCs (PP-2A inhibition assay/ELISA ratio) versus total MCs (ELISA) showed a general decrease in potency, as total MC levels increased, and a clustering of values from discrete geographic locations. LC-tandem MS analysis on selected samples identified eight novel MC congeners. The low-energy collisional activation spectra were consistent with variants of [D-Asp(3)] MC-RR and [D-Asp(3)] MC-LR containing glycine [Gly(1)] rather than alanine and combinations of homoarginine [hAr(2)] or acetyldemethyl 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyl-4,6-decadienoic acid (acetyldemethyl ADDA) [ADMAdda(5)] substitutions. Nostoc sp. was identified as a MC producer using PCR amplification of a region of the 16S rRNA gene and the aminotransferase domain of the mcyE gene. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) was undertaken to enable a comparison of cyanobacterial mat community structure from distant geographical locations. Two-dimensional multidimensional scaling ordination analysis of the ARISA data showed that in general, samples from the same geographic location tended to cluster together. ARISA also enabled the putative identification of the MC-producing Nostoc sp. from multiple samples.     

The convergence in distribution of some simple epidemics

A group of n susceptible individuals exposed to a contagious disease isconsidered. It is assumed that at each point in time one or more susceptible individuals can contract the disease. The progress of this simple batch epidemic is modeled by a stochastic process X_n(t), t[0, ∞), representing the number of infectiveindividuals at time t. In this paper our analysis is restricted to simple batch epidemics with transition rates given by [α²X_n(t){n −X_n(t) +X_n(0)}]^1/2, t[0, ∞), α(0, ∞). This class of simple batch epidemics generalizes a model used and motivated by McNeil (1972) to describe simple epidemic situations. It is shown for this class of simple batch epidemics, that X_n(t), with suitable standardization, converges in distribution as n→∞ to a normal random variable for all t(0, t₀), and t₀ is evaluated.     

Nematophagous fungi from the maritime antarctic: factors affecting distribution

Soil collected from throughout the maritime Antarctic was analyzed to determine the effects of a range of abiotic and biotic soil parameters on the distribution of nematophagous fungi. Endoparasites were far more abundant than predatory fungi due to the greater efficiency of endoparasites in attracting and infecting nematodes, which resulted in a rapid completion of the infection cycle. This allowed endoparasites to colonise even the most exposed soil habitats where conditions favourable for nematode activity were restricted to only a few hours daily. 76% of all endoparasites isolated formed adhesive conidia. The success of this group of endoparasites was due to the ability of the conidia to attract nematodes.Spontaneous trap forming predators were far more abundant than nonspontaneous trap formers. The former have a clear competitive advantage over the latter, as they are able to attract nematodes to the conidia which subsequently germinate and form traps only when induced by direct chemical stimulation of nematodes. These predators are able to use internal reserves only and so rapidly respond to short periods when the soil is unfrozen and the nematodes are active.Although nematodes were utilized by all the species isolated, many were also capable of using Protozoa and Rotifera as a food source. While endoparasites were capable of infecting Rotifera, they were never observed infecting, or were isolated from soil containing, Protozoa. The distribution of endoparasites and spontaneous trap forming predators was largely independent of abiotic soil parameters. They were however significantly associated with the presence and abundance of suitable prey. These species survive solely on nematodes and therefore do not require prolonged periods of suitable soil conditions in order to produce vegetative mycelium to adsorb nutrients saprophytically from the soil, which is a significant ecological advantage over the other groups of microfungi found in the Antarctic.     

Spatial distribution of coastal antarctic seawater bacteria: Relationship with avifauna

Summary Previous antarctic studies have pointed out the ecological importance of ornithogenic soils. However, few data exist to determine the impact of such guanoenriched soils on surrounding seawater microbial populations. In order to evaluate the influence of birds, the relationships of spatial distribution of seawater bacterial microflora to penguin repartition were studied during the antarctic summer 1986 in Terre Adelie land area and in January 1984 in the subantarctic Kerguelen Archipelago. With bacterial estimates as high as 1.7×10⁸ cells ml^-1 for total counts and 2.3×10⁷ CFU ml^-1 for aerobic heterotrophic populations, ornithogenic soil analyses confirmed previous results from similar sites. In seawater a clear decreasing gradient from the shore towards the open sea was found. All bacterial parameters studied (epifluorescence direct counts, frequency of dividing cells estimation and viable counts) were correlated significantly with penguin populations. Complementary numerical taxonomy confirmed the major role played by the bird manuring in such antarctic ecosystems.     

Dynamics of antarctic penguin populations in relation to inter-annual variability in sea ice distribution

To investigate the role of sea ice cover on penguin populations we used principal component analysis to compare population variables of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) penguins breeding on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands with local (from direct observations) and regional (from remote sensing data) sea ice variables. Throughout the study period, the Adélie penguin population size remained stable, whereas that of chinstrap penguins decreased slightly. For neither species were there significant relationships between population size and breeding success, except for an apparent inverse density-dependent relationship between the number of Adélie breeding pairs and the number of eggs hatching. For both species, no general relationship was found between either population size or breeding success and the local sea ice conditions. However, the regional sea ice extent at a particular time prior to the start of the breeding season was related to the number of birds that arrived to breed. For both species, this period occurred before the sea ice reached its maximum extent and was slightly earlier for Adélie than for chinstrap penguins. These results suggest that sea ice conditions outside the breeding season may play an important role in penguin population processes.     

The cellular distribution of some rat-kidney glycosidases

1. Free and total activities of beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase have been determined fluorimetrically in five subcellular fractions of rat kidney. 2. The beta-glucosidase activity appeared in the soluble fraction, beta-glucuronidase had the distribution pattern of a lysosomal enzyme, and both beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase had bimodal distributions. 3. Two types of beta-galactosidase activity were found: a sedimentable type, having optimum pH3.7, mol.wt. about 80000 and slow electrophoretic mobility at pH7.0 in starch gel; and a soluble type of much faster mobility, having optimum pH5.5-6.5 and mol.wt. about 40000. 4. Evidence is presented that the beta-glucosidase and the soluble type of beta-galactosidase are the same enzyme. 5. Most of the N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity was in the lysosome-rich fractions, but a significant proportion occurred in the microsomal fraction in a non-latent form. 6. The use of beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase as lysosomal marker enzymes is complicated by the possible presence of multiple forms, but this limitation does not apply to beta-glucuronidase in the rat kidney.     

Changes in population sizes and distribution of fur seals at Marion Island

 Population censuses of the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) and the sub-Antarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis) were conducted during the 1994/1995 breeding season at Marion Island. Pup numbers, determined from direct counts and a mark-recapture experiment, were used to estimate population sizes. Pup numbers of A. tropicalis showed a mean annual change of 2.0% over the previous 6 years, culminating in an estimated total population of 49, 523 for 1994/1995. The population appears to be entering the maturity phase of population growth and may therefore have recovered from the effects of uncontrolled sealing that ended in the early twentieth century. Numbers at the major colonies on Marion Island showed little change since 1989 and these sites may have reached carrying capacity. The extension of breeding to other parts of the island continues. Over the same period, A. gazella pup numbers showed a mean annual change of 17% and the total population numbered 1,205 in 1994/1995. This species has possibly entered the rapid recolonisation phase of population growth. A few hybrid seals were found. Received: 25 October 1995/Accepted: 14 April 1996     

The distribution of phytoplankton in some Central East African waters

Summary Observations of the distribution of phytoplankton were made in Pilkington Bay, Lake Victoria and in Lake Kyoga. For Pilkington Bay, series of samples were taken along an east-west line in the north-west corner of the bay and along a north-south line through the mouth of the bay. For Lake Kyoga, the main series of samples was taken from the north-east arm to the point of inflow of the Victoria Nile.Counts of algae were made by the sedimentation technique and it was found that for Pilkington Bay Melosira was the dominant genus during the period of the investigation. For the north-east arm of Lake Kyoga the dominant alga in mid-August was Lyngbya limnetica.At times, marked changes not only in density of phytoplankton but also in vertical distribution were observed from station to station in Pilkington Bay.During May an increase of Melosira occurred in the north-west corner of Pilkington Bay and this increase is as likely to have been due to water movements as to growth.Water movements have an important effect on phytoplankton distribution and it is possible that surface water movements bring about inoculation of relatively dense concentrations of phytoplankton, especially Melosira, into the Buvuma Channel from Pilkington Bay.The contribution of the north-east arm of Lake Kyoga to the Victoria Nile system was found to be markedly different chemically and biologically from that of Lake Victoria.A number of new records of algae from Lake Kyoga are listed.

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Résumé Des recherches sur la distribution du phytoplancton furent poursuivies dans la baie de Pilkington, dans le lac Victoria et dans le lac Kyoga. A la baie de Pilkington, des séries d'échantillons furent prélevées sur une ligne allant de l'est à l'ouest et située dans la partie nord-ouest de la baie, ainsi que sur une ligne traversant du nord au sud l'entrée de la baie. Au lac Kyoga, la principale série d'échantillons fut prélevée à partir de sa pointe nord-est jusqu'à l'arrivée des eaux de la branche mère du Nil.Le dénombrement des algues fut fait selon le procédé de la sédimentation et les résultats de l'enquête indiquent que, dans la baie de Pilkington, Melosira était le genre le plus répandu pendant la durée des recherches. Quant à la pointe nord-est du lac Kyoga, l'algue la plus répandue, à la mi-août, était Lyngbya limnetica.A certains moments, des variations marquèes, non seulement dans la densité du phytoplancton mais encore dans sa distribution verticale, furent constatées de divers postes d'observation sur la baie de Pilkington.Pendant le mois de mai, il se produisit une augmentation de la quantité de Melosira dans la partie nord-ouest de la baie de Pilkington, augmentation qui semble provenir des mouvements de l'eau ainsi que de la croissance.Le mouvement de l'eau exerce une influence importante sur la distribution du phytoplancton et il est possible que les mouvements de surface de l'eau produisent l'augmentation dans la canal de Buvuma de concentrations assez denses de phytoplancton, de Melosira surtout, provenant de la baie de Pilkington.L'apport de la pointe nord-est du lac Kyoga au réseau de la branche mère du Nil se révéla de composition chimique et biologique sensiblement differente de celle du lac Victoria.Un certain nombre d'observations nouvelles des algues du lac Kyoga ont été notées.