黄土丘陵区人工小叶杨生长空间差异及其土壤水分效应

小叶杨是黄土高原主要水土保持树种之一,但营造坡位和方式的不同,其生长的空间差异显著。研究表明,坡下部小叶杨平均地径、胸径、枝下高和冠幅等参数都明显优于坡中部和上部,以沟谷地带的小叶杨生长为基点,则坡下部、中部和上部的小叶杨的树高和胸径生长潜力分别为沟谷地带小叶杨的77.53%、34.88%、31.88%和75.59%、39.51%、33.36%;小叶杨(+沙棘)混交林,其林分的平均树高、地径、胸径及冠幅等生长参数都明显高于纯小叶杨林,混交小叶杨林比纯小叶杨林有更好的稳定性。小叶杨林地土壤水分变化规律:坡下>坡中>坡上,随坡位升高,其差值逐步增大;混交比纯林模式对深层土壤水分的消耗更大;在100～500cm土层的小叶杨林地普遍存在低于凋萎湿度的土壤干层,即使通过雨季降水的补充也难以恢复。     

陡坡地毛竹林多花黄精种群生长和生物量分配的坡位效应

为了给毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis（Carr.） H. de Lehaie）林下多花黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua.)复合经营提供理论依据,以林分结构基本一致的陡坡地粗放经营毛竹纯林为对象,调查分析了同一面坡的上坡位、中坡位、下坡位毛竹林下多花黄精种群生长状况和生物量积累与分配规律。结果表明：不同坡位毛竹林下多花黄精种群密度、叶片叶绿素值和叶、根生物量积累及叶、根、地下块茎生物量分配比例均无显著差异。多花黄精株高下坡位、上坡位差异不显著,均显著地高于中坡位。地径下坡位、中坡位差异不显著,均显著地低于上坡位。地上茎生物量中坡位、上坡位无显著差异,均显著地低于下坡位。地下块茎生物量、总生物量积累下坡位显著地高于中坡位,均与上坡位差异不显著。地上茎生物量分配比例下坡位显著地高于上坡位,均与中坡位差异不显著。不同坡位毛竹林下多花黄精生物量分配格局均为地下块茎>根>叶≈地上茎,地下块茎生物量分配比例占70%以上,显著大于生物量分配较为均匀的其它器官。毛竹林下多花黄精种群生长和生物量积累与分配存在着较为明显的坡位效应,在试验毛竹林林分结构和经营水平条件下,宜选择下坡位进行毛竹多花黄精复合经营。     

不同营养元素缺乏对火力楠幼苗生长的影响

采用温室营养液培养法,设置全素、缺氮、缺磷、缺钾、缺钙、缺镁、缺硫、缺铁、缺微量元素9个处理,通过观察幼苗症状,并对生长状况、叶面积、叶绿素、根活力和生物量等进行测定,研究不同营养元素缺乏对火力楠(Michelia macclurei)幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:火力楠幼苗缺氮时症状出现最早,表现最为明显,各缺素症状主要为植株矮小,长势较弱,叶片偏小且呈淡黄色;缺氮对上述各项指标均与对照存在显著差异,对火力楠幼苗的苗高、地径影响最大且均显著低于全素对照,其他缺素对火力楠幼苗在苗高、地径、根活力与叶绿素等差异不显著,但叶面积、生物量和根冠比等存在显著差异。可见,氮素是限制火力楠幼苗生长的主要影响因子。本研究结果可为火力楠幼苗的缺素诊断和合理施肥提供技术参考。     

20种含笑属植物在广东中山树木园的引种生长表现

以广东中山树木园20种含笑属植物为对象,研究其引种后的生长表现。结果表明：20种含笑属植物在中山树木园均生长良好,分析的13种含笑属植物在胸径、树高及冠幅的生长量上均存在显著差异。本地苗木黄兰、白兰、乐昌含笑及火力楠在树高、胸径及冠幅方面表现优异。2004年于湖南引种的5种含笑以灰绒含笑和多花含笑生长最好;2005至2009年引种的7种含笑属植物以亮叶含笑表现最佳。     

间伐强度对杉木－火力楠混交林生长影响的研究初报

对杉木-火力楠混交林进行4种间伐强度试验表明,间伐6年后各林分的杉木、火力楠胸径净生长量比对照分别增加70-139、11-25%,树高增加46-90、7-10%,村积生长增加54-140、10-43%,林分蓄积量增加49-75m³·ha^-1,平均冠高增加2-6、8-13%,第1活枝高下降0.5-3、35-48%.冠幅杉木下降1-2%、火力楠增加1-8%.可以认为,以间伐强度为30和40%2种方式较好,间伐后林分定型株数约保留在1600-2200株·ha^-1之间为宜。     

间伐强度对杉木—火力楠混交林生长影响的研究初报

对杉木－火力楠混交林进行４种间伐强度试验表明,间伐６年后各林分的杉木、火力楠胸径净生长量比对照分别增加７０－１３９、１１－２５％,树高增加４６－９０、７－１０％,材积生长增加５４－１４０、１０－４３％,林分蓄积量增加４９－７５ｍ＾３．ｈａ＾－１,平均冠高增加２－６、８－１３％,第１活枝高下降０．５－３、３５－４８％,冠幅杉木下降１－２％、火力楠增加１－８％,可以认为,以间伐强度为３０和４０％２种方     

不同种源南方红豆杉生长差异分析及早期速生优良种源筛选

在浙江龙泉和安吉试验点,对来源于10省(区)24个种源的南方红豆杉〔Taxus wallichiana var.mairei(Lemée et Lévl.)L.K.Fu et Nan Li〕4年生幼苗的7个生长指标进行了测定及方差分析,并对生长指标间以及生长指标与地理-气候因子间的相关性进行了分析;此外,以树高和地径为标准初步筛选出一些速生优良种源。测量结果显示:2个试验点不同种源4年生幼苗的树高、地径、当年抽梢长和侧枝数以及侧枝的最大长度及最大直径的变化幅度以及安吉试验点各种源幼苗冠幅的变化幅度均在25%以上,说明各种源间生长指标的差异较大。方差分析结果表明:龙泉试验点各种源间幼苗侧枝的最大直径以及安吉试验点各种源间幼苗的树高无显著差异,其他生长指标在种源间均有显著或极显著差异,且冠幅、当年抽梢长和侧枝的最大长度具有显著或极显著的种源-地点互作效应。相关性分析结果表明:幼苗的冠幅与地径和树高呈显著或极显著的正相关,且侧枝的最大长度与树高和冠幅也呈显著或极显著的正相关;虽然2个试验点间各种源幼苗的7个生长指标与地理-气候因子的相关性有一定差异,但总体上未表现出明显的地理变异模式。根据2个试验点幼苗树高和地径的综合表现,初步筛选出湖南靖州、江西井冈山、福建沙县、江西武宁、云南石屏和贵州梵净山6个种源为南方红豆杉的早期速生优良种源。     

坡向和坡位对四川夹金山灌丛群落结构与物种多样性特征的影响

研究不同坡向、坡位夹金山灌丛群落结构和物种多样性特征。结果表明: 在 24 个样地中,共有维管植物 186 种,隶属于 50 科 127 属。其中,灌木层有 32 种,隶属于 14 科 22 属,阴坡下坡位物种数最多;草本层有 154 种,隶属于 43 科 109 属,阴坡物种数最少。灌木层的平均高度表现为阳坡>半阳坡>阴坡,平均密度则相反;草本层平均高度表现为阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡,平均密度无显著变化。坡位仅对阳坡草本层平均高度有显著影响,灌木层物种多样性在阴坡较高,草本层物种多样性在阳坡下坡位和阴坡中坡位较高。坡向对灌木层和草本层 Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、物种丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数影响显著(除草本层 Simpson 指数),坡位对灌木层和草本层物种多样性指数均无显著影响,坡向和坡位的交互作用对草本层物种多样性的影响大于灌木层。冗余分析(RDA)表明,物种多样性不仅与坡向正弦值、坡向余弦值相关,也与群落结构特征相关性较大。     

半干旱黄土区坡面尺度柠条生长状况及影响要素分析

以半干旱黄土丘陵区典型小流域坡面大规模人工种植柠条林为例,基于坡面不同部位柠条生长状况和生境条件调查,定量分析了地形变化、土壤水分及灌木密度对柠条生长的直接、间接影响及其贡献率。结果表明:(1)东坡大株柠条生长明显好于南坡,下坡位柠条生长状况略好于中上坡位,其他各坡位之间柠条生长状况差异较小;(2)大株柠条生长与浅层土壤水分有正相关关系,而与灌木密度和深层土壤水分则呈负相关关系;大株柠条灌木高度、灌木纵截面积和冠幅体积对浅层土壤水分的响应敏感,冠幅长度对坡向和坡位的响应较为敏感,冠幅宽度对灌木密度的响应较为敏感;(3)地形和土壤水分变化解释了59.9%的大株柠条生长变异,其中坡向、坡位和浅层土壤水分是影响大株柠条生长的主导环境因子,它们分别解释了21.1%、16.0%和13.1%的柠条生长变化。研究认为半干旱黄土区人工植被恢复既要重视空间布局,也要在后期实施必要的管理措施以维持人工林地的稳定性。     

樟子松无性系生长性状与结实量变异研究

为选育高产、优质的樟子松种质资源,本研究以吉林省白城市林木种子园的304个樟子松无性系为材料,对其生长性状（树高、地径、胸径、3 m处直径、冠幅、分枝角度和侧枝粗度）和结实性状（2015、2016和2017年的结实量）进行调查分析。方差分析结果表明除冠幅外无性系间各性状差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01）;各指标表型变异系数的变化范围为3.79%~65.22%,重复力变化范围为0.24~0.70;相关性分析结果表明除侧枝粗度与3 m处直径相关未达到显著水平外,树高、胸径、地径、冠幅与侧枝粗度间相关均达极显著水平,不同树龄的结实量与大部分生长性状相关未达显著水平。依据生长性状,以5%的入选率对无性系进行综合评价,15个无性系入选,入选无性系在树高、地径、胸径、3 m处直径、分枝角度和侧枝粗度等指标的遗传增益分别为5.47%、4.48%、15.18%、11.78%、2.38%和6.66%;依据3年结实量,以5%的入选率对无性系进行综合评价,15个无性系入选,入选无性系在2015年、2016年和2017年的平均结实量的遗传增益分别为2.89%、46.32%和13.88%。该研究为樟子松种子园优良无性系的选择提供材料,也为吉林西部樟子松良种选育提供基础。     

红松人工林优势木竞争指数影响因子

在温带湿润气候区东段不同立地条件下的红松人工林内设置面积为600 m~2(20 m×30 m)的70块矩形固定样地。在每个样地内,选取5颗最高且长势较好的优势木作为研究的对象木,用Voronoi图确定优势木相应的竞争木,测定每一块样地内优势木与竞争木之间的距离。采用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型,分析优势木在不同样地水平上的种内竞争强度,探讨林分生长因子、地形因子、土壤养分因子对优势木竞争指数的影响,并对这3类因子与优势木竞争指数进行相应的拟合和相关性分析。结果表明：红松人工林优势木竞争强度随着优势木胸径的增大而变小,并且两者之间的关系服从幂函数;红松优势木的竞争指数与其树高、胸径、冠幅呈极显著的相关关系(P<0.01);坡向、坡位、海拔对竞争指数影响极显著(P<0.01);红松人工林优势木竞争指数的大小与土壤氮磷钾含量均呈极显著的相关关系(P<0.01);pH值对优势木竞争指数的影响不显著。当红松人工林优势木平均胸径达到45cm,优势木平均树高和冠幅大于周围竞争木时,其对周围资源的利用程度增大,林木会发生自然稀疏现象,其所受的竞争压力减小。红松喜光性强,对水分的要求高,...     

高世代杉木种源在不同立地条件下的生长适应性

本文进行高世代杉木种源在不同立地条件下的栽植试验,调查二年生种源的生长状况,结果表明：在坡的下、中、上部,二年生高世代杉木种源的地径（或胸径）与树高平均生长量分别为4.08、3.82、3.56 cm和1.90、1.74、1.63 m。在不同立地条件下,地径（或胸径）、树高生长量存在显著差异。     

北京地区侧柏人工林密度效应

密度是影响森林尤其是人工林生长的重要因素,林冠层是森林生态系统与其他系统进行能量和物质交换的重要场所,树木及树冠生长对林分密度的响应关系可以看作是生物对环境变化产生的适应性现象。林分密度效应是生态学和森林培育学的重要研究内容之一。以23块8种不同密度梯度的北京山区侧柏人工幼龄林林分为研究对象分析其树木生长及树冠生长对密度的响应关系,其中树冠指标使用了参照了美国林务局(USDA)的树冠调查指标。研究结果表明:(1)林分平均胸径、平均树高和平均冠幅生长均随密度增大而减小,林分密度大于3000株/hm2时各指标减小的趋势变缓,使用异速生长模型可以很好地拟合这种变化关系;(2)随密度增加,树冠水平方向和垂直方向生长均到显著地抑制作用,树冠外形表现出由饱满冠型向狭长冠型变化的适应性现象;(3)使用树冠二维、三维指标与密度进行相关性分析可知树冠长度、树冠率等指标与林分密度呈负相关关系,树冠圆满度及树冠生产效率与密度表现出极显著正相关关系;(4)采用枝解析的方法研究了树枝长度、材积的平均生长量、连年生长量与密度的关系,结果表明幼龄期各生长量差异不大;(5)在建立冠幅模型时考虑了自变量间的多重共线性问题,所建的胸径单自变量二次方模型能够很好地预测侧柏人工幼龄林冠幅生长过程,模型相关系数R2为0.961。     

Crown allometries are less responsive than stem allometry to tree size and habitat variations in an Indian monsoon forest

While theoretical allometric models postulate universal scaling exponents, empirical relationships between tree dimensions show marked variability that reflects changes in the biomass allocation pattern. As growth of the various tree compartments may be controlled by different functions, it is hypothesized that they may respond differently to factors of variation, resulting in variable tree morphologies and potentially in trade-offs between allometric relationships. We explore the variability of tree stem and crown allometries using a dataset of 1,729 trees located in an undisturbed wet evergreen forest of the Western Ghats, India. We specifically test whether species adult stature, terrain slope, tree size and crown light exposure affect the relationships between stem diameter and stem height (stem allometry), and between stem diameter and crown width, crown area and crown volume (crown allometries). Results show that both stem and crown allometries are subject to variations in relation to both endogenous (tree size, species adult stature) and exogenous (terrain slope, crown light exposure) factors. Stem allometry appears to be more affected by these factors than are crown allometries, including the stem diameter–crown volume relationship, which proved to be particularly stable. Our results support the idea that height is a prevailing adjustment factor for a tree facing variable growth (notably light) conditions, while stem diameter–crown volume allometry responds more to internal metabolic constraints. We ultimately discuss the various sources of variability in the stem and crown allometries of tropical trees that likely play an important role in forest community dynamics.     

Effect of Hillslope Gradient on Vegetation Recovery on Abandoned Land of Shifting Cultivation in Hainan Island, South China

In the present study, we investigated the effect of hillslope gradient on vegetation recovery on abandoned land of shifting cultivation In Hainan Island, south China, by measuring community composition and structure of 25-year-old secondary forest fallows along a hillslope gradient （up-, middle-, and down-slope position）. A total of 49 733 free-standing woody plant stems higher than 10 cm and belonging to 170 species, 112 genera, and 57 families was found in the three l-hm2 investigation plots. Stem density was highest in the down-slope stand and lowest in the up-slope stand. Species richness and the Shannon-Wiener Index were both highest in the middle-slope stand, and lower In the down-slope and up-slope stands. The recovery forest fallows on different hiUslope positions were all dominated by a few species. The five most abundant species accounted for 70.1%, 58.8%, and 72.9% of total stem densities in stands in the up-, middle-, and down-slope positions, respectively. The five species with the greatest basal areas accounted for 74.5%, 84.3%, and 74.7% of total stem basal area for the up-, middle-, and down-slope positions, respectively. The number of low-density species （stem abundance less than five） Increased from the up-slope position downward. Of the nine local common species among three different functional groups, the short-lived pioneer species dominated the up-slope position, but long-lived pioneer species dominated the middle- and down-slope positions. The climax species of primary tropical lowland rain forest was found in the downslope position. Both the mean diameter at breast height （DBH） and mean height of the trees Increased with decreasing hillslope gradient. The stem density and basal area in different size classes were significantly different in stands In different slope positions. Our results indicated that the rate of secondary succession varies, even over small spatial scales caused by the hlllslope gradient, in early vegetation recovery.     

Comparative height crown allometry and mechanical design in 22 tree species of Kuala Belalong rainforest, Brunei, Borneo

In rainforests, trunk size, strength, crown position, and geometry of a tree affect light interception and the likelihood of mechanical failure. Allometric relationships of tree diameter, wood density, and crown architecture vs. height are described for a diverse range of rainforest trees in Brunei, northern Borneo. The understory species follow a geometric model in their diameter-height relationship (slope, β = 1.08), while the stress-elasticity models prevail (β = 1.27-1.61) for the midcanopy and canopy/emergent species. These relationships changed with ontogeny, especially for the understory species. Within species, the tree stability safety factor (SSF) and relative crown width decreased exponentially with increasing tree height. These trends failed to emerge in across-species comparisons and were reversed at a common (low) height. Across species, the relative crown depth decreased with maximum potential height and was indistinguishable at a common (low) height. Crown architectural traits influence SSF more than structural property of wood density. These findings emphasize the importance of applying a common reference size in comparative studies and suggest that forest trees (especially the understory group) may adapt to low light by having deeper rather than wider crowns due to an efficient distribution and geometry of their foliage.     

Estimating Canopy Structure in an Amazon Forest from Laser Range Finder and IKONOS Satellite Observations1

Canopy structural data can be used for biomass estimation and studies of carbon cycling, disturbance, energy balance, and hydrological processes in tropical forest ecosystems. Scarce information on canopy dimensions reflects the difficulties associated with measuring crown height, width, depth, and area in tall, humid tropical forests. New field and spaceborne observations provide an opportunity to acquire these measurements, but the accuracy and reliability of the methods are unknown. We used a handheld laser range finder to estimate tree crown height, diameter, and depth in a lowland tropical forest in the eastern Amazon, Brazil, for a sampling of 300 trees stratified by diameter at breast height (DBH). We found significant relationships between DBH and both tree height and crown diameter derived from the laser measurements. We also quantified changes in crown shape between tree height classes, finding a significant but weak positive trend between crown depth and width. We then compared the field‐based measurements of crown diameter and area to estimates derived manually from panchromatic 0.8 m spatial resolution IKONOS satellite imagery. Median crown diameter derived from satellite observations was 78 percent greater than that derived from field‐based laser measurements. The statistical distribution of crown diameters from IKONOS was biased toward larger trees, probably due to merging of smaller tree crowns, underestimation of understory trees, and overestimation of individual crown dimensions. The median crown area derived from IKONOS was 65 percent higher than the value modeled from field‐based measurements. We conclude that manual interpretation of IKONOS satellite data did not accurately estimate distributions of tree crown dimensions in a tall tropical forest of eastern Amazonia. Other methods will be needed to more accurately estimate crown dimensions from high spatial resolution satellite imagery.     

林分结构对桂西南蚬木种群天然更新的影响

研究垂直结构(树冠指数、大树比例、小树比例和树高)及密度因素(基面积、乔木密度、灌木密度、灌木盖度和蚬木比例)对桂西南喀斯特山地典型蚬木种群天然更新的影响.结果表明: 群落平均更新密度为1742～3861株·hm^-2,密度相对较低.垂直结构和密度因素对蚬木幼龄植株个体数影响不显著,对地径和株高生长有一定影响.在垂直结构变量中,树冠指数与蚬木幼苗株高呈显著负相关,与幼苗地径的相关性不显著;大树比例和树高与幼苗的地径和株高均呈显著负相关,小树比例与幼苗地径和株高呈显著正相关.在密度变量中,乔木密度与幼苗地径、株高呈显著正相关;蚬木比例与幼苗地径呈显著负相关.多元回归分析显示,林分结构因子与蚬木幼龄植株个体数的拟合较差(P>0.05),蚬木幼苗的数量分布在一定程度上受到垂直结构的综合影响;林分结构因子模型对蚬木幼苗地径和株高的拟合较好(P<0.01),幼苗地径生长主要受乔木密度影响,株高生长主要受乔木密度和基面积的共同影响.     

马尾松三代选择群体生长性状变异及选择研究

以浙江省淳安县姥山林场的6×6半双列遗传交配设计的三代测定幼林为对象,分析幼林期（2、3和5 a）的生长性状的遗传参数和育种值,及2 a生时生物量的累积与分配。结果表明,马尾松幼林期不同杂交组合间的树高、地径、冠幅和活枝数均存在显著的遗传差异,且生物量在2 a生亦存在显著的遗传差异。杂交组合2 a生的地上生物量占植株总生物量的87.17%。幼林期生长性状以树高的增长量最大,5 a生较2 a生增长了4.23倍。采用综合育种值法,依据预测的树高（H）育种值为主,结合地径（D₀）和2 a生茎干生物量（B_s）指标的配合选择方式,以入选率20%优选出杂交组合分别为22×44、33×22、40×44。以5 a生时树高、地径的单株育种值为依据,2%的入选率优选出16个单株,其树高、地径、冠幅及活枝数平均增益分别为1.07 m、1.58 cm、0.32 m和4.67个。     

Estimating Stem Volume Using QuickBird Imagery and Allometric Relationships for Open Populus xiaohei Plantations

There has been a great deal of interest in studying the crown of trees using remote sensing data.In this study,crownwidth was extracted from high-resolution QuickBird images for open Populus xiaohei plantations.Regression modelsfor predicting the individual stem volumes of Populus xiaohei were established using extracted crown width,as well asestimated tree parameters(i.e.diameter at breast height[DBH]and tree height)as predictors.Our results indicated thatcrown width could be accurately extracted from QuickBird images using a multi-scale segmentation approach with a meanrelative error of 5.74%,especially for wide-spacing stands.Using either extracted crown width alone or with estimatedDBH and tree height can successfully estimate individual stem volume of Populus xiaohei with the R~2 value ranging from0.87 to 0.92 depending on different model forms.In particular,the two second-order polynomial models(model2 andmodel 6),based on QuickBird image-derived crown widths and estimated DBH and tree heights,respectively,were the bestat describing the relationship between stem volume and tree characteristics.