巴斯德毕赤酵母不同生长阶段内参基因的筛选与验证

【背景】巴斯德毕赤酵母(Komagataella phaffii)是一种甲基营养型酵母,近年来作为生产重组蛋白和构建生物合成途径的细胞工厂受到广泛关注。实时荧光定量PCR (real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)是巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统研究中一种快速、高效的基因表达水平检测技术,但需要进行归一化处理才能保证所得结果的可靠性。【目的】筛选并验证巴斯德毕赤酵母在不同生长阶段最稳定的内参基因用于精准归一化RT-qPCR的结果。【方法】通过转录组数据分析初步筛选出16个候选内参基因(rps8b、rpl35a、rpl10、eif5a、rpl19a、por1、rpl23b、0887、tif1、ole1、rpl14b、gs、sun、sdh2、trx1和ccp1)。通过RT-qPCR技术得到候选内参基因的C_t值,利用qBASE软件中的geNorm程序综合NormFinder算法评估内参基因的表达稳定性。【结果】通过geNorm分析得出精准归一化所需的最佳内参基因个数为2,最稳定的基因是rpl19a和tif1,NormFinder分析得到稳定性最高的内参基因为tif1。此外,利用甲酸脱氢酶编码基因fdh和乙醇脱氢酶甲醛脱氢酶双功能酶的编码基因afdh对候选内参基因进行验证。【结论】巴斯德毕赤酵母不同生长阶段的RT-qPCR进行精准归一化需要tif1和rpl19a这2个内参基因,为相关功能基因的表达定量提供了可靠的分析依据,补充了RT-qPCR分析中的内参基因,为巴斯德毕赤酵母不同生长阶段的基因表达调控及其应用研究提供了新的参考。     

Evaluation of reference genes for real‐time PCR quantification of gene expression in the Australian sheep blowfly,Lucilia cuprina

The Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), is an important pest of sheep in Australia and other parts of the world. However, the paucity of information on many fundamental molecular aspects of this species limits the ability to exploit functional genomics techniques for the discovery of new drug targets for its control. The present study aimed to facilitate gene expression studies in this species by identifying the most suitable reference genes for normalization of mRNA expression data. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with 11 genes across RNA samples from eggs, L1, L3, pupae and adult life stages, and two normalization programs, Normfinder and geNorm, were then applied to the data. The results showed an ideal set of genes (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, GST1, β‐tubulin and RPLPO) for data normalization across all life stages. The most suitable reference genes for studies within specific life stages were also identified. GAPDH was shown to be a poor reference gene. The reference gene recommendations in this study will be of use to laboratories investigating gene expression in L. cuprina and related blowfly species     

Validation of reference genes for real-time quantitative PCR studies in gene expression levels of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus casei</Emphasis> Zhang

Lactobacillus casei Zhang, a potential probiotic strain isolated from homemade koumiss in Inner Mongolia of China, has been sequenced and deposited in GenBank. Real-time quantitative PCR is one of the most widely used methods to study related gene expression levels of Lactobacillus casei Zhang. For accurate and reliable gene expression analysis, normalization of gene expression data using one or more appropriate reference genes is essential. We used three statistical methods (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) to evaluate the expression levels of five candidate reference genes (GAPD, gyrB, LDH, 16s rRNA, and recA) under different culture conditions and different growth phases to find a suitable housekeeping gene which can be used as internal standard. The results showed that the best reference gene was GAPD, and a set of two genes, GAPD and gyrB (which were the most stable reference genes), is recommended for normalization of real-time quantitative PCR experiments under all the different experimental conditions tested. The systematic validation of candidate reference genes is important for obtaining reliable analysis results of real-time quantitative PCR studies in gene expression levels of Lactobacillus casei Zhang.     

Selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR normalisation in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides fed on alternative diets

The partial cDNA sequences of eight reference genes (actb, tuba1, gapdh58, gapdh59, eef1a1, RNA 18 s, pabpc1, ube2I) were cloned from largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The expression levels of these eight genes were compared in the various tissues (eye, spleen, kidney, gill, muscle, brain, liver, heart, gut and gonad) of M. salmoides fed on forage fish. The results showed that the candidate genes exhibited tissue-specific expression to various degrees and the stability ranking order was eef1a1 > tuba1 > RNA 18 s > pabpc1 > ube2I > actb > gapdh58 > gapdh59 among tissue types. Four candidate genes eef1a1, tuba1, RNA 18 s and actb were used to analyse the stability in liver tissues of largemouth bass between the forage-fish group and the formulated-feed group. The candidate genes also showed some changes in expression levels in the livers, while eef1a1 and tuba1 had the most stable expression in livers of fish fed on alternative diets within 10 candidates. So eef1a1 and tuba1 were recommended as optimal reference gene in quantitative real-time PCR analysis to normalise the expression levels of target genes in tissues and lives of the M. salmoides fed on alternative diets. In livers, the expression levels of gck normalised by eef1a1 and tuba1 showed the significant up-regulation in formulated feed group (P < 0.05) than those in forage-fish group. While sex difference has no significant effects on the expression levels of gck in both groups.     

Evaluation of the reference genes for expression analysis using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction in the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera, Aphididae), is an important cosmopolitan pest. Real time qRT‐PCR has been used for target gene expression analysis on M. persicae. Using real time qRT‐PCR, the expression levels are normalized on the basis of the reliable reference genes. However, to date, the stability of available reference genes has been insufficient. In this study, we evaluated nine candidate reference genes from M. persicae under diverse experimental conditions. The tested candidate genes were comprehensively ranked based on five alternative methods (RefFinder, geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper and the comparative ΔC_t method). 18s, Actin and ribosomal protein L27 (L27) were recommended as the most stable reference genes for M. persicae, whereas ribosomal protein L27 (L27) was found to be the least stable reference genes for abiotic studies (photoperiod, temperature and insecticide susceptibility). Our finding not only sheds light on establishing an accurate and reliable normalization of real time qRT‐PCR data in M. persicae but also lays a solid foundation for further studies of M. persicae involving RNA interference and functional gene research.     

Selection of reference genes for tissue/organ samples on day 3 fifth‐instar larvae in silkworm,Bombyx mori

The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is one of the world's most economically important insect. Surveying variations in gene expression among multiple tissue/organ samples will provide clues for gene function assignments and will be helpful for identifying genes related to economic traits or specific cellular processes. To ensure their accuracy, commonly used gene expression quantification methods require a set of stable reference genes for data normalization. In this study, 24 candidate reference genes were assessed in 10 tissue/organ samples of day 3 fifth‐instar B. mori larvae using geNorm and NormFinder. The results revealed that, using the combination of the expression of BGIBMGA003186 and BGIBMGA008209 was the optimum choice for normalizing the expression data of the B. mori tissue/organ samples. The most stable gene, BGIBMGA003186, is recommended if just one reference gene is used. Moreover, the commonly used reference gene encoding cytoplasmic actin was the least appropriate reference gene of the samples investigated. The reliability of the selected reference genes was further confirmed by evaluating the expression profiles of two cathepsin genes. Our results may be useful for future studies involving the quantification of relative gene expression levels of different tissue/organ samples in B. mori.     

Reference genes identified in the silkworm Bombyx mori during metamorphism based on oligonucleotide microarray and confirmed by qRT‐PCR

Gene expression quantification at mRNA level is very important for post‐genomic studies, as gene expression level is the reflection of the special biological function of the target gene. Methods used for gene expression quantification, such as microarray or quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), require stable expressed reference genes. Thus, finding suitable control genes is essential for gene quantification. In this study, a genome‐wide survey of reference genes during metamorphism was performed on silkworm Bombyx mori. Twelve genes were chosen as putative reference genes based on a whole genome oligonucleotide microarray normalized by external controls. Then, qRT‐PCR was employed for further validation and selection of potential reference gene candidates. The results were analyzed, and stable genes were selected using geNorm 3.4 and NormFinder software. Finally, considering factors from every aspect, translation initiation factor 4A, translation initiation factor 3 subunit 4, and translation initiation factor 3 subunit 5 (represented by sw22934, swl4876, and swl3956) were selected as reliable internal controls across the examined developmental stages, while cytoplasmic actin (sw22671), the commonly used reference gene in a previous study was shown to vary drastically throughout the examined developmental stages. For future research, we recommend the use of the geometric mean of those three stable reference genes as an accurate normalization factor for data normalization of different developmental stages during metamorphism.     

Reference gene selection for normalizing gene expression using quantitative real-time PCR in Haemaphysalis longicornis

The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, the dominant species of Ixodidae in Korea, has a wide distribution in East Asia, far-East Russia, and Western Pacific countries, and has recently been discovered in the Eastern states of the United States of America. H. longicornis transmits various pathogens, including Babesia ovate, Rickettsia japonica, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). Considering its medical importance, in order to understand the physiology of H. longicornis, it is crucial to determine the expression of the genes of interest. Although quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) has been widely used to analyze gene expression, stably-expressed internal reference genes across samples of different conditions should be selected for the accurate normalization of target gene expression levels. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the expression levels of five candidate reference genes, namely ACT, RPP0, RPL23, TUB, and GAPDH, in H. longicornis under different conditions, including different collection months, developmental stages, and SFTSV infection status. Using four software programs, namely, NormFinder, BestKeeper, geNorm, and RefFinder, their expression stabilities were evaluated. Subsequently, a single gene between RPL23 and RPP0 was validated, which was found to be most stable reference gene after comparing the expression levels of HSP70 determined using different normalization methods.     

Validation of housekeeping genes for gene expression studies in an ice alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlamydomonas</Emphasis> during freezing acclimation

Antarctic ice alga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L can endure extreme low temperature and high salinity stress under freezing conditions. To elucidate the molecular acclimation mechanisms using gene expression analysis, the expression stabilities of ten housekeeping genes of Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L during freezing stress were analyzed. Some discrepancies were detected in the ranking of the candidate reference genes between geNorm and NormFinder programs, but there was substantial agreement between the groups of genes with the most and the least stable expression. RPL19 was ranked as the best candidate reference genes. Pairwise variation (V) analysis indicated the combination of two reference genes was sufficient for qRT-PCR data normalization under the experimental conditions. Considering the co-regulation between RPL19 and RPL32 (the most stable gene pairs given by geNorm program), we propose that the mean data rendered by RPL19 and GAPDH (the most stable gene pairs given by NormFinder program) be used to normalize gene expression values in Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L more accurately. The example of FAD3 gene expression calculation demonstrated the importance of selecting an appropriate category and number of reference genes to achieve an accurate and reliable normalization of gene expression during freeze acclimation in Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L.     

红掌佛焰苞基因qRT-PCR分析中内参基因的筛选

为筛选红掌(Anthurium andraeanumLinden)中稳定表达、可用于佛焰苞中实时荧光定量PCR分析(qRT-PCR)的内参基因,对5个组成型表达基因EF1-a、UBQ7、ACTB、GADPH、His3进行表达稳定性分析,并利用所筛选的内参基因研究红掌的二氢黄酮醇还原酶基因(dfr)的表达水平。结果表明,5种内参基因在不同品种间的表达稳定性不同。据内参基因标准化因子的配对差异分析(Vn/n+1),判定内参基因的最适数目为2,ACTB和UBQ7在红掌不同品种及佛焰苞发育不同阶段中表达均稳定,是理想的内参基因。dfr在不同品种的佛焰苞及佛焰苞发育过程中均有表达,且dfr表达水平的变化趋势一致,因此,所选内参基因是合适的。     

Expression Profiling and Validation of Potential Reference Genes During <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> Embryogenesis

Differential expression of genes is crucial to embryogenesis. The analysis of gene expression requires appropriate references that should be minimally regulated during the embryonic development. To select the most stable genes for gene normalization, the expression profiles of eight commonly used reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, rpL17, α-Tub, EF1-α, UbcE, B2M, and 18S rRNA) were examined during Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) embryonic development using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. It was found that all seven mRNA genes appeared to be developmentally regulated and exhibited significant variation of expression. However, further analyses revealed the stage-specific expression stability. Hence when normalization using these mRNA genes, the differential and stage-related expression should be considered. 18S rRNA gene, on the other hand, showed the most stable expression and could be recommended as a suitable reference gene during all embryonic developmental stages in P. olivaceus. In summary, our results provided not only the appropriate reference gene for embryonic development research in P. olivaceus, but also possible guidance to reference gene selection for embryonic gene expression analyses in other fish species.     

Reference Gene Selection for qRT-PCR Normalization in <i>Iris germanica</i> L.

Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is an effective and widely used method to analyze expression patterns of target genes. Selection of stable reference genes is a prerequisite for accurate normalization of target gene expression by qRT-PCR. In Iris germanica L., no studies have yet been published regarding the evaluation of potential reference genes. In this study, nine candidate reference genes were assessed at different flower developmental stages and in different tissues by four different algorithms (GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder). The results revealed that ACT11 (Actin 11) and EF1α (Elongation factor 1 alpha) were the most stable reference genes in different tissues, whereas TUA (Tubulin alpha) and UBC9 (Ubiquitin-protein ligase 9) were the most stable ones in different flower developmental stages. UBC9 and ACT11 were the most stable reference genes in all of the tested samples, while the SAMDC (S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) showed the least stability. Finally, to validate the suitability of the selected reference genes, the relative expression level of IgTPS (beta-caryophyllene synthase) was assessed and highlighted the importance of suitable reference gene selection. This work constitutes the first systematic evaluation of potential reference genes in I. germanica and provides guidelines for future research on gene function and molecular mechanisms on I. germanica and related species.