平朔黄土露天矿区复垦地表层土壤微生物与酶活性分析

矿区是当今世界陆地生态系统被破坏和退化最严重的区域之一,在进行露天煤矿土地复垦与生态重建时不仅要恢复地表植被和生物,还应重视地下土壤微生物生态系统的构建,而国内外相关研究多集中在植被重建及土壤理化性质监测方面,利用土壤微生物及酶活性揭示矿区重构土壤状况的研究尚不多见。通过8个样地24个土壤剖面的采样分析,采用时空替代法和单因素方差分析法对平朔矿区不同复垦年限的排土场和原地貌0—20 cm表层土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量及蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性及变化进行研究,旨在分析其特征及差异。研究结果表明:(1)从微生物数量及酶活性特征来看,无论复垦年限的时间长短,细菌数量在3类微生物中占有绝对优势,占微生物总数的99.20%以上,其次是放线菌,真菌的数量最少;脲酶活性在3种酶中活性最大,其次是蔗糖酶活性,磷酸酶活性最低。(2)从微生物数量和酶活性的变化状况来看,3类微生物数量和3种酶活性在0—20 cm土层随复垦年限的变化趋势相一致,均随复垦年限的变化先增长后降低,而后又随着复垦年限的增长不断增加。(3)在0—20 cm土层,复垦27年的南排土场的土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量在复垦后达到了189.3333×10⁵ cfu/g、0.1312×10⁵ cfu/g和1.1463×10⁵ cfu/g,复垦效果达到原地貌3类土壤微生物数量的65.88%、66.46%和67.74%;蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性分别达到1.9600 mg 100 g^-1 h^-1、6.3600 mg 100 g^-1 h^-1和1.4533 mg 100 g^-1 h^-1,复垦效果分别达到原地貌83.40%、86.30%和86.85%。因此开展矿区土地复垦后土壤微生物及酶活性的相关研究,能够在一定程度上及时反映土地复垦后的土壤质量以及生态系统的恢复状况,以便采取更加合理的复垦方法来提高矿区生态恢复的速度和效果。     

松嫩草原中度退化草地不同植被恢复方式下土壤螨类群落特征的差异

应用类群数、个体密度、多样性指数和MI指数等多个群落参数,研究不同植被恢复方式下松嫩草原中度退化草地土壤螨类群落特征的差异。研究结果表明,与过度放牧样地相比,种植苜蓿和围栏封育样地的土壤环境相对优越,它们拥有较高的土壤螨类类群数、个体密度和群落多样性以及中气门螨类MI指数。在土壤螨类群落结构所有参数中,多样性指数(H′)和中气门螨类MI指数,种植苜蓿和围栏封育样地均明显高于过度放牧样地,这些差异反映了种植苜蓿和围栏封育对中度退化草地土壤螨类的群落结构具有明显改善作用。然而研究结果也显示,围栏封育样地土壤螨类群落多样性指数(H′)和中气门螨类MI指数尽管明显高于过度放牧样地,但是依然显著低于种植苜蓿样地,表明选择种植苜蓿较围栏封育可能更利于松嫩草原中度退化草地土壤螨类群落的恢复与重建。     

东北松嫩草原重度退化草地两种典型植被恢复处理方式间土壤螨类群落特征比较

于2005年5—10月在东北松嫩草原中南部十三泡草场,采用室内Tullgren法分离获取螨类,对土壤螨类进行采样,应用类群数、个体密度、多样性指数和MI指数等多个群落参数,研究植被恢复方式对重度碱化退化草地土壤螨类群落特征的影响。共捕获土壤螨类1104只,分别隶属于3亚目41属。结果表明,重度碱化退化草地土壤螨类稀少;围栏封育和种植碱茅两种植被恢复方式均能改善该类草地土壤螨类群落环境,提高了螨类的类群数、个体密度、群落多样性以及中气门螨类MI指数。但围栏封育和种植碱茅两种植被恢复方式之间也存在明显差异,种植碱茅较围栏封育更能显著提高土壤螨类个体密度;种植碱茅样地土壤螨类MI指数显著高于围栏封育样地,捕食性螨类K-选择类群比例更高,土壤螨类群落环境更好。对于松嫩草原重度碱化退化草地,选择种植碱茅方式可能更利于草地土壤螨类群落的恢复与重建。     

Effect of Byproducts of Flue Gas Desulfurization on the Soluble Salts Composition and Chemical Properties of Sodic Soils

The byproducts of flue gas desulfurization (BFGD) are a useful external source of Ca²⁺ for the reclamation of sodic soils because they are comparatively cheap, generally available and have high gypsum content. The ion solution composition of sodic soils also plays an important role in the reclamation process. The effect of BFGD on the soluble salts composition and chemical properties of sodic soils were studied in a soil column experiment. The experiment consisted of four treatments using two different sodic soils (sodic soil I and sodic soil II) and two BFGD rates. After the application of BFGD and leaching, the soil soluble salts were transformed from sodic salts containing Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃ to neutral salts containing NaCl and Na₂SO₄. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) decreased at all soil depths, and more significantly in the top soil depth. At a depth of 0–40 cm in both sodic soil I and sodic soil II, the SAR, EC and pH were less than 13, 4 dS m⁻¹ and 8.5, respectively. The changes in the chemical properties of the sodic soils reflected the changes in the ion composition of soluble salts. Leaching played a key role in the reclamation process and the reclamation effect was positively associated with the amount of leaching. The soil salts did not accumulate in the top soil layer, but there was a slight increase in the middle and bottom soil depths. The results demonstrate that the reclamation of sodic soils using BFGD is promising.     

深挖垦复对锥栗重要农艺性状及土壤理化性质的影响

为探索锥栗林地高效的土壤管理方式,提升我国锥栗栽培管理技术水平,进而提高其产量、品质以及经济效益。该研究采用全垦和环垦两种方式对锥栗林地进行连续4年的深挖垦复,通过测定垦复前后土壤理化性质变化以及锥栗树体生长、叶片表型和生理特征、结果性状、产量及品质等重要农艺性状,统计数据并进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)深挖垦复对锥栗林地土壤理化性质改善效果显著,两种垦复方式土壤容重较垦复前降低31.21%及以上(0～30 cm处),土壤含水率、土壤孔隙度、有机质含量以及各种大量元素含量较垦复前和对照均有不同程度的增加,土壤肥力及其保水保肥能力显著增强。(2)环垦区土壤有机质含量、有效磷含量以及交换性镁含量高于全垦区,其土壤有机质含量较垦复前增加40.59%,远高于全垦增加幅度(17.76%),从土壤保肥能力的角度来看,环垦效果优于全垦。(3)土壤肥力的提升增强了其对锥栗叶片的供肥能力,使得叶片含水率、叶绿素含量以及各种矿质元素含量显著增加,从而提升其光合作用能力。(4)深挖垦复对锥栗树体生长、结实能力、产量及品质同样具有显著的提升效果,其中全垦和环垦区单位面积产量分别是对照的1.75倍和1.33倍,且栗苞总重、单果质量、出籽率、可溶性糖含量以及磷、钾元素含量显著高于对照,而空苞率显著低于对照。综上,深挖垦复是改良林地土壤和提高锥栗生产力的有效举措。     

Effects of cropland reclamation on soil organic carbon in China's black soil region over the past 35 years

The long-term use of cropland and cropland reclamation from natural ecosystems led to soil degradation. This study investigated the effect of the long-term use of cropland and cropland reclamation from natural ecosystems on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and density over the past 35 years. Altogether, 2140 topsoil samples (0–20 cm) were collected across Northeast China. Landsat images were acquired from 1985 to 2020 through Google Earth Engine, and the reflectance of each soil sample was extracted from the Landsat image that its time was consistent with sampling. The hybrid model that included two individual SOC prediction models for two clustering regions was built for accurate estimation after k-means clustering. The probability hybrid model, a combination between the hybrid model and classification probabilities of pixels, was introduced to enhance the accuracy of SOC mapping. Cropland reclamation results were extracted from the land cover time-series dataset at a 5-year interval. Our study indicated that: (1) Long-term use of cropland led to a 3.07 g kg⁻¹ and 6.71 Mg C ha⁻¹ decrease in SOC content and density, respectively, and the decrease of SOC stock was 0.32 Pg over the past 35 years; (2) nearly 64% of cropland had a negative change in terms of SOC content from 1985 to 2020; (3) cropland reclamation track changed from high to low SOC content, and almost no cropland was reclaimed on the “Black soils” after 2005; (4) cropland reclamation from wetlands resulted in the highest decrease, and reclamation period of years 31–35 decreased when SOC density and SOC stock were 16.05 Mg C ha⁻¹ and 0.005 Pg, respectively, while reclamation period of years 26–30 from forest witnessed SOC density and stock decreases of 8.33 Mg C ha⁻¹ and 0.01 Pg, respectively. Our research results provide a reference for SOC change in the black soil region of Northeast China and can attract more attention to the area of the protection of “Black soils” and natural ecosystems.     

Nitrogen transformation rates are affected by cover soil type but not coarse woody debris application in reclaimed oil sands soils

Forest floor mineral soil mix (FMM) and peat mineral soil mix (PMM) are cover soils commonly used for reclamation of open‐pit oil sands mining disturbed land in northern Alberta, Canada; coarse woody debris (CWD) is another source of organic matter for land reclamation. We investigated net nitrogen (N) transformation rates in FMM and PMM cover soils near and away from CWD 4–6 years after oil sands reclamation. Monthly net nitrification and N mineralization rates varied over time; however, mean rates across the incubation periods and microbial biomass were greater (p < 0.05) in FMM than in PMM. Net N mineralization rates were positively related to soil temperature (p < 0.001) and microbial biomass carbon (p = 0.045). Net N transformation rates and inorganic N concentrations were not affected by CWD; however, the greater ¹⁵N isotope ratio of ammonium near CWD than away from CWD indicates that CWD application increased both gross N mineralization/nitrification (causing N isotope fractionation) and gross N immobilization (no isotopic fractionation). Microbial biomass was greater near CWD than away from CWD, indicating the greater potential for N immobilization near CWD. We conclude that (1) CWD application affected soil microbial properties and would create spatial variability and diverse microsites and (2) cover soil type and CWD application had differential effects on net N transformation rates. Applying FMM with CWD for oil sands reclamation is recommended to increase N availability and microsites.     

Succession of Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in Soil along a Chronosequence of Reclamation and Re-Vegetation on Coal Mine Spoils in China

The growing concern about the effectiveness of reclamation strategies has motivated the evaluation of soil properties following reclamation. Recovery of belowground microbial community is important for reclamation success, however, the response of soil bacterial communities to reclamation has not been well understood. In this study, PCR-based 454 pyrosequencing was applied to compare bacterial communities in undisturbed soils with those in reclaimed soils using chronosequences ranging in time following reclamation from 1 to 20 year. Bacteria from the Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes and Bacteroidetes were abundant in all soils, while the composition of predominant phyla differed greatly across all sites. Long-term reclamation strongly affected microbial community structure and diversity. Initial effects of reclamation resulted in significant declines in bacterial diversity indices in younger reclaimed sites (1, 8-year-old) compared to the undisturbed site. However, bacterial diversity indices tended to be higher in older reclaimed sites (15, 20-year-old) as recovery time increased, and were more similar to predisturbance levels nearly 20 years after reclamation. Bacterial communities are highly responsive to soil physicochemical properties (pH, soil organic matter, Total N and P), in terms of both their diversity and community composition. Our results suggest that the response of soil microorganisms to reclamation is likely governed by soil characteristics and, indirectly, by the effects of vegetation restoration. Mixture sowing of gramineae and leguminosae herbage largely promoted soil geochemical conditions and bacterial diversity that recovered to those of undisturbed soil, representing an adequate solution for soil remediation and sustainable utilization for agriculture. These results confirm the positive impacts of reclamation and vegetation restoration on soil microbial diversity and suggest that the most important phase of microbial community recovery occurs between 15 and 20 years after reclamation.     

Long-Term Effect of Agricultural Reclamation on Soil Chemical Properties of a Coastal Saline Marsh in Bohai Rim,Northern China

Over the past six decades, coastal wetlands in China have experienced rapid and extensive agricultural reclamation. In the context of saline conditions, long-term effect of cultivation after reclamation on soil chemical properties has not been well understood. We studied this issue using a case of approximately 60-years cultivation of a coastal saline marsh in Bohai Rim, northern China. The results showed that long-term reclamation significantly decreased soil organic carbon (SOC) (−42.2%) and total nitrogen (TN) (−25.8%) at surface layer (0–30 cm) as well as their stratification ratios (SRs) (0–5 cm:50–70 cm and 5–10 cm:50–70 cm). However, there was no significant change in total phosphorus (TP) as well as its SRs under cultivation. Cultivation markedly reduced ratios of SOC to TN, SOC to TP and TN to TP at surface layer (0–30 cm) and their SRs (0–5 cm:50–70 cm). After cultivation, electrical conductivity and salinity significantly decreased by 60.1% and 55.3% at 0–100 cm layer, respectively, suggesting a great desalinization. In contrast, soil pH at 20–70 cm horizons notably increased as an effect of reclamation. Cultivation also changed compositions of cations at 0–10 cm layer and anions at 5–100 cm layer, mainly decreasing the proportion of Na⁺, Cl⁻ and SO₄ ²⁻. Furthermore, cultivation significantly reduced the sodium adsorption ratio and exchangeable sodium percentage in plow-layer (0–20 cm) but not residual sodium carbonate, suggesting a reduction in sodium harm.     

江苏沿海滩涂围垦与社会经济发展的耦合关系

沿海滩涂湿地是脆弱的生态敏感区,滩涂围垦是沿海国家和地区拓展土地资源的重要方式之一。近年,沿海地区快速城市化下的滩涂围垦导致了沿海湿地生态系统退化等一系列环境问题。基于环境库兹涅茨曲线（Environmental Kuznets Curve,EKC）模型,以江苏北部沿海湿地为研究区,结合遥感影像和社会经济数据,刻画滩涂围垦过程、强度及社会经济发展过程,揭示近40年江苏沿海滩涂围垦主要类型、阶段性变化特征,阐述滩涂围垦与社会经济发展的耦合关系。研究结果显示,养殖水体扩张是近40年江苏滩涂围垦利用的主要方式;相比养殖水体聚集发展的盐城市,以启东为典型代表的南通市经历了相对较完整的养殖水体的滩涂围垦过程,其养殖水体面积与区域渔业产值存在指数关系,即当人均地区产值达到约9.55万元时,区域渔业产值的增长不再以通过围垦增加养殖水体面积为主要途径;从江苏沿海滩涂围垦来看,滩涂围垦与社会经济发展之间存在典型倒U型曲线关系。苏北滩涂围垦可分为3个阶段,初期阶段（1980-2005年）,滩涂围垦随着经济发展而急剧增加;中期（2005-2014年）,当人均GDP约为3.64×10⁴元时滩涂围垦速度达最大;后期（2014-2018年）,滩涂围垦随着经济发展呈现下降趋势。3个阶段中,单位滩涂围垦面积与人均GDP增长关系由4.11元/km²,17.08元/km²增加至60.77元/km²,呈显著增加的趋势。经济发展,农业和农村经济改革以及国家和地方各级政策均对滩涂围垦具有重要影响。严格的国家环境保护政策将是有效控制滩涂围垦、保护生态环境的重要手段。     

Relationship between soil organic carbon and microbial biomass on chronosequences of reclamation sites

The interrelationship between soil microorganisms and soil organic carbon was studied on an agricultural and on a forest chronosequence of open-pit mine reclamation soils. Thirty years after reclamation, soil carbon levels of 0.8% on the agricultural sites and 1.7% on the forest sites (A-horizon) were reached. Microbial biomass rose very fast to levels characteristic of undisturbed soils. Microbial carbon (C_mier) was 57 mg·100 g^–1 soil after 15 years on the agricultural sites and 43 mg·100 g^–1 on the forest sites. The contribution of C_mier to the total organic carbon (C_org) decreased with time, more rapidly on the forest sites than on the agricultural ones. From the C_mierr/C_org ratio it became evident that both chronosequences had not yet reached a steady state within the 50 years of reclamation. A significant decrease of the metabolic quotient qCO₂ (microbial respiration per unit biomass) with time was observed on the agricultural sites but not on the forest sites. The C_mier/C_org ratio proved to be a reliable soil microbial parameter for describing changes in man-made ecosystems. For evaluating reclamation efforts, the C_mier/C_org ratio can be considered superior to its single components (C_mier or C_org) and to other parameters.     

三江平原湿地开垦对土壤氨基糖积累特征的影响

微生物残体在土壤有机质的形成和稳定过程中发挥着重要作用,但湿地开垦对土壤微生物残体积累特征的影响尚不清楚。本研究以三江平原小叶章湿地为对象,采集原始自然湿地和开垦改种豆科作物后不同耕作年限(5年、10年和25年)的土壤,以氨基糖为微生物残体的标识物,探讨湿地开垦对土壤微生物残体积累特征的影响。结果表明: 自然湿地开垦为农田后显著降低了土壤中氨基糖的含量,且随着开垦年限的增加,氨基糖的损失比例也增加。与自然湿地相比,开垦25年后土壤中的氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖和胞壁酸含量分别下降38.0%、38.1%和35.9%,且在开垦最初5年中细菌来源的胞壁酸下降速率(25.8%)远高于真菌来源的氨基葡萄糖(14.9%),说明短期内湿地开垦对细菌的影响较真菌更加迅速。湿地开垦为农田5、15和25年后,土壤氨基糖总量分别下降21.1%、34.0%和38.0%;同时,氨基糖总量占土壤有机质的比例也受到湿地开垦的显著影响,由自然湿地中的4.8%降至开垦25年后的4.4%。这说明长期湿地开垦加速了土壤有机质中微生物来源有机组分的分解转化,进而改变土壤有机质的组成。这些变化将影响湿地生态系统中土壤有机质的长期稳定和功能演变。     

三种整地措施下尾巨桉人工林碳储量及其分配格局

以不炼山＋人工穴垦、不炼山＋机械带垦和炼山＋机械全垦3种不同整地组合下的2.5年生尾巨桉人工林为对象,对其碳储量及其分配格局进行研究。结果表明：(1)3种整地组合下尾巨桉各器官碳含量平均值为44.37％~57.42％,大小顺序为叶>干>枝>根>皮,带垦最大(51.21％),炼山全垦最小(49.95％);不同整地组合尾巨桉人工林林下地被物层的碳含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);土壤层(0~100 cm)碳含量均随土层深度的增大而减小,各层土壤平均碳含量总体趋势表现为带垦>炼山全垦>穴垦。(2)穴垦、带垦、炼山全垦措施下乔木层总碳储量依次为18.01、30.49和23.56 t.hm-2,各器官碳储量大小顺序为干>根>叶>枝>皮;除皮外,其余器官碳储量排序均为带垦>炼山全垦>穴垦。(3)尾巨桉人工林生态系统的总碳储量表现为带垦(197.03 t.hm-2)>炼山全垦(161.16t.hm-2)>穴垦(144.77 t.hm-2);不同整地措施碳储量分配格局均为土壤层>植被层>枯落物层。土壤层和乔木层碳储量均是带垦最大,在整个生态系统碳储量中处于主导地位,占整个系统碳储量在93％以上;不同整地组合措施对枯落物层的碳储量无显著影响。因此,从提高尾巨桉林分系统碳储量方面考虑,在雷州半岛及相似立地条件地区进行尾巨桉人工林造林时宜采取不炼山＋机械带垦的整地组合方式。     

Soil fungal community variation by large-scale reclamation in Sanjiang plain,China

Large-scale marshland reclamation can cause substantial changes to the soil fungal community by disturbances associated with the growth of crop plants and by the addition of fertilizers and pesticides. In this study, high-throughput sequencing of the fungal-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene region was used to identify fungal taxa. We analyzed the variation in soil fungi diversity and community composition in marshland, paddy, and farmland corn soils, and investigated the relationship between soil fungal community composition and soil physicochemical characteristics to quantify the effect of large-scale reclamation on marshland soil environment in the Sanjiang Plain, northeast China. Marshland soil contained most of the 1997 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) found across all sites (1241), while paddy soil had only 614 OTUs and farmland corn soil 817 OTUs. All reclaimed lands presented a decline in richness and diversity of soil fungi at the OTU level, and soil fungal richness was significantly different between marshland and reclaimed sites (P < 0.05), although it did not differ significantly between marshland and farmland corn sites. Additionally, soil fungal community composition showed different trends and structure after the reclamation. One-way analysis of variance showed Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, and Chytridiomycota composition differed significantly between marshland and reclaimed sites (P < 0.05). Nine dominant genera (relative abundance >1.5% in at least one site) and many unclassified genera showed significant variation between marshland and reclaimed sites, including Blumeria, Tomentella, Peziza, Hypholoma, Zopfiella, Mrakia, and Fusarium. Soil fungal community composition and diversity were affected by soil moisture, pH, total carbon (C), available nitrogen (N), soil organic carbon, soil dissolved organic carbon, and C/N (the ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen). The present results contribute to understanding the fungal community in marshland ecosystems, and the role of environmental variability as a predictor of fungal community composition.     

Dominant drivers of plant community assembly vary by soil type and time in reclaimed forests

Information on plant community assembly mechanisms is limited on forest reclamation sites after mining in the Canadian boreal forest. We assessed the change in plant community composition after Year 2 and Year 5 on species-rich forest floor mineral mix (FFMM) and species-poor peat mineral mix (PMM) reclamation soils by examining assembly mechanisms, i.e., seed bank, seed rain, biotic dispersal, vegetative expansion, and competition. Initial plant cover and diversity were greater on FFMM due to non-native species originating from the seed bank, which had 5× more seeds in the FFMM. By Year 5, both soil types had approximately 40% cover and 80 species richness due to the addition of wind and biotic-dispersed species and were characterized by a shift towards native species. Native forbs using vegetative reproduction expanded up to 2 m from FFMM into PMM. At Year 5 competition does not seem to have a large role in the structuring of the vegetation community. Overall, multiple factors were involved in structuring plant communities on reclamation sites, but we observed a general convergence between plant communities on different soil types in a relatively short period of time.

     

不同垦复方式油茶林土壤节肢动物多样性特征

【目的】油茶新造林特别是纯林不断骤增导致油茶林害虫发生日趋严重,食用茶油安全倍受威胁。为探索有效控制油茶林害虫发生的途径,保护分解者跳虫等土壤节肢动物多样性。【方法】基于Tullgren干漏斗法和巴氏罐法,对半垦复油茶幼林、全垦复油茶幼林、全垦复油茶成林和未垦复油茶成林4种不同油茶林的20个土样和15个凋落物样中的土壤跳虫和土壤其他节肢动物多样性特征进行了研究。【结果】共分离出跳虫315头,隶属6科8属;其他土壤节肢动物11科17种295头。多样性分析结果表明,油茶成林地比幼林地土壤动物的多样性指数高,多样化的地被物有利于提高土壤动物的多样性,垦复和施肥等人为干扰显著地降低土壤跳虫的多样性,却有利于增加罐诱土壤动物的多样性,水源是土壤动物生存的关键因子,对林地跳虫和罐诱动物的多样性提高有显著促进作用。【结论】探明了不同垦复类型油茶林土壤跳虫和土壤其他罐诱节肢动物多样性特征,对合理开展油茶林垦复,发挥油茶林土壤跳虫和土壤节肢动物分解功能提供了科学依据。     

Coarse Woody Debris Increases Microbial Community Functional Diversity but not Enzyme Activities in Reclaimed Oil Sands Soils

Forest floor mineral soil mix (FMM) and peat mineral soil mix (PMM) are cover soils commonly used for upland reclamation post open-pit oil sands mining in northern Alberta, Canada. Coarse woody debris (CWD) can be used to regulate soil temperature and water content, to increase organic matter content, and to create microsites for the establishment of microorganisms and vegetation in upland reclamation. We studied the effects of CWD on soil microbial community level physiological profile (CLPP) and soil enzyme activities in FMM and PMM in a reclaimed landscape in the oil sands. This experiment was conducted with a 2 (FMM vs PMM) × 2 (near CWD vs away from CWD) factorial design with 6 replications. The study plots were established with Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen) CWD placed on each plot between November 2007 and February 2008. Soil samples were collected within 5 cm from CWD and more than 100 cm away from CWD in July, August and September 2013 and 2014. Microbial biomass was greater (p<0.05) in FMM than in PMM, in July, and August 2013 and July 2014, and greater (p<0.05) near CWD than away from CWD in FMM in July and August samplings. Soil microbial CLPP differed between FMM and PMM (p<0.01) according to a principal component analysis and CWD changed microbial CLPP in FMM (p<0.05) but not in PMM. Coarse woody debris increased microbial community functional diversity (average well color development in Biolog Ecoplates) in both cover soils (p<0.05) in August and September 2014. Carbon degrading soil enzyme activities were greater in FMM than in PMM (p<0.05) regardless of distance from CWD but were not affected by CWD. Greater microbial biomass and enzyme activities in FMM than in PMM will increase organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, improving plant growth. Enhanced microbial community functional diversity by CWD application in upland reclamation has implications for accelerating upland reclamation after oil sands mining.     

下辽河平原潮棕壤不同粒级碳和氮分布研究

采用具有不同开垦年限的0～20和20～40 cm耕层土壤,对其不同粒级的有机碳和全N分布进行了研究.结果表明,在0～20和20～40 cm耕层,＜0.002 mm粒级的有机碳含量最高,＜0.02 mm粒级含量次之,＜0.2 mm粒级含量最少.土壤全N的粒级分布规律与有机碳基本相同.在同一粒级中,有机碳和全N的各粒级分布与开垦年限没有明显的相关性.各粒级的有机碳与全N相关性极显著,在＜0.2 mm粒级的相关系数为0.74,在＜0.02 mm和＜0.002 mm分别达到了0.94和0.91.     

围填海景观格局演变及存量资源分析——以大连长兴岛附近海域为例

以大连市长兴岛附近海域为研究区域,收集1995年、2000年Landsat TM遥感影像及2005年、2010年、2016年高分辨率遥感影像,分析20年来研究区围填海的动态空间分布及景观格局变化特征,建立面向对象的围填海存量资源分类提取方法,并构建围填海存量资源指数,对长兴岛围填海存量资源状况进行分析,得出以下结论:(1)长兴岛附近海域围填海年动态变化在2010—2016年间幅度最大;长兴岛东南部为围填海动态变化的主要区域。(2)整个区域在监测期内表现出多种围填海小型斑块被整合,大型斑块积极向外扩展的发展态势,区域内景观表现出多样性和复杂性增加而优势度减小的趋势。(3)长兴岛附近海域围填海总体利用效率较低,填而未建区域面积最大,其次为围而未填区域及低效工业城镇用海类型,围填海存量资源总面积达到22008.5 hm~2。     

An Evaluation of Reclamation Success on Idaho's Phosphate Mines

To evaluate reclamation success on the Wooley Valley phosphate mine in southeastern Idaho, we compared vegetation structure and soil physical, chemical, and elemental properties of several different reclamation treatments with those of a nearby reference area (a native Artemisia tridentata vaseyana/Festuca idahoensis association) after 14 years. Vegetation data had been collected four years after reclamation, and we were able to compare differences in biomass and species composition between dates on the reclaimed area. Four years after reclamation there were no differences in total biomass between topsoil or spoil or between seed only, seed + mulch, or control treatments on the different soil types. Most treatments were dominated by seeded perennial grasses. Fourteen years after reclamation there were no differences in biomass or cover between spoil and topsoil plots, but on spoil plots the seeded and mulched treatment had higher total biomass and vegetation cover than on control or seed-only treatments. The seeded perennial legume Medicago sativa was codominant with the seeded forage grasses on all of the treatments. High initial fertilization rates probably facilitated the early establishment and dominance of the forage grasses; once nutrient levels, especially nitrogen, began to decline, the legume increased in abundance. Similarity between the reclaimed area and the reference or native area was low. Reclaimed treatments had higher biomass but lower species richness. The topsoil and spoil plots had similar soil texture, bulk density, pH, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, and phosphorus. Differences in organic carbon, total nitrogen, carbon: nitrogen ratios, and available moisture were related more to treatments than to soil type. High biomass and, thus, litter input on the seed + mulch treatment on spoil plots resulted in both higher OC and TN than any on other soil/treatment combination. The reclaimed area had lower OC, TN, and available moisture than did the reference area on all but seed + mulch spoil plots. Bulk density was higher on reclaimed plots. The long-term differences observed between the reclaimed and reference areas parallel those obtained for other western reclamation sites. Although successional trajectories depend on the attribute measured, similarity to native reference areas depends on the initial reclamation methods. We discuss reclamation methods that would increase the structural and functional similarity of reclaimed and reference areas on the Wooley Valley phosphate mine.