Study of the immunotropic activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics

The action of some aminoglycoside antibiotics on the immune system was studied on both intact mice and the animals with immune deficiency caused by administration of cyclophosphamide. The following tests were used: local hemolysis (the Herne test), lymphocyte transformation (LT), delayed hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells and the local graft versus host reaction (GVHR). Amikacin was shown to have no significant action on the activity of lymphocytes in the intact mice and stimulated both cellular (LT and GVHR) and humoral (the Herne test) immunity in the animals with lowered immunological reactivity. Sisomicin had no significant action on the immune system of the animals. Gentamicin suppressed the immune response only in the intact mice. Kanamycin and streptomycin induced inhibition of humoral and cellular immunity in both the intact mice and animals with immune deficiency. On the basis of the results it was concluded that gentamicin, amikacin and sisomicin may be used in the treatment of diseases developing in the presence of immune deficiency whereas streptomycin and kanamycin should be recommended when inhibition of the immunity is needed.     

Effect of an interferon preparation on increasing bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics

Under the effect of human leukocytic alpha-interferon-II for injections there was observed an increase in sensitivity of bacteria to benzylpenicillin, ristomycin, novobiocin, streptomycin, kanamycin, monomycin and erythromycin. A higher antibacterial effect of the penicillin and erythromycin was recorded only with respect to initially resistant strains of staphylococci. For the antibiotic resistant strains of staphylococci the MICs of the penicillin and erythromycin decreased on the average 17.8 and 208 times (p less than 0.001) respectively. The interferon had no effect on sensitivity of bacteria to chloramphenicol.     

The sensitivity to 12 antibiotics of 125 strains of Streptococcus group B isolated in a maternity home

Sensitivity of 125 strains of group B streptococci isolated from newborns, their mothers and personnel in a maternity home was studied with respect to 12 antibiotics: benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, cephalotin, erythromycin, lincomycin, levomycetin (chloramphenicol), oxacillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin and ristomycin. The method of serial dilutions in a solid medium was applied. All the strains were sensitive to ristomycin and erythromycin. The predominating number of the strains were sensitive to lincomycin, levomycetin and the beta-lactam antibiotics. Strains resistant or moderately resistant to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, methicillin and cephalotin were detected. The majority of the strains were resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline and gentamicin. Multiple antibiotic resistance with 2-7 determinants was revealed in 11.2 per cent of the strains. The antibiotic sensitivity of the strains isolated from the newborns, their mothers and the personnel in the maternity home was on the whole similar or insignificantly differed.     

Biological properties of sherry yeasts in the presence of antimicrobial preparations

The wine yeasts Cheres were not sensitive to high concentration (500 gamma/ml) of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, morphocycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, monomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin, ampicillin, oxacillin, methicillin, ceporin, ristomycin, levomycetin, furadonin and furazolidone. In concentrations of 50 to 500 gamma-ml oleadomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, kanamycin and ristomycin inhibited synthesis of the Cheres yeast biomass. Benzylpenicillin, polymyxin, neomycin and ampicillin in concentrations of 50 to 100 gamma/ml had a stimulating effect on the yeast biomass synthesis.     

Sensitivity of Sherman's propionic acid bacilli to antibacterial preparations and vitamin B12 synthesis

Sherman propionic acid bacilli were sensitive to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, ceporin, tetracyclines, oleandomycin, oletetrin, tetraolean, sigmamycin, levomycetin and furadonine. Methicillin, oxacillin, monomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin and furazolidone had an insignificant effect on the above organism. The subbacteriostatic concentrations of methicillin, oxacillin, streptomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, tetraolean, sigmamycin, polymyxin M and ristomycin increased the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 by Sherman propionic acid bacilli, while benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, tetracyclines, oleandomycin, oletetrin, levomycetin and furadonine in the subbacteriostatic concentrations inhibited this process.     

Antibiotic sensitivity of plague microbe strains from foreign countries]

The method of serial dilutions on the Hottinger agar was applied to comparative assay of antibiotic sensitivity in 50 strains of the plague microbe isolated abroad and in 5 strains isolated in the plague focus in the Central Caucasus. The antibiotics used in the assay were the following: streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, monomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, ristomycin, lincomycin and polymyxin M. Irrespective of the origin, all the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, lincomycin and polymyxin M. The levels of the sensitivity to the other antibiotics were different. The data serve as a ground for the statement that there is no tendency to development of antibiotic resistance in the plague microbe in patients treated with high doses of the antibiotics and mainly streptomycin. Along with streptomycin, such antibiotics as gentamicin, tetracycline, doxycycline and kanamycin are useful in the therapy of plague and require further investigation.     

Frequency of R Factor-mediated Multiple Drug Resistance in Klebsiella and Aerobacter

A comparative study was done on the transfer frequency of R factors from 90 strains of multiple drug-resistant Aerobacter and 81 strains of Klebsiella to Escherichia coli CSH-2 (F(-), met(-), pro(-), Nal-r). The most common resistance patterns for the Aerobacter isolants were ampicillin streptomycin chloramphenicol tetracycline and ampicillin streptomycin chloramphenicol tetracycline kanamycin neomycin; for the Klebsiella isolants, the most common resistance pattern was ampicillin kanamycin streptomycin tetracycline chloramphenicol neomycin. R factors were isolated from 14.1% of the Aerobacter strains; 61.5% of these R factors harbored R determinants for ampicillin streptomycin tetracycline. R factors were isolated from 79.1% of the Klebsiella strains; four R factors were isolated with significant frequency; streptomycin chloramphenicol kanamycin neomycin, 37.5%; ampicillin streptomycin tetracycline kanamycin neomycin, 14.1%; ampicillin streptomycin tetracycline, 12.5%; and streptomycin chloramphenicol tetracycline, 12.5%.Chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and neomycin resistance was rarely transferred from the Aerobacter strains, although over 50% of the clinical isolants possessed resistance to these antibiotics. In contrast, over 75% of the Klebsiella strains transferred resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin. Highest frequency of transferred resistance to individual drugs in the Aerobacter strains was to streptomycin (14.8%), whereas in the Klebsiella group resistance to four drugs was transferred at a very high frequency: streptomycin (80.8%), chloramphenicol (78.5%), kanamycin (76.4%), and neomycin (75.9%).     

Antibiotic sensitivity of the causative agents of suppurative surgical infection]

Sensitivity of 1492 strains of the causative agents of the surgical purulent infections, i. e. pathogenic Staphylococcus, Proteus, Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, levomycetin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, novobiocin, ampicillin, oxacillin, ceporin, gentamicin and rifampicin was studied. Gentamicin was most active against all the bacterial species tested. The staphylococci were in addition sensitive in a high percentage of the cases to rifampicin, novobiocin, ceporin, monomycin and kanamycin. The isolates of E. coli were in addition sensitive to ceporin, monomycin and kanamycin. Sensitivity of the strains of Ps. aeruginosa and Proteus was low to all of the antibiotics except gentamycin. Most of the strains of the causative agents of the surgical purulent infections were multiresistant to 4 antibiotics. The number of the staphylococcal strains sensitive to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and levomycetin increased in 1976 as compared to 1975 on the background of a limited use of these antibiotics in clinics.     

Experimental study of histamine-liberating properties of eremomycin

Eremomycin, a new glycopeptide antibiotic showed the same as ristomycin, polymyxins B and M and kanamycin histamine liberating properties. Liberation of endogenic histamine induced destructive lesions on the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. The most pronounced lesions were observed after intraperitoneal administration of the antibiotic. When eremomycin was administered intravenously or subcutaneously the affection of the gastrointestinal tract epithelium was less pronounced. After subplantar administration of the antibiotics pad edema in albino rats was observed. The most pronounced edema was after the use of ristomycin and the polymyxins. After the use of eremomycin and kanamycin it was at the average 2 times less pronounced. Preliminary administration of dimedrol decreased intensity of the pad edema induced by the antibiotics.     

Effect of hydroacridine derivatives on the sensitivity of polyresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to antibiotics]

Sensitivity of 4 clinical strains of Staph. aureus and E. coli to 13 hydroacridine derivatives and their combinations with antibiotics, such as benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, semi-synthetic penicillins, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, monomycin, oleandomycin and erythromycin was studied. The highest bacteriostatic effect was observed on the use of perhydroactidine derivatives with benzylpenicillin or ampicillin with respect to polyresistant penicillinase-producing strains of Staph. aureus, resistance of which to these antibiotics was decreased 250--1000 times. Under the effect of the above compounds the staphylococcal resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oleandomycine and erythromycin decreased 2--66 times. The combinations of hydroacridine with the antibiotics, except 10-amino-trans-syn-trans-perhydroacridine had no effect on the resistance of the E. coli strains. The results of the combined effect of the above substances were associated with their chemical nature, the bacterial type and possibly the character of the strain resistance.     

Antibiotic interaction with proteolytic enzymes]

The effect of penicillin, tetracycline, aminoglucozide antibiotics and streptomycin on BAEE-esterase activity of trypsin was studied. It was found that benzylpenicillin in amounts of 50, 100 and 300 mg, ampicillin in an amount of 25 mg, methicillin in an amount of 12 mg and tetracycline in an amount of 2.5 mg as calculated per 1 mg of trypsin had no effect in vitro on the esterase activity of the enzyme. Neomycin, kanamycin and streptomycin in amounts of 5, 10, 100 or 300 mg per 1 mg of trypsin catalyzed splitting of BAEE by trypsin. When the antibiotics were added to the bile, its esterase activity increased. Preliminary intramuscular administration of trypsin and kanamycin to the rats had no effect on the ampicillin levels in the blood serum and brain and did not affect the permeability of the hemato-encephalic barrier as compared to the use of trypsin alone.     

Permeability of an actinomycoma for ristomycin (experimental studies)

In vitro studies showed that ristomycin was the most active against actinomycetes causing actinomycosis as compared to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, methicillin and lincomycin. The growth of the test microbes was inhibited by ristomycin in concentrations of 61--122 mg/ml. Since ristomycin was the most active against actinomycetes, its levels in the blood, parenchymatous organs, capsule and pus of actinomycomas of 5 rabbits infected wtih actino nycosis in the submaxillary area were determined. In the control healthy rabbit, the ristomycin levels were determined in the blood and organs. Ristomycin was administered intravenously in a single dose of 7000 mg/kg. Its concentrations in the animals were determined in 2.5 hours. The results of the experiments showed that ristomycin penetrated in therapeutic concentrations into the connective tissue capsule of actinomycoma. As for the other antibiotics tested earlier, they failed to penetrate this barrier. In 3 infected rabbits, ristomycin penetrated even the pus contained in actinomycoma. Ristomycin provides therapeutic concentrations in the disease focus and may produce a satisfactory therapeutic effect in treatment of actinomycosis.     

Cross-resistance in Cell Lines of Nicotiana sylvestris Selected for Resistance to Individual Antibiotics

Cell lines initially selected for resistance to the antibioticskanamycin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol, were each testedfor resistance to several different antibiotics. Only the kanamycinresistant lines showed any cross-resistance to other antibiotics.The three lines tested were resistant to streptomycin and neomycin,while one of them, KR103, was also resistant to chloramphenicolearly in its history, although this resistance was subsequentlylost. None of the lines showed any resistance to cycloheximide. Nicotiana sylvestris, cell culture, cross-resistance, antibiotics, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, neomycin, cycloheximide, cytoplasmic mutants, callus     

Sensitivity of Proteus hauseri bacteria to chemotherapeutic preparations depending on the cultivation conditions and on the composition of the nutrient medium]

Sensitivity of 227 Proteus strains isolated from patients was studied comparatively using the agar-diffusion method (disks) and the method of serial dilutions. Marked differences in the numbers of the strains resistant to benzylpenicillin and chloramphenicol were found with the above methods. It was shown that the ingredients of Ploskirev's medium significantly (by 2.8--13.5 times) inhibited the antibacterial activity of streptomycin, neomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin and nalidixic acid and had practically no effect on the activity of benzylpenicillin, chloramphenicol and furazolidone. The values of the MIC of the drugs used in the experiment with liquid media correlated with those obtained with Sabouro's medium, which provided recommendation of the latter for determination of Proteus sensitivity by the method of serial dilutions in the solid medium, Cultivation of Proteus at a temperature of 40 degrees C resulted in a decrease of the resistance to most of the drugs tested by (by 3--12.4 times).     

Effect of antibiotics on the resistance of white mice to C1. perfringens toxin]

The effect of potassium benzylpenicillin, streptomycin sulfate and chlortetracycline on experimental gangrenous intoxication was studied. When the antibiotics were injected before intoxication, the albino mice resistance did not significantly change. When the antibiotics were injected immediately after the toxin administration, the resistance of the test animals markedly decreased.     

Antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial microflora from the sputum of children with acute pneumonia]

Bacteriological analysis of sputum of 598 children with acute pneumonia was performed. Sensivity of 1348 cultures belonging to 8 bacterial species with respect to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, neomycin and monomycin was determined. It was shown that the sputum microflora was often resistant to the antibiotics widely used in the medical practice for prolonged periods of time, such as benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines. However, it usually remained sunsitive to neomycin, monomycin, erythromycin and oleandomycin. It was found that antibioticogrammes defining the antibiotic choice were of great significance for therapy of acute pneumonia.     

Sensitivity of 56 strains of Streptococcus group B to 12 antibiotics: its determination by dilution and diffusion in agar

Sensitivity of 56 streptococcal strains of group B to 12 antibiotics was studied with the method of dilution in a special solid medium for cultivation of streptococci and with the method of agar diffusion in the same medium. All the strains were found to be sensitive to chloramphenicol, ristomycin and erythromycin. The predominating majority of the strains were sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics and lincomycin. All the strains were resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as streptomycin and gentamicin. More than 85 per cent of the strains were resistant to tetracycline. Strains with multiple resistance to 2-7 antibiotics were detected. Satisfactory correlation between the two methods was observed. It was shown to be clinically advisable to determine the sensitivity of streptococci of group B to beta-lactam antibiotics, erythromycin and lincomycin.     

眼点拟微绿球藻对抗生素的敏感性及其无菌藻株的培养

研究了5种抗生素在不同浓度下对眼点拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis ocutala)生长的影响。结果表明:浓度为50μg·mL^-1时,氯霉素对眼点拟微绿球藻生长的抑制作用最明显,抑制率高达85.30%,2d和4d的Ic₅₀分别为293.64μg·mL^-1和67.69μg·mL^-1。其次为青霉素、硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸卡那霉素,4d的抑制率分别为8.95%、7.62%和3.84%,其中硫酸庆大霉素2d的Ic₅₀为316.40μg·mL^-1。链霉素对藻细胞生长的抑制作用最轻,抑制率仅为3%。按照抗生素对眼点拟微绿球藻生长抑制作用,由强到弱依次加入50μg·mL^-1青霉素,50μg·mL^-1硫酸庆大霉素,100μg·mL^-1硫酸卡那霉素和50μg·mL^-1链霉素,获得了无菌藻株。     

Effect of antibiotics on the secretion and percentage yield of lysozyme from human blood monocytes

The effect of various doses of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, cephaloridine (ceporin) and exogenic lysozyme on stability of lysozyme binding to lysosomal membranes of human blood monocytes was studied with the procedure developed by the authors which included estimation of the secreted and total lysozyme and evaluation of the stability index of the lysosomal membranes (SILM). Investigation of the changes in the blood monocyte membrane stability was conducted with constant and short-term (60 minutes) exposure to the antibiotics followed by their through elimination. It was noted all the antibiotics increased the SILM which was evident of labilization of the monocyte lysosomal membranes with respect to lysozyme. However, the mechanism of labilization with respect to various antibiotics was different judging from the amount of the secreted and total lysozyme. Labilization under the effect of benzylpenicillin and streptomycin was most probably due to changes in the lysozyme functional activity in the presence of these antibiotics and that under the effect of exogenic lysozyme was probably due to penetration into the monocytes and simultaneous impairment of the monocyte secretory activity. Cephaloridine had the labilizing effect by inhibition of the lysozyme intracellular synthesis.     

Ability of vancomycin-group antibiotics to induce or to inhibit thrombocyte agglutination

The effect of 4 vancomycin antibiotics on factor VIII-dependent agglutination of thrombocytes was studied. Significant similarity, both quantitative and qualitative, between ristocetin and ristomycin was found. In this connection ristomycin may be used for determination of the so-called ristocetin cofactor. Actinoidin and vancomycin inhibited agglutination of platelets induced by ristocetin or ristomycin in platelet-enriched plasma with citrate or EDTA the same as in the system contaning platelets treated with formalin and did not inhibit agglutination induced by the bovine factor VIII. The 4 antibiotics induced precipitation of the plasma protein. Vancomycin was most active and actinoidin ws lest active in this respect. Ristocetin and ristomycin also possessed such capacity, the effect of the latter being higher. Actinoidin and vancomycin did not prevent the immediate effect of light absorption increasing due to addition of ristocetin or ristomycin to fixed platelets in concentrations completely inhibiting agglutination of platelets in the presence of the protein cofactor. Inhibition of this direct effect of ristocetin and ristomycin was observd only at higher concentrations, which indicated that this effect was not probably associated with agglutination. The results of the study on various ristomycin derivatives showed that methylated carboxylic groups and free hydroxyls of phenol may play the main role in ristomycin binding with the thrombocytic membrane and/or protein cofactor.