暖冬条件下播期对不同类型小麦幼穗分化的影响

对3个不同类型小麦品种在不同播期下的幼穗分化进程及受冻情况进行了系统观察和研究。结果表明,在气候变暖,秋、冬温度较高的情况下,小麦幼穗分化进入各时期的时间早晚为强春性品种>春性品种>半冬性品种;播期对小麦幼穗分化的伸长期、单棱期和二棱期持续时间长短影响较大;在早播的情况下。春性越强的小麦品种,越冬前幼穗分化发育速度越快,达到的发育阶段越高,越冬期间越容易被冻死。据此,提出在河南气候变暖,秋、冬温度较高的情况下,首先在生产上要选用半冬性品种,适当搭配晚播早熟的春性品种;其次,无论半冬性品种或春性品种。播种期都不宜过早。     

小麦幼穗分化及抗寒性杂种优势研究

对６个不同生态类型小麦品种及其完全双列杂交Ｆ１的穗分化特点及抗寒性进行比较研究,结果表明,杂种在穗分化进程上存在明显“倾早现象”：但杂种的抗寒性强弱由其抗寒性强的亲本起主导作用,不同生态类型品种间杂交,有可能选育出幼穗分化早,越冬性好的强优势组织。     

辐射处理对冷季型草幼穗分化的影响

以C60Or射线对一年生黑麦草(品种:冠军)、多年生黑麦草(品种:爱神特)、早熟禾(品种:歌来德)及高羊茅(品种:知音)4个禾本科草坪草干种子进行辐照,剂量分别是15000rad(处理Ⅰ)、25000rad(处理Ⅱ)、35000rad(处理Ⅲ).播种生长后,田间取样观察;实验结果表明,所用剂量对冷季型草的幼穗分化进程影响不大,相对而言高剂量对多年生黑麦草的生殖生长有一定延长作用.     

玻璃温室与田间栽培小麦幼穗分化的比较

以河南省大面积种植的弱春性品种"郑麦9023"及半冬性品种"周麦18"为材料,开展了玻璃温室和田间栽培条件下小麦幼穗分化进程的比较研究。结果表明,在小麦全生育期,玻璃温室内平均温度高于田间环境,小麦幼穗分化所需时间极显著低于田间环境(P < 0.01)。温度和0 ℃以上积温升高,小麦幼穗分化进程加快。与田间种植小麦相比,玻璃温室内小麦幼穗分化缩短的时期主要集中在分化前期(出苗-伸长期、单棱期、二棱期)。玻璃温室内小麦幼穗分化持续时间和总积温均随播期推迟而降低,幼穗分化各阶段出现时间亦随播期的推迟而后延。小麦幼穗分化进程存在品种间差异,其中"郑麦9023"幼穗分化持续时间小于"周麦18",各阶段出现的时间亦早于"周麦18"。温度对幼穗分化各时期的影响存在品种间差异。温度升高对"郑麦9023"幼穗分化中期(二棱期、护颖分化期、小花分化期)影响较大,对"周麦18"幼穗分化前期和后期(单棱期、二棱期、药隔分化期)影响较大。积温对"郑麦9023"护颖分化期和"周麦18"药隔分化期、二棱期影响较大。     

小麦不同生理状态的幼穗和幼胚盾片与诱导分化能力关系的研究

用植物组织培养的方法,研究了冬小麦品种鄂恩1号和品系鄂55072不同生理状态的幼穗和幼胚盾片与诱导分化的关系。结果表明,长度在0.4-2.0cm间的幼穗和直径在0.4-1.5mm间的盾片随生理状态不同,其诱导和分化频率有明显的差异,幼嫩的材料再生频率较高。经SAS统计分析,发现0.5-1.0cm长的幼穗和直径为0.4-1.1mm的盾片是处于诱导分化的最佳生理时期的实验材料,平均每个胚性愈伤组织的植株再生分别达到3.17和5.63株。通过比较幼穗和幼胚盾片的植物组织培养结果,发现幼胚盾片比幼穗愈伤组织出现早,生长快,植株再生绿苗率高,这表明小麦幼胚盾片是较好的植物组织培养的材料。     

幼穗分化期喷施磷钾肥对早稻抵御低温及产量和生理特性的影响

以超级杂交早稻品种淦鑫203为材料,以叶面喷清水为对照(CK),设置0.1%(P1)、0.3%(P3)和0.5%(P5)3个浓度的磷酸二氢钾以及撒施草木灰(MH)处理,研究了双季早稻幼穗分化期遭遇低温条件下喷施磷钾肥对水稻叶温、产量和生理特性的影响.结果表明: 低温期间6:00—18:00所有时间段,喷施磷酸二氢钾和草木灰的稻株叶片温度均高于CK;低温胁迫下各处理稻株叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率均逐渐降低,以P3处理降低幅度最小;各处理抗氧化酶活性产生不同程度的变化,P3处理的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升幅度均高于其余处理,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低幅度低于其余处理;低温处理结束后,以CK处理的丙二醛(MDA)含量最高;低温胁迫下喷施磷酸二氢钾和草木灰处理均能不同程度提高植株干物质积累,达到减缓产量降低的效果,其中以P3处理最佳;从产量结构上看,各处理较CK每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重均有明显改善.叶面喷施0.3%磷酸二氢钾是增强双季超级杂交早稻幼穗分化期低温抵御能力的较为实用的农艺措施.     

糖蜜草（Melinis minutiflora Beauv．）幼穗分化发育．及花和果实形态的研究

本文对糖密草（ＭｅｌｉｎｉｓｍｉｎｕｔｉｆｌｏｒａＢｅａｕｖ．）的幼穗分化发育及花和果实的形态作了研究,将幼穗分化发育过程划分为以下九个时期：第一苞原基形成期;第一次枝梗原基形成期;第二、三次枝梗原基形成期;小穗及颖花原基形成期;雌、雄蕊原基形成期;花粉母细胞形成期;花粉母细胞减数分裂期;花粉充实期;花粉成熟期。全过程历时约需４２ｄ．从抽穗到颖果成熟约需５０ｄ。糖蜜草的花序为圆锥花序。每花序有可育花２０００—３０００朵．小穗是由小穗轴、内外颖片、不育花外稃和小花构成。小花包括有内外稃各一片、一鳞被、雄蕊三枚和一枚雌蕊,颖果千粒重为９１ｍｇ。     

广适性光温敏不育系Y58S幼穗分化期耐冷性表现及生理机制

为了阐明水稻光温敏不育系幼穗分化期耐冷的形态生理机制,以耐冷不育系Y58S和4个生产上常用光温敏不育系为试验材料,研究了低温胁迫(17.5℃,10 d)下结实率、穗部形态、株高、光合特性以及抗氧化物酶系统等的变化。结果表明,低温胁迫下Y58S的幼穗分化期耐冷性在5个不育系中最强,与敏感的C815S和株1S相比,Y58S表现为株高和穗长降低幅度较小,保持较高结实率;光合作用受低温影响不显著,SPAD值、光合速率等光合指标无显著变化;SOD、POD活性降低幅度较小,MDA含量、相对电导率增幅较小。     

小麦穗分化期间叶片和幼穗含糖量及转化酶活力的变化

小麦穗分化期间叶片中酸性转化酶和总糖含量随小花分化总数的增加而增加,还原糖含量在小花出现前递增,小花出现后变化不明显。幼穗中酸性转化酶较稳定,其酶活力和成熟时的粒数显著相关(r=0.7488~*)。幼穗的总糖含量及幼穗鲜重随小花分化进程加快呈对数曲线上升。还原糖含量很低,且变化不大。     

Efficacy of neem pesticides on whorl larva,stem-borer and panicle insect pests of sorghum in Nigeria

Two field trials were conducted from 2003 to 2005 on the effects of neem pesticides on whorl larva, stem-borer and panicle pests of sorghum. In the first trial (2003–2004) the effect of neem seed granules (NSG) and carbofuran (furadan 3G®) inserted into the sorghum whorl at 30, 40 and 50 days after sowing (DAS) were tested on whorl larva, stem borer and grain yield. Results showed that NSG and carbofuran significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced whorl larva feeding, leaf puncturing and chaffy panicle, and significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increased grain yield compared with untreated check. In the second trial, (2004–2005), aqueous neem seed extract (ANSE), neem seed oil (NSO) and deltamethrin (Decis 12 EC®) were sprayed at anthesis and grain filling stages. Results also showed that the three pesticides significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced insect damage and also significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increased grain yield by 28.3% (deltamethrin), 19.4% (NSO) and 17.9% (ANSE) above the yield of check. It is suggested that neem pesticides may be suitable as alternatives to synthetic pesticides for the management of sorghum whorl larva, stem borers and panicle insect pests in the Nigerian Sudan savannah.     

高光谱植被指数与水稻叶面积指数的定量关系

基于不同水稻品种、施氮水平和不同生育期下的大田试验,确立了水稻叶面积指数（LAI）与冠层光谱特征参数的定量关系.结果表明：水稻叶面积指数与部分高光谱植被指数存在良好的相关性,其中原始光谱组成的2波段差值指数（DI）形式相关性最好,其次为比值（RI）和归一化（NI）植被指数.相关最好的原始光谱植被指数是由近红外波段组成的差值指数DI(854,760),相关最好的一阶导数光谱植被指数是红光和近红外光组成的导数差值指数DI(D₆₇₆, D₇₇₈),但总体上导数光谱指数不如原始光谱指数与LAI关系密切.独立试验数据检验结果表明,以差值指数DI(854,760)为变量建立的水稻LAI监测模型具有较好的表现,可用于水稻LAI的估测.     

Resistance in sorghum to shoot fly Atherigona soccata: Evidence for the source of leaf surface wetness

Leaf surface wetness (LSW) of the central whorl leaf of sorghum seedlings has been associated with susceptibility to shoot fly. Previous physical and physiological evidence suggested that LSW originates from the plant. This was confirmed by radioactive labelling methods using tritium and carbon-14. Tritiated water applied to the soil of potted seedlings was translocated to the surface of the whorl leaf. There were significant differences in the amount of tritiated water collected from susceptible (CSH 5) and resistant (IS 18551) genotypes. Studies with carbon-14 labelling of sorghum seedlings indicated the presence of (small amounts of) solutes in the surface water that may affect larval movement and survival.     

Effect of sowing date on the temperature response of leaf emergence and leaf size in barley

Abstract Rate of leaf emergence of barley grown in the field in each of 2 years was affected by sowing date and, where direct comparisons were possible, it was found that leaves on late-sown plants emerged more quickly. Rate of leaf emergence fluctuated throughout the season, slowing almost to zero in the winter. Much of this variation in rate was removed when the number of leaves was plotted against accumulated temperature rather than time. When emergence rates for each sowing were calculated using a common base temperature they were found to be well correlated with rate of change of daylength. However, it was (bund that base temperature as well as temperature response was affected by date of sowing. The pattern of change of size of leaves was also affected by date of sowing. It appeared that in low temperatures and short days, there was no increase in leaf size from leaf position to leaf position. The responses of leaf emergence, extension and final size to date of sowing appear to adapt the plant to grow quickly when sown early but to cease growth and possibly frost-harden at low temperatures.     

Decline of photosynthetic capacity with leaf age in relation to leaf longevities for five tropical canopy tree species

The effect of leaf aging on photosynthetic capacities was examined for upper canopy leaves of five tropical tree species in a seasonally dry forest in Panama. These species varied in mean leaf longevity between 174 and 315 d, and in maximum leaf life span between 304 and 679 d. The light-saturated CO2 exchange rates of leaves produced during the primary annual leaf flush measured at 7-8 mo of age were 33-65% of the rates measured at 1-2 mo of age for species with leaf life span of < 1 yr. The negative regression slopes of photosynthetic capacity against leaf age were steeper for species with shorter maximum leaf longevity. In all species, regression slopes were less steep than the slopes predicted by assuming a linear decline toward the maximum leaf age (20-80% of the predicted decline rate). Maximum oxygen evolution rates and leaf nitrogen content declined faster with age for species with shorter leaf life spans. Statistical significance of regression slopes of oxygen evolution rates against leaf age was strongest on a leaf mass basis (r = 0.49-0.87), followed by leaf nitrogen basis (r = 0.48-0.77), and weakest on a leaf area basis (r = 0.35-0.70).     

Defining leaf area index for non-flat leaves

To eliminate the confusion in the definition of leaf area index (L) for non-flat leaves, the projection coefficients of several objects including spheres, cylinders, hemicircular cylinders, and triangular and square bars are investigated through mathematical derivation and numerical calculation for a range of ellipsoidal angular distributions. It is shown that the projection coefficient calculated based on half the total intercepting area is close to a constant of 0.5 when the inclination angle of the objects is randomly (spherically) distributed, whereas the calculated results based on the object's largest projected area are strongly dependent on the shape of the objects. Therefore, it is suggested that the leaf area index of non-flat leaves be defined as half the total intercepting area per unit ground surface area and that the definition of L based on the projected leaf area be abandoned.     

大麦叶面积指数模拟模型

准确模拟叶面积指数是作物生长模拟模型预测作物生长和产量的关键.本文通过系统分析扬州和武汉地区不同大麦品种高产群体叶面积指数变化动态,建立了大麦群体的叶面积指数模拟模型.大麦叶面积指数是品种叶面积指数扩展的遗传参数和气温日较差、日照时数、辐射量等气候因子及水肥丰缺因子的函数.孕穗抽穗期最大叶面积指数与该期最适叶面积指数是不同的概念,二者之间存在着极显著差异.利用扬州、南京和昆明地区不同品种的播期试验及氮肥试验资料对模型进行了检验,结果表明,模型对大麦叶面积指数的模拟效果较好,模拟值与观测值吻合度高,根均方差RMSE介于0.742～2.865,平均值为1.348.对模拟值与观测值进行y=x的线性回归分析,相关系数R²介于0.511～0.954,均呈极显著正相关.     

落叶收集法测定叶面积指数的快速取样方法

叶面积指数(LAI)是植被冠层结构的一个重要参数,它不仅是许多生态和气候模型的重要输入变量,而且是生态系统动态变化监测的一个重要指标。LAI可通过各种间接和直接的手段来观测,而间接观测的LAI值常常需要直接的观测数据来校验。落叶收集法是一种广泛使用的直接观测LAI的方法,过去的研究还未发现有涉及落叶收集的取样技术及其观测精度的内容。对长白山和北京地区落叶阔叶林的落叶进行了3a的观测,每年一次性收集落叶样品分析,研究结果表明:①不同层次落叶的含水量差异巨大,且落叶含水量的日变化明显。上下层落叶的含水量绝对值差异高达10%以上,日变化绝对值差异高达20%以上。因此,在野外收集落叶样本时,为减小落叶含水量变化所导致的LAI观测误差,应从上到下直到地面进行取样,且尽可能多地收集落叶样本。②在落叶阔叶人工林和天然林里,无论样地的大小(1hm2或30m×30m样地),无论取样单元的大小(1m2或25m2分辨率),林内的LAI分布很不均匀,LAI介于0-15.5(1m2分辨率的1hm2样地)或者2.6-9.1(25m2分辨率的30m×30m样地)。③要准确测定落叶林的LAI,收集落叶的样地面积越大越好,且尽量选择地势平坦的样地。对于1hm2或者30m×30m大小的样地,可随机布设一个10m×10m的小样地来观测,精度分别可达85%、80%。④10m×10m小样地的LAI观测,可将其分为4个相邻的5m×5m小样进行取样。对每个5m×5m小样,快速的取样方法是:Ⅰ.随机布设6个1m2取样,这样取样可以保证在99%概率水平上,100m2、30m×30m和1hm2样地的LAI观测精度分别为90%、75%、70%左右。Ⅱ.随机布设11个1m2取样。可以保证在99%概率水平上,100m2、30m×30m和1hm2样地的LAI观测精度分别为94%、80%、75%左右。     

Effect of leaf age on epicuticular wax alkanes in Rhododendron

Alkane distribution pattern in epicuticular wax of Rhododendron fortunei cv Admiral Piet Hein leaves remains unchanged from the age of 6 weeks to abscission.