银杏雌雄株叶片氨基酸组分及其含量

银杏是雌雄异株植物,依靠种子繁殖,是我国特有的活化石植物,也是重要的观赏树种。作为行道树以雄株为宜。为了有计划地进行定性栽培,就需要对幼龄植株进行早期性别鉴定。许多生理指标都可能作为性别鉴定的依据。通过对银杏中氨基酸含量和组成的分析表明,不同性别植株叶片中均含有被分析的17种氨基酸,各种氨基酸的含量和总含量在单株间没有表现出性别差异,而平均含量却表现出雄株高于雌株,其中胱氨酸和酪氨酸较为突出,分别高出雌株28.24%和40.94%,这是否反映了银杏雌雄的性别差异,值得进一步探讨。尽管脯氨酸含量与花药的正常发育有关,并大大高于雌蕊中脯氨酸的含量,但这一生理指标不适用于营养器官。     

基于形态学及生理学的黄檗性别差异研究

为了探究黄檗雌雄植株的形态学及生理学差异,对黄檗成树雌雄植株的形态学、叶片抗氧化防御酶活性及内源激素含量等指标开展对比研究,结果表明：黄檗雌雄植株形态存在显著差异,雌株叶宽比雄株大1.66±0.148 cm（P<0.05）、雌株枝间夹角比雄株大17.5±1.21°（P<0.001）;雌雄株叶片颜色存在差异,但叶绿素含量差异不显著;黄檗雌雄株超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶活性（CAT）酶活性存在显著差异,CAT酶活性在7月最高,雌株含量大雄株;POD酶活性6月含量最高,雄株大于雌株;SOD酶活性8月最高,雄株大于雌株。内源激素赤霉素（GA3）含量雄株大于雌株;吲哚乙酸（IAA）含量为雌株大于雄株;玉米素（ZA）含量为雄株大于雌株,差异显著（P<0.05）;内源脱落酸（ABA）性别间无显著差异。黄檗雌雄植株在形态及生理学等指标上存在一定差异,说明黄檗雌雄植株为维持自身生长需要,在形态和生理方面都做出不同调整以适应生存环境。     

用溴麝香草酚蓝鉴定石刁柏（芦笋）雌雄株

石刁柏(芦笋)是一种雌雄异株植物,但在雌雄花分化之前,性别很难区分。雄株芦笋产量高于雌株20％～30％,生产上需要早期鉴定其性别。据报道溴麝香草酚蓝(BTB)可以鉴定杨梅和银杏的雌雄性,本文用以进行芦笋植株早期性别鉴定,效果也好。     

杜仲雌雄株细胞学,顶芽及叶含胶量的比较

杜仲（ＥｕｃｏｍｍｉａｕｌｍｏｉｄｅｓＯｌｉｖ．）为严格的雌雄异株植物,其雌雄株的比例近似于１：１,说明其性别可能由性染色体决定。但在形态上看不到特异的性染色体,雄株花粉母细胞整个减数分裂过程中,同源染色体的配对和分离是正常的。偶尔可发现个别细胞有染色体桥和环状或链状四价体。从１９９３年和１９９４年的１２月到翌年４月芽完全展开前对顶芽的测量说明,雄株顶芽的长度和最大直径都明显大于雌株的（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而整个生长季节中雌株叶子的杜仲胶含量却明显高于雄株的（Ｐ＜０．０１）。不管雄株还是雌株,其叶的含胶量都随季节变化和叶子的长大而降低。实践证明可用芽的大小鉴别杜仲幼株的性别。     

华中五味子雌雄株花期叶片中内源激素的比较

对华中五味子雌雄株花期叶片中4种内源激素含量进行测定和比值的比较,结果表明,雌株叶片中的ABA含量显著高于雄株,IAA、GA3和ZR含量则显著低于雄株,ABA/IAA、ABA/GA3和ABA/ZR比值显著高于雄株,这可能与华中五味子性别分化有关。     

丛枝菌根真菌对不同性别组合模式下青杨雌雄植株根系生长的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对雌雄异株植物根系生长,尤其是对邻近生长的不同雌雄个体的影响还鲜有研究。该研究以泥土:河沙:蛭石体积比为1:1:1的混合物为培养基质,分别在雄-雄、雌-雌和雄-雌3种组合栽培模式下对青杨(Populus cathayana)雌雄幼苗进行接种和不接种摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)处理,通过比较接种AMF与否雌雄植株根系在侵染率、生物量、形态、碳、氮含量等方面的差异来分析AMF对青杨雌雄幼苗根系生长发育的影响。结果发现:与对照组相比,接种AMF对3种栽培模式下青杨雌雄植株的侵染率、根干质量、根系形态(除分枝强度、比表面积)和碳、氮含量影响显著。此外,不同性别组合模式对青杨雌雄植株的根干质量、根系形态和碳、氮含量影响显著。接种AMF后,与雌-雌合栽模式下的雌株相比,雄-雌合栽模式下雌株的根干质量、氮含量都有不同程度的提高,根系形态发生改变;而与雄-雄合栽模式下的雄株相比,雄-雌合栽模式下雄株的相应指标出现降低或轻微增加。该研究表明AMF对不同性别组合模式下青杨植株根系生长具有显著促进作用,尤其是雄-雌合栽模式下AMF接种最有利于雌株根系的生长发育。     

黄连木雌、雄株内源植物激素和POD同工酶的比较

为揭示黄连木（Pistacia chinensis Bunge）不同性别植株的生理差异,以雌株和雄株叶片为试材,对叶片赤霉素（GA3）、脱落酸（ABA）、吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）、亚精胺（Spd）、精胺（Spm）和腐胺（Put）含量变化及过氧化物酶同工酶进行了测定。结果表明,黄连木雌、雄株叶片GA3含量在6至9月均达到极显著差异,含量均在10月8日达到最大值,分别为100.9μg/g FW和92.9μg/g FW;雄株叶片ABA含量均高于雌株,雌、雄株叶片ABA含量在5月21日和7月8日达到极显著差异,5月21日均为最小值,含量分别为222.0 ng/g FW和340.1 ng/g FW;雄株叶片IAA含量均高于雌株,雌、雄植株叶片中IAA含量在8月8日达到极显著差异,9月8日达到最大值,分别为984.8 ng/g FW和1000.6 ng/g FW;雌株GA3/ABA的比值在7月至9月极显著高于雄株,9月8日差异值最大,为42.8;雌、雄株叶片IAA/ABA在5月21日差异值最大,为0.54;雌、雄株叶片Spd含量存在显著或极显著差异,均在7月8日达到最大值,分别为47.9μg/g FW和42.8μg/g FW;雄株叶片Spm含量均大于雌株,雌、雄株叶片Spm含量在10月8日达到极显著差异,均在7月8日出现最大值,分别为24.3μg/g FW和34.5μg/g FW;雄株叶片Put含量在各个时期均低于雌株,雌、雄株叶片Put含量除5月21日外,存在显著或极显著差异,在9月8日均达到最大值,分别为156.0μg/g FW和135.1μg/g FW。雌、雄株叶片、叶柄过氧化物酶同工酶有显著差异,雌株叶片过氧化物酶同工酶有5条带,分别为POD-1、POD-2、POD-3、POD-4、POD-5;雄株叶片只有4条带,分别为POD-2、POD-3、POD-4、POD-5;雌株叶柄内的过氧化物酶同工酶有4条带,分别为POD-1’、POD-3’、POD-4’、POD-5’,雄株叶柄内的过氧化物酶同工酶有3条带,分别为POD-2’、POD-4’、POD-5’。POD-1为雌株叶片特有条带,POD-1’、POD-3’为雌株叶柄特有条带,POD-2’为雄株叶柄特有条带。通过试验得出,黄连木叶片中ABA、IAA、Spd、Spm和Put含量与性别有关,叶片和叶柄的POD同工酶条带也是鉴别黄连木性别的有效指标。     

美洲鲥产后雌雄亲本肌肉营养成分比较

为全面分析评估美洲鲥(Alosasapidissima)产后雌雄亲本肌肉营养价值及差异,运用生化分析方法对产后雌雄亲本肌肉的一般营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸进行营养成分测定和对比分析。结果显示,雌鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量显著低于雄鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量(P <0.05);雌鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于雄鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量(P <0.05);肌肉中水分和粗灰分在雌雄鱼之间均无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。美洲鲥产后亲本背部肌肉检测出18种氨基酸,除甘氨酸和胱氨酸含量外,雌鱼肌肉各种氨基酸含量显著低于雄鱼中含量(P <0.05)。根据氨基酸评分(AAS),产后雌鱼第一和第二限制性氨基酸分别为缬氨酸和色氨酸,产后雄鱼第一和第二限制性氨基酸分别为色氨酸和缬氨酸。根据化学评分(CS),产后雌雄亲本第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸、第二限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸与胱氨酸组合。雌性亲本和雄性亲本必需氨基酸指数分别为81.60和82.64。在检出的11种脂肪酸中,硬脂酸(C18:0)、花生酸(C20:0)、棕榈亚酸(C16:1)和亚麻酸甲酯(C18:3n)在雌雄亲本肌肉中含量均有显著性差异(P <0.05)。...     

丛枝菌根真菌对不同性别组合模式下青杨雌雄植株根系生长的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对雌雄异株植物根系生长, 尤其是对邻近生长的不同雌雄个体的影响还鲜有研究。该研究以泥土:河沙:蛭石体积比为1:1:1的混合物为培养基质, 分别在雄-雄、雌-雌和雄-雌3种组合栽培模式下对青杨(Populus cathayana)雌雄幼苗进行接种和不接种摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)处理, 通过比较接种AMF与否雌雄植株根系在侵染率、生物量、形态、碳、氮含量等方面的差异来分析AMF对青杨雌雄幼苗根系生长发育的影响。结果发现: 与对照组相比, 接种AMF对3种栽培模式下青杨雌雄植株的侵染率、根干质量、根系形态(除分枝强度、比表面积)和碳、氮含量影响显著。此外, 不同性别组合模式对青杨雌雄植株的根干质量、根系形态和碳、氮含量影响显著。接种AMF后, 与雌-雌合栽模式下的雌株相比, 雄-雌合栽模式下雌株的根干质量、氮含量都有不同程度的提高, 根系形态发生改变; 而与雄-雄合栽模式下的雄株相比, 雄-雌合栽模式下雄株的相应指标出现降低或轻微增加。该研究表明AMF对不同性别组合模式下青杨植株根系生长具有显著促进作用, 尤其是雄-雌合栽模式下AMF接种最有利于雌株根系的生长发育。     

雌雄异株树种东北鼠李营养资源需求性别二态性

以雌雄异株植物东北鼠李(Rhamnus schneideri var. manshurica)为研究对象,分析不同繁殖阶段雌雄植株叶片元素含量的性别差异和动态变化,可为雌雄异株植物性别特异性资源需求及利用策略提供理论参考。该研究在吉林蛟河天然针阔混交林内建立1块23.76hm2的永久性固定监测样地,于2019–2021年花期和果期(共5个繁殖阶段)选择样地内一定数量的东北鼠李雌雄植株,测定每株的叶片营养元素(氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、硼)含量,比较东北鼠李雌雄植株在不同繁殖阶段叶片各营养元素含量的差异及动态变化;并计算各个繁殖阶段雌雄植株的花、果生物量,利用方差分析方法检验雌雄植株各个繁殖阶段的花果生物量差异,以分析雌雄植株叶片营养元素出现性别差异及动态变化的背后机制。结果表明:(1)东北鼠李雌雄植株的叶片营养元素含量具有显著的性别差异,但这种性别差异仅在某些繁殖阶段存在。在2019年花期,雌雄植株的各叶片元素含量均无显著差异,2021年花期,雌株叶片的磷含量显著小于雄株。在2019年果期,雌株叶片的磷、钾含量显著小于雄株;而在2020年果期,雌株叶片的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、硼含量均显...     

Phenolic Content in Male and Female Carica papaya: A Possible Physiological Marker for Sex Identification of Vegetative Seedlings

The phenolic composition was determined in the leaves, petioles and bark tissues of male and female plants of two papaya cultivars. The same kind of phenolics were isolated from the male and female plants. However, a marked difference was observed between the plant organs of different cultivars. The important free and bound phenolics extracted after acidic and alkaline hydrolysis were caffeic acid, gentisic acid, m-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid and quercetin. Four phenolic compounds were not identified. The amounts of free, acid-hydrolysable and alkali-hydrolysable phenolic compounds were considerably higher in male plants.     

Changes in Endogenous Estrone during Flower Initiation and Sex Expression in Labenaria leucantha Rusby

Estrone, a steroid hormone, is identified in the monoecious Cucurbitaeeous plant, Lagenaria leucantha Rusby. The content of estrone changes with developmental stages. In young seedlings with only 2–3 leaves, there was no trace of estrone. Estrone was barely detectable in seedlings with 4–6 leaves. At that time no flowers were visible. In plants with 11–13 leaves, when flowers bad appeared, the content of estrone increased greatly. It is therefore postulated that estrone may be one of the hormones controlling flowering. GA3 and CEPA were used to shift the sex expression of the plant toward the male and female directions respectively. Estrone was present in both chemically induced male and female plants, indicating estrone alone does not play any special role in sex expression. It might be the balance of the male and female hormones that controls the sex expression of the plants. It is believed that flowering and sex expression are controlled by the same set of hormones, as early postulated by Hesiop-Harrison and other workers.     

黄连木雌雄株叶水溶性酚类物质和两种氧化酶活性的比较

黄连木为雌雄异株植物。为探索鉴别黄连木幼苗性别的方法,应用比色法对其雌雄株不同发育阶段叶片中水溶性酚类物质的含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和多酚氧化酶(PPO)相对活性进行测定和比较分析,结果表明:不同性别的黄连木叶片水溶性酚类物质含量存在极显著的差异(p<0.01);POD、PPO相对活性在雌雄株间也存在显著差异,特别在老叶中则存在极显著差异,认为黄连木雌雄株老叶中的水溶性酚类物质含量差异,可以作为其性别鉴定的依据,为进一步研究黄连木植株早期性别鉴定提供参考。     

罗汉松雌雄株叶形态结构的比较研究

该研究以雌雄异株植物罗汉松(Podocarpus macrophyllus)成熟叶为研究材料,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察比较罗汉松雌、雄植株叶在形态、显微结构和超显微结构的差异,以明确罗汉松雌、雄株在进化过程中叶对环境功能的适应性。结果显示:(1)罗汉松雌株的叶片大于雄株,且两者的叶长、叶宽和叶柄长差异极显著,而叶柄厚、叶面积、叶体积、叶质量、比叶重(SLW)、面积与体积之比(A/V)等性状无显著差异。(2)雌株叶片的气孔相对较大,密度较高,且雌株气孔宽度极显著大于雄株;雌株叶片的上表皮长细胞宽度和下表皮短细胞宽度均显著大于雄株,但雌株叶片的上表皮长细胞和短细胞的长度则显著小于雄株。(3)罗汉松雌株叶片的栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、传输组织长度和宽度、上下角质层厚度、维管束厚度、叶片紧密度(CTR)及疏松度(SR)均极显著大于雄株,而雌株的下表皮厚度极显著小于雄株,但雌雄株叶片的上表皮细胞厚度和栅海比差异不显著;雌株叶片的栅栏组织细胞、叶绿体和线粒体均较雄株的长而细,且雌株的线粒体宽度极显著小于雄株。(4)罗汉松雌株叶片上表皮蜡质饰纹、下表皮角质层纹饰、气孔外拱盖纹饰及内缘类型等4个微形态特征与雄株差异明显。(5)叶表皮蜡质层能谱分析表明,罗汉松雌株叶片含有9种元素,而雄株叶片仅有8种(缺少K元素);且雌株的Si元素含量高于雄株,而雄株的C、O、Na、Mg、Al、Ca和Au元素含量均高于雌株。研究表明,罗汉松雌、雄植株之间存在明显的第二性征,雌株叶片结构有助于提高光合等性能以满足生殖需求;罗汉松雌、雄株叶形态结构的差异是其长期进化形成的有利于物种繁衍的适应策略。     

胡杨茎叶化学计量和异速生长关系特征随发育阶段变化的性别差异

胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)是荒漠河岸林防风固沙和水土保持的雌雄异株树种。该研究以不同径阶(8、12、16、20 cm)的胡杨雌雄株为研究对象,通过当年生茎、叶化学计量元素(C、N、P、K)含量及生长关系分析,探讨不同器官化学计量随发育阶段的变化及异速生长关系的性别差异。结果表明：(1)胡杨雌雄株叶片C含量表现为大径阶(20 cm)显著高于小径阶(8 cm),而其叶片N含量随着径阶的增加显著增加;雌雄株茎、叶化学计量随着径阶的增加总体上呈增加趋势,且C、N含量均与径阶呈显著正相关关系;随着径阶的增加,雌株叶片P含量呈下降趋势,与径阶呈显著负相关关系,而雌雄株茎的P、K含量呈上升趋势,且与径阶呈显著正相关关系。(2)雌株各径阶叶片的N含量及8、12、20 cm径阶的叶片P含量均显著大于相应雄株,8、16、20 cm径阶当年生茎C含量以及20 cm径阶茎N、P含量均显著高于相应雄株。(3)雌株叶片C与N在20 cm径阶的斜率指数最大,而雄株在12 cm径阶斜率指数最大,雌雄株在各发育阶段N与P的变化较稳定;在相同C含量时,雄株茎能获得更多的N含量,雌株茎在相同N的情况下能获得更多P元素。研究发现,胡杨雌雄株间茎、叶化学计量元素含量和异速生长关系特征在不同发育阶段存在着明显性别差异,成熟雌株叶片需要更多的化学计量特征含量来满足生殖需求,总体反映了自身生长及环境适应的养分分配策略。     

Sex-specific physiological, allocation and growth responses to water availability in the subdioecious plant Honckenya peploides

The gender of dimorphic plant species is often affected by ecophysiological variables. Differences have been interpreted as a response of the sexes to meet specific resource demands associated with reproduction. This study investigated whether sex‐specific variations in ecophysiological traits in response to water availability determine the performance of each sex in different habitats, and therefore promote extreme spatial segregation of the sexes in the subdioecious plant, Honckenya peploides. Twenty‐seven plants of each sex were individually potted in dune sand and assigned randomly to one of three water treatments. Well‐watered plants were watered daily to field capacity, whereas plants in the moderate and high‐water stress treatments received 40% and 20%, respectively, of the water given to well‐watered plants. Photochemical efficiency, leaf spectral properties and components of relative growth rate (leaf area ratio and net assimilation rate) were measured. Photochemical efficiencies integrated over time were higher in male than in female plants. Water deficit decreased maximum quantum yield in female plants more rapidly than in male plants, but female plants (unlike male plants) had recovered to initial values by the end of the experiment. Maximum quantum yield in male plants was more affected by water stress than in female plants, indicating that male plants were more susceptible to photoinhibition. The two sexes did not differ in growth rate, but male plants invested a higher proportion of their biomass in leaves, had a higher leaf area per unit biomass and lower net assimilation rate relative to female plants. Female plants had a higher water content and succulence than male plants. Differences in stomatal density between the sexes depended on water availability. The results suggest that the two sexes of H. peploides have different strategies for coping with water stress. The study also provides evidence of sex differences in allocation traits. We conclude that between‐sex differences in ecophysiological and allocation traits may contribute to explain habitat‐related between‐sex differences in performance and, therefore, the spatial segregation of the sexes.     

Patterns of growth,reproduction, defense,and herbivory in the dioecious shrub Baccharis halimifolia (Compositae)

Summary Patterns of growth, reproduction, defense (leaf resin) and herbivory were compared between the sexes of the dioecious shrub Baccharis halimifolia (Compositae). Male plants possessed longer shoots and more tender leaves, grew faster, and flowered and senesced earlier than female plants. Levels of leaf nitrogen, water content, and acetone-soluble resin (shown to deter feeding by polyphagous insect herbivores) did not differ between male and female plants. When offered a choice between leaves from male and female plants, adults of two leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), the monophagous Trirhabda bacharidis and the polyphagous Paria thoracica, both preferred to feed on male leaves. Similarly, the daily fecundity of older females of T. bacharidis was higher when they were fed leaves from male compared to female plants. However, adult survivorship and total fecundity of T. baccharidis did not differ between male and female leaf treatments. We attribute the feeding preference for and slight increase in fecundity on male plants to the tenderness of male leaves. Larvae of the fly Tephritis subpura (Tephritidae) fed exclusively in the sterile receptacle of male flower heads (85% infested), but the phenology was such that pollen production was not adversely affected. Larvae of two other flies Dasineura sp. and Contarinia sp. (Cecidomyiidae) occupied >95% of only female flower heads where they fed among and on the developing seeds. We conclude that foliage-feeding herbivores are unlikely candidates to explain the female-biased sex ratio (59% female) of B. halimifolia plants in the field, and that their preference for male plants is a result of plant characteristics (e.g. rapid growth) that have been selected by some other factor. However, our data on selective floral herbivory in B. halimifolia are in accord with the argument that dioecy reduces the inadvertent loss of flower parts of one sex when herbivores feed on flower parts of the opposite sex.