应用一元线性模型理论确定立地条件主导因子——朝阳低山丘陵区农田防护林立地条件类型的划分

本文用一元线性模型理论分析了辽宁西部朝阳、建平、喀左和北票(市)4县17个乡范围内的农田防护林主要树种——杨树(Populus spp.)、白榆(Ulumus pumila)的优势高与地形地貌、土壤肥力等立地条件因子的关系,确定地貌类型、坡位和土层厚度是本区农田防护林立地条件的主导因子,然后以地貌类型为单元将本区农田防护林的立地条件划分为3个大类型。在此基础上,再用坡位和土层厚度分级与3个大类型组合细分为6个基本类型。最后确定各立地条件类型的适宜树种,并定量地评价主要树种对各立地条件类型的适宜性。     

辽东山区核桃楸人工林立地类型数量分类的研究

辽宁东部山区是我国用材林基地之一,该区气候湿润,土壤肥沃,适于核桃楸生长。为了在经营管理上做到“适地适树”,我们做了核桃楸林立地类型数量分类的研究。首先,选定与立类型密切相关的立地因子,建立多变量数学模型,计算其线性组合函数值,即主分量。用第一主分量与第二主分量作两维排序,再分别进行两维聚类,划出核桃楸立地类型。 为使用方便起见,以信息量最多的第一主分量,编制核桃楸立地类型上层林分高表,应用于林业生产实际。     

四川龙门山西北部植被分布与地形因子的相关性

在利用GIS技术提取地形统计数据的基础上,采用关联分析和因子分析法对四川龙门山西北部的植被分布与地形因子的相互关系进行了分析。结果表明,在该区域内,植被分布与地形因子均有显著关联。其中地形因子中的海拔对植被分布的影响最大,其第一主分量的因子载荷达到0.929,充分体现了其通过影响温度条件而限制植被分布的特点。此外,植被分布还受坡度及坡向的影响,二者在第二主分量和第三主分量中的因子载荷分别为0.989和0.998,这体现了它们通过影响水分和光照条件从而间接影响植被生长发育的特点,但由于其变化幅度不大,对植被分布的影响小于海拔因子。     

枣园生态系统中害虫与天敌群落演替规律的研究

通过对太谷地区枣园害虫天敌群落的系统调查,并应用最优分割法.主分量分析法和1维和2维排序法,探讨了引起枣园害虫和天敌群落演替的主要类群及其演变规律.结果表明,群落具有明显的主导因子和时序演替格局,枣园害虫和天敌群落在前3个主分量上的变动较大,且跟随效应明显;枣园害虫和天敌群落的演替在时间过程中明显分为4个阶段:枣树发芽前、枣树展叶开花期、枣树结果期、枣果着色成熟期;利用主分量分析法,明确了主要害虫及其天敌的种类.     

黄土高原马栏林区不同森林类型的土壤肥力研究

用灰色关联分析法对黄土高原马栏林区主要森林类型优势层生长状况与土壤养分因子的关联性进行分析,并对土壤肥力进行评价。结果表明腐殖质层和有机质是影响森林乔木层生长的主导土壤因子,其次是全氮和碱解氮,然后依次为速效钾、速效磷、全磷、pH值。土壤肥力的综合评价排序总体结果显示,辽东栎占优势的林型肥力最高,油松林、山杨占优势的混交林居中,辽东栎+白桦混交林较差,而白桦占优势的混交林最差。人工油松林对土壤有一定的改良作用;而多数混交林的土壤肥力高于以其中某一树种占优势的林型,但以辽东栎为优势种的林型比辽东栎混交林土壤肥力高,且辽东栎的重要值百分数越大,其土壤肥力越高。     

海南草地的类型

本文分析了海南草地的类型及其分布。据优势种的差异,划分出27个群落。用主分量分析 (PCA)法,对27个群落进行排序,把它们分为高草、中草、矮草及季节性积水草地4大类型。绝大部分群落都是次生的,甚至西部台地类似于萨王纳的早中生性草地,也是次生的。但薄果草群落则是原生性草地,是由特殊的土壤条件决定的。 PCA表明,土壤肥力及水分条件是影响不同类型分布的最重要的生态因子。     

新疆奇台荒漠植物群落的数量分类及土壤环境解释

为阐明古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠植物群落的分类及与土壤因子的相关关系, 作者于2005年6–7月在新疆奇台县采用机械布设样线和样线上随机布设样地的方法进行了野外调查。共设置48块20 m×10 m的样方, 每个样方中又梅花状设置5个1 m×1 m的草本样方进行植被调查。植被调查结束后, 选择群落外貌上差异显著的样地进行土壤取样(取土深度分别为0 cm、10 cm、30 cm、50 cm、80 cm), 共获得20个样方的土壤样本。以植物重要值作为衡量植物组成相似性的指标, 应用逐步聚类的方法将调查区域植被划分为4种类型: 芦苇(Phragmites australis)+芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)群落, 梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)–枇杷柴(Reaumuria songarica)+西伯利亚白刺群落(Nitraria sibirica), 梭梭–心叶驼绒藜(Ceratoides ewersmanniana)–白茎绢蒿(Seriphidium terrae-albae)群落和心叶驼绒藜–骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)群落。不同群落类型土壤因子的主成分分析的结果表明: 提取3个主分量能够解释85.65％的群落间土壤因子差异, 第1主分量与土壤平均pH值和深层土壤pH值相关, 第2主分量与平均有机质含量和土壤浅层有机质含量相关, 而第3主分量与平均土壤含盐量和土壤浅层含盐量相关。     

基于地理探测器的丹霞梧桐空间分布与生境因子的相关性

丹霞梧桐是中国丹霞地貌的特有种,识别影响其分布的主要环境驱动因子,可为保护丹霞梧桐及其生境提供科学依据。本研究以广东南雄丹霞梧桐县级自然保护区与广东丹霞山旅游风景区(核心景区)为研究区,运用地理探测器分析丹霞梧桐空间分布与两地生境因子的相关性(用q值衡量),分析要素包括地理要素(地貌形态成因类型、土壤亚类、高程、坡度、坡向)和气候要素(年均降水、年日照时数、年均相对湿度、年均风速)。结果表明: 影响丹霞梧桐空间分布的主要生境因子为土壤亚类、年日照时数、地貌形态成因类型。其中,丹霞梧桐生境的各因子相关性分析中,土壤亚类、年日照时数和地貌形态成因类型的q值大于所有因子q值的均值,具有较强相关性;丹霞梧桐生境因子的两两组合中,地貌形态成因类型∩年日照时数和土壤亚类∩年日照时数的交互作用表现为双因子增强且q值大于所有组合q值的均值,具有较强相关性;丹霞梧桐空间分布相关性的生态探测中,与其他各因子相比,土壤亚类、年日照时数以及地貌形态成因类型的q值具有显著差异。丹霞梧桐的空间分布主要与土壤亚类、地貌形态成因类型、年日照时数存在显著相关性,同时也表明,地理探测器为植被生境因子分析、预测物种分布等研究提供了有益的方法探索。     

稻田田埂昆虫群落与田埂杂草关系的研究

为探索稻田田埂昆虫群落与田埂类型的关系,本文对田埂昆虫群落进行主分量分析和模糊聚类分析,结果表明:田埂昆虫群落类型与田埂类型有一定的联系。经典范分析,从定量上明确田埂昆虫群落与田埂类型的关系程度(r_1=0.8232),并得出田埂杂草高度是影响田埂昆虫群落的关键因子。     

广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征研究

通过对广州市12条道路绿地土壤进行采样调查,结合主成分分析法,研究广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征及筛选出主导因子。结果表明,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值为5.52～8.76,碱性和强碱性土壤比例为78.26%;EC值和有机质平均值分别为0.19 mS/cm和26.52 g/kg;有效磷含量很高,全氮和全钾含量较高,全磷、碱解氮和速效钾含量较低。筛选结果显示,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷可作为土壤肥力评价的主要因子,全钾和速效钾为次要因子。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418