土壤生物与土壤污染研究前沿与展望

随着社会经济发展,人类生产活动对自然环境产生越来越广泛深刻的影响,土壤污染已成为危及生态系统稳定、农产品质量安全和人体健康的突出环境问题之一。重金属、有机污染化合物、病原菌及抗性基因等各类污染物大量进入土壤后,对土壤生物系统造成毒害作用,影响到土壤生态功能;另一方面,土壤生物如细菌、真菌、土壤动物等在一定程度上能够适应土壤污染,深刻影响着污染物在土壤中的迁移转化过程,在土壤污染修复中具有潜在重要作用。从土壤污染的生态毒理效应、土壤生物对土壤污染的响应与适应机制、污染土壤修复原理与技术等三方面综述了土壤生物与土壤污染相关研究前沿,展望了重点研究方向。     

生物炭施用方式对黑土和潮棕壤养分及氮磷转化相关酶活性的影响

为探明不同生物炭施用方式对农田土壤养分含量及元素转化的影响,通过设置在黑土和潮棕壤的两个为期5年的田间定位试验,研究每年低量施用(AL,22.5 t·hm^-2·a^-1)和间隔性高量施用(IH,112.5 t·hm^-2·5 a^-1)玉米秸秆生物炭对土壤碳、氮、磷含量,土壤生物学性质及氮磷转化相关酶活性的影响,以期为秸秆的资源化利用和农田土壤地力提升提供科学依据。结果表明: 两种施用方式间比较,黑土AL处理的全碳和有机氮含量(31.55和1.89 g·kg^-1)显著高于IH处理(25.77和1.71 g·kg^-1);与对照相比,黑土AL处理脱氢酶活性降幅(26.75 mg·kg^-1·24 h^-1)大于IH处理(17.69 mg·kg^-1·24 h^-1),而潮棕壤AL处理蛋白酶活性增幅(11.77 mg·kg^-1·h^-1)却低于IH处理(29.95 mg·kg^-1·h^-1)。与潮棕壤相比,生物炭施用对黑土全碳和有机氮含量的提升较大。生物炭的施用显著提高了潮棕壤脱氢酶和蛋白酶的活性,却显著降低了黑土脱氢酶活性。土壤类型和生物炭施用方式对土壤碳氮含量、微生物代谢活性及氮磷转化相关酶活性存在显著的交互作用。总体来说,土壤类型和生物炭添加对土壤理化性质和微生物学特性产生了显著的影响,这为秸秆资源化利用和土地管理提供了重要的参考价值。     

太原市农业土壤全氮和有机质的空间分布特征及其影响因素

利用GPS定位,2005年在山西省太原市主要农业用地采集土样1821个,分析了全氮和有机质的含量.应用传统统计学和地质统计学方法对数据进行了分析.结果表明,按照1980年全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准,土壤全氮和有机质的平均含量均属中等水平.通过半方差函数分析,土壤全氮和有机质在一定范围内存在空间相关性;它们的空间相关距离分别为122.4 km和75.6 km;全氮的空间变异主要受结构性因素的影响,而土壤有机质的空间变异是由结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用引起的.太原市土壤全氮含量的空间分布呈现由西南向东北逐渐降低的趋势,而有机质的分布规律较为复杂,它们的空间分布主要受土壤类型、海拔高度、土地利用方式和人类生产活动等因素的影响.土壤全氮与有机质的空间分布存在很大的差异,这与娄烦县、古交市当地土壤受煤粉尘污染严重以及所处地形地貌密切相关.研究揭示了在自然和社会条件十分复杂的情况下太原市土壤全氮和有机质的空间变异规律及其影响因素,为实现土壤肥力评价和养分资源精准管理提供了科学依据.     

外源硒对大豆产量、植株氮磷含量及土壤酶活性的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度、不同价态外源se对大豆产量、N、P含量及与N、P代谢密切联系的土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性的影响．结果表明,施用浓度为0．25和0．5μg·g^-1土的Se^4+和Se^6+后,大豆产量、含N量及土壤脲酶活性增加,大豆含P量和土壤磷酸酶活性降低．当Se^6+浓度为0．5μg·g^-1土时,大豆植株含N量与土壤脲酶活性呈极显著的抛物线相关关系;Se^6+浓度为0．25μg·g^-1土时,大豆植株含P量与土壤磷酸酶活性呈极显著的抛物线相关关系。Se^4+处理的大豆N、P含量和土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性均无显著相关关系。     

土壤健康的生物学表征与调控

如何有效判定土壤健康状态是实现农业绿色发展的基本问题。在现有的土壤健康评价体系中,很少考虑土壤生物在维持土壤健康方面的作用。基于此,本文论述了土壤健康的内涵,从土壤生物健康的角度,总结了土壤健康的生物学表征指标,阐述了土壤微生物、土壤酶活性、土壤微食物网及蚯蚓对土壤健康的指示作用。基于上述生物指标,从作物和土壤管理等方面探讨了不同农田管理措施对土壤健康状况的调控途径,并对土壤生物健康的未来发展趋势进行了展望。本文旨在增强科学家和决策者对维护土壤生物健康的认识,充分发挥土壤生物在生态系统服务中的重要作用。     

单户与联户经营对高寒草甸土壤理化性质与植物多样性的影响

在甘南高寒草甸单户经营草场与联户经营草场进行野外群落学调查,分析其物种多样性和功能多样性的变化,以揭示不同经营方式下土壤理化性质对植物多样性的影响机制。结果显示：（1）联户草场内植物群落的Margalef指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Winener指数较大,而Pielou指数在不同放牧经营方式下的差异并不显著。（2）不同经营方式下,土壤含水量、土壤全氮、土壤全磷和土壤有机碳质量分数表现为联户大于单户的趋势且差异显著（P<0.05）;单户草场土壤电导率与土壤pH大于联户草场;随着土层的加深土壤含水量、土壤全氮质量分数、土壤全磷质量分数、土壤有机碳质量分数和土壤电导率增加,而土壤pH在土层之间的差异并不显著。（3）联户经营方式下的功能丰富度、功能均匀度与功能离散度显著大于单户草场（P<0.05）。（4）相关性分析表明,植物群落物种多样性和功能多样性与土壤含水量、土壤全氮质量分数和土壤全磷质量分数存在正相关关系,土壤电导率和土壤pH与植物群落物种多样性和功能多样性存在负相关关系。冗余分析表明,联户经营方式下土壤理化性质对植物多样性的影响更显著,且0相似文献   

Geographical and climatic differences in long-term effect of organic and inorganic amendments on soil enzymatic activities and respiration in field experimental stations of China

Soil enzymatic activities and basal respiration are two important bio-indicators of soil quality and are closely related to soil fertility and sustainable crop growth. We collected soil samples from four long-term experimental stations of China differing both geographically and climatically – Shenyang Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (brown soil), Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (fluvo-aquic soil), Taoyuan Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (paddy soil) and Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station (red soil) – to investigate the effect of long-term application of chemical fertilizer and/or organic manure on soil enzymatic activities and basal respiration. In general, soil enzymatic activities and basal respiration increased in soils with long-term application of chemical fertilizers and manures, especially organic manure. Among stations, soil enzymatic activities were not consistently increased with organic manure alone (e.g. the sucrase and phosphatase activities in the paddy soil from Taoyuan and red soil from Qiyang). As well, soil enzymatic activities were characterized by distinct zonality. Soil cellulase and urease activity were the two main indicators of soil fertility as evaluated by principal component analysis. Regression analysis of the major abiotic factor(s) influencing enzyme activity revealed a dependence on the specific enzyme tested and the activity of specific soil enzymes depended on the location of the experimental station. Environmental factors, mainly soil temperature, moisture and pH, as well as soil texture, should be taken into account in evaluating the effects of long-term fertilization on soil biological activity and soil fertility in field experimental stations differing geographically and climatically.     

土壤保肥-供肥机理及其调节Ⅳ.棕壤型菜园土肥力的调节与培育及其作用实质

棕壤型菜园土肥、瘦地盆栽试验对土壤肥力的调节培育及作用实质的研究表明,在不同的培肥措施下,肥、瘦地的营养物质含量与对照相比没有普遍提高,而土壤微团聚体的团聚度增加,不同粒级微团聚体的比例更趋合理.土壤生产力水平与土壤肥力水平的本质代表-特征微团聚体比例间没有显著的相关关系.试验证明土壤肥力培育的实质在于从根本上改变了土壤的保肥供肥能力,而基于土壤本质属性的土壤特征微团聚体的比例比土壤营养物质含量与土壤生产力水平更适于作为土壤肥力水平及培肥效果评价的指标.     

增温和刈割对高寒草甸土壤呼吸及其组分的影响

评估土壤呼吸及其组分对增温等全球变化的响应对于预测陆地生态系统碳循环至关重要。本研究利用红外线辐射加热器(Infrared heater)装置在青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统设置增温和刈割野外控制实验。通过测定2018年生长季(5—9月)土壤呼吸和异养呼吸,探究增温和刈割对土壤呼吸及其组分的影响。研究结果表明：(1) 单独增温使土壤呼吸显著增加31.65% (P<0.05),异养呼吸显著增加27.12% (P<0.05),土壤自养呼吸没有显著改变(P>0.05);单独刈割对土壤呼吸和自养呼吸没有显著影响(P>0.05),单独刈割刺激异养呼吸增加32.54% (P<0.05);(2) 增温和刈割之间的交互作用对土壤呼吸和异养呼吸没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是对自养呼吸的影响是显著的(P<0.05),土壤呼吸和异养呼吸的季节效应显著(P<0.05);(3)土壤呼吸及其组分与土壤温度均成显著指数关系,与土壤湿度呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),处理影响它们的响应敏感性。本研究表明青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤碳排放与气候变暖存在正反馈。     

秸秆覆盖免耕土壤细菌和真菌生物量与活性的研究

土壤微生物生物量在土壤生态系统中具有非常重要的作用。大量的试验研究表明 ,土壤微生物生物量是植物营养元素的一个重要的源与库 ,生物量对土壤养分的调控作用 ,已经成为土壤培肥、耕作制度改革和作物栽培实践中的重要理论依据之一。自从Jenkinson提出了测定土壤微生物量的原理和概念以来 ,Jenkinson和 Powlson提出了测定微生物生物量的方法[16] ,Van De Werf和 Verstraete提出了土壤微生物生物量可以分为全微生物量和活动微生物量[10 ] ,Anderson和 Domsch提出了生物量与生物活性中细菌与真菌的比例为 2 2 /78% [8]。虽然生物量的研…     

日光温室地面覆盖对嫁接与未嫁接黄瓜生长发育、产量及土壤环境的影响

研究了秸秆、地膜和秸秆+地膜覆盖对日光温室嫁接与未嫁接黄瓜生长发育、产量及土壤环境的影响.结果表明,地面覆盖不仅能促进雌花分化、缩短成瓜时间、增加单瓜重、提高黄瓜产量,而且能降低畸形瓜比例,提高产品的商品性.其中以覆盖秸秆+地膜作用最明显、增产幅度最大,覆盖秸秆和覆盖地膜次之;嫁接黄瓜的处理效果优于未嫁接黄瓜.此外,地面覆盖对土壤环境也具有重要影响,但不同处理之间差异较大.地温日变化呈单峰曲线, 5cm、10 cm地温的波峰出现在14:30,随着土层的加深而波峰推迟出现,峰值也逐渐减小.秸秆覆盖具有降低最高地温和提高最低地温的作用,使土壤温度保持相对稳定;地膜覆盖对最高地温的增幅最大、对最低地温的增幅最小,从而使地温变幅最大;秸秆+地膜覆盖既增温又保温.地面覆盖的土壤呼吸速率均显著高于对照(P＜0.01),并以秸秆+地膜覆盖的土壤呼吸速率最高,地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖次之,土壤呼吸速率日变化也呈单峰曲线,与 5cm、10 cm地温日变化趋势一致,峰值出现在14:30左右,土壤呼吸速率与 5cm、10 cm地温达显著或极显著相关.秸秆覆盖与秸秆+地膜覆盖的0～20 cm土层土壤容重显著小于地膜覆盖与对照(P＜0.01),地膜覆盖的土壤容重略小于对照,随着土层的加深,各处理间土壤容重差异渐小.     

Degradation and resilience of soils

Debate on global soil degradation, its extent and agronomic impact, can only be resolved through understanding of the processes and factors leading to establishment of the cause-effect relationships for major soils, ecoregions, and land uses. Systematic evaluation through long-term experimentation is needed for establishing quantitative criteria of (i) soil quality in relation to specific functions; (ii) soil degradation in relation to critical limits of key soil properties and processes; and (iii) soil resilience in relation to the ease of restoration through judicious management and discriminate use of essential input. Quantitative assessment of soil degradation can be obtained by evaluating its impact on productivity for different land uses and management systems. Interdisciplinary research is needed to quantify soil degradation effects on decrease in productivity, reduction in biomass, and decline in environment quality throught pollution and eutrophication of natural waters and emission of radiatively-active gases from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere. Data from long-term field experiments in principal ecoregions are specifically needed to (i) establish relationships between soil quality versus soil degradation and soil quality versus soil resilience; (ii) identify indicators of soil quality and soil resilience; and (iii) establish critical limits of important properties for soil degradation and soil resilience. There is a need to develop and standardize techniques for measuring soil resilience. <br>     

红松阔叶混交林凋落叶、土壤动物、土壤的微量元素含量

对小兴安岭凉水国家自然保护区红松阔叶混交林的凋落叶、土壤动物、土壤中微量元素含量进行了分析.结果表明, 3种微量元素在凋落叶、土壤动物和土壤中含量排序均为Mn＞Zn＞Cu.不同环境组分中的微量元素含量不同.其中,Mn的含量为土壤＞凋落叶＞土壤动物;Zn的含量为土壤动物＞凋落叶、土壤;Cu的含量为土壤动物＞土壤＞凋落叶.阔叶凋落叶中微量元素变化幅度大于针叶凋落叶.不同土壤动物对不同元素的富集能力不同,蚯蚓体内Mn含量最高,蜈蚣体内Zn含量最高,而马陆体内Cu含量最高.土壤动物体内微量元素的含量均与环境本底值、凋落物分解速度、土壤动物食性以及对微量元素的选择性吸收和富集作用等有关.3种微量元素在土壤中的含量均是土壤层(5～20 cm)大于腐殖质层(0～5 cm),不同土层中微量元素的动态变化不同.     

氯嘧磺隆与尿素对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及无机氮的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了不同浓度氯嘧磺隆(20、200、2000 μg·kg-1土)单一施用及与尿素(120 mg· kg-1土)配合施用情况下,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和土壤铵态氮、硝态氮随时间的动态变化规律.结果表明:各浓度氯嘧磺隆单独处理在整个培养期(60 d)中对微生物生物量碳、氮均有抑制作用,且浓度越高,后期抑制作用越强;各浓度氯嘧磺隆处理在培养前期对硝态氮、铵态氮没有明显影响,中期(15 d)能显著提高土壤中铵态氮的含量,后期(30 d后)显著提高了土壤中硝态氮的含量.尿素单独施用及与氯嘧磺隆配施均能在短时间内增加微生物生物量碳、氮,但随后配施处理的促进作用减弱;尿素单独和配施均能持久增加土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮含量.     

不同磷水平配施生物炭对土壤磷有效性

生物炭在提高土壤磷素有效性及促进作物生长方面具有显著作用,但其效果因土壤类型不同存在较大差异。试验以赤红壤(pH 4.91)和褐土(pH 7.24)为供试土壤,设置3种磷肥水平(0、30、90 kg P·hm^-2,分别以不施磷、低磷、高磷表示)配施稻秆生物炭(0、4%)的大豆盆栽试验,研究了不同磷水平下配施生物炭对土壤磷有效性、磷酸单酯酶活性和植株磷吸收的影响。结果表明: 不同磷水平配施生物炭显著提高了两种土壤的速效磷和全磷含量,且低磷水平添加生物炭处理速效磷增幅最大,在赤红壤和褐土的增幅分别为192.6%和237.1%。与低磷相比,赤红壤中低磷配施生物炭处理的碱性磷酸单酯酶活性显著增加78.9%,活性有机磷含量降低39.3%,同时显著促进了植株生长与磷吸收;生物炭添加显著降低了褐土活性有机磷含量,但不同处理对土壤磷酸单酯酶活性和植株生长无显著影响。土壤活性有机磷含量与速效磷含量均呈显著负相关。综上,生物炭对土壤磷有效性的作用因土壤类型和磷肥水平差异而不同,其在赤红壤上对植株生长和磷吸收的促进效应强于褐土,且在低磷条件下效果更佳。本研究为生物炭在减施磷肥和促进大豆磷吸收,特别是在赤红壤上的应用提供了科学依据。     

Soil and solution chemistry under pasture and radiata pine in New Zealand

The conversion of hill country pasture to exotic forest plantations is occurring rapidly (70,000 ha yr^–1) in New Zealand. Impacts of this land-use change on soil properties, soil fertility, and water quality are only beginning to be investigated. This study examines the effects of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) on soil and soil solution chemistry, in a region of low atmospheric pollution, 20 years after plantation establishment, assuming that the pasture and pine research sites had comparable soil properties before planting pine. The primary effects of conversion on soil chemistry were a decrease of organic carbon in the mineral soil that was balanced by an accumulation of the surface litter layer, a decrease in soil N, soil acidification, and increased pools of exchangeable Mg, K, and Na. Soil solution studies revealed a large input of sea salts by enhanced canopy capture of sea salts that contributed to much larger solute concentrations and elemental fluxes in the pine soil. Sea salts appear to accumulate in the micropores of pine soil during the dry summer period and are slowly released to macropore flow during the rainy season. This results in a progressive decrease in solute concentrations over the period of active leaching. While chloride originating from sea salt deposition was the dominant anion in the pine soil, bicarbonate originating from root and microbial respiration was the dominant anion in the pasture soil. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the soil atmosphere were 12.5-fold greater in the pasture soil than in the pine soil due to greater rates of root and microbial respiration and to slower diffusion rates resulting from wetter soil conditions in the pasture. Although elemental fluxes from the upper 20 cm of the soil profile were substantially greater in the pine soil, these losses were compensated for by increased elemental inputs resulting from nutrient cycling and enhanced canopy capture of sea salts.     

地表覆草和覆膜对西北旱地土壤有机碳氮和生物活性的影响

研究地表覆盖对土壤有机碳氮和生物活性的影响,对改进旱地作物栽培,提升土壤肥力和提高作物产量具有重要意义。采取5a田间定位试验的土壤进行室内培养试验,研究不同地表覆盖土壤轻质有机碳、轻质有机氮及微生物活性的变化。结果发现,经过61d培养之后,覆草、覆膜和常规土壤矿质态氮含量分别减少4.0,2.5,3.9 mg/kg,有机碳矿化累积量分别为125,100,101 mg/kg。覆草土壤微生物量碳含量及土壤代谢熵在培养过程中均高于覆膜。培养前后,覆草土壤的轻质有机碳氮均明显高于覆膜,覆膜和常规没有差异。培养结束后,覆草土壤轻质有机碳氮含量分别减少36%和47%,覆膜土壤分别减少26%和45%,常规土壤分别减少31%和44%。覆草土壤轻质有机碳氮含量的减少值明显高于覆膜和常规。覆草能增加土壤有机碳氮的易矿化组分,提高土壤有机质的生物有效性,覆膜则会降低土壤有机质的生物有效性。     

长期施肥对土壤微生物的影响及其在养分调控中的作用

为揭示长期施肥条件下土壤微生物类群及其与土壤养分的关系,对北京褐潮土定位试验田第12年的土壤微生物以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析．结果表明,NPK与有机肥长期配合施用能明显提高土壤各养分含量,增加土壤微生物的数量．猪粪比玉米秸秆能更好地培肥地力,创造有利于土壤微生物生长繁育的土壤生态化学环境．土壤微生物与土壤养分之间具有很好的相关性．其中,细菌、固氮菌数量与有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷含量呈显著正相关;本研究未观察到真菌、放线菌数量与土壤养分因子之间有明显的相关性．     

不同水稻土甲烷氧化菌和产甲烷菌数量与甲烷排放量之间相关性的研究

对不施用任何肥料的浙江黄松土（发育于河流沉积物母质的水稻田土）、老黄筋泥田土（发育于第四纪红壤母质的水稻田土）、青紫泥田土（发育于滨海盐土母质的象山青紫泥水稻土）中甲烷氧化菌、产甲烷菌种群数量及甲烷排放量之间关系作了研究。结果表明,甲烷氧化菌种群数量范围在10^6-10^8cfu/g干土之间,其变化在2个数量级范围内,产甲烷细菌种群数量变化较大,其范围在10^3-10^7cfu/g干土之间,水稻田土壤的甲烷排放量受到甲烷氧化菌、产甲烷菌种群数量及其活性及土壤理化性状的影响,提出了当水稻田土壤的甲烷氧化菌种群数量在10^cfu/g干土、产甲烷菌种群数量在10^5cfu/g干土时,水稻田土壤几乎没有多余的CH4气体排放这一甲烷形成与甲烷氧化两类群微生物之间的数量关系。甲烷排量也与土壤砂粒（＜0．02mm的砂数）含量呈正相关性,土壤砂粒含量越高,其甲烷排放量亦高。     

The influence of soil type and altered lignin biosynthesis on the growth and above and belowground biomass allocation of Populus tremuloides

Plants influence soil carbon (C) formation through the quality and quantity of C released to soil. Soil type, in turn can modify a plant’s influence on soil through effects on plant production, tissue quality and regulation of soil C decomposition and stabilization. Wild-type aspen and three transgenic aspen lines expressing reduced stem lignin concentrations and/or increased syringyl (S) to guaiacyl (G) ratio lignin were grown in greenhouse mesocosms containing a sandy loam, a silt loam, or a clay loam soil for 6 months in order to examine the effects of altered lignin biosynthesis and soil type on biomass partitioning (above vs. belowground) and soil C processes. Results indicated that soil type significantly affected plant performance. Aspen grown in soils with high sand/low clay content accumulated the most total biomass, while aspen grown in soils with high clay content accumulated the least total biomass. These reductions in growth combined with specific soil characteristics led to differences among soil types in soil C formation. Transformed aspen expressing high syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) lignin accumulated less total plant C and subsequently accumulated less aspen derived C in soil. Reduced lignin content alone in aspen did not affect plant growth or soil C formation. There were significant soil type × genetic line interactions indicating that growth and soil C formation for transgenic and wild type aspen lines varied among the different soil types. Given these interactions, future investigation needs to include long-term field studies across a range of soil types before transgenic aspen are widely planted.