一种描述针刺对脉象影响的方法

针刺与脉象在传统中医观念中是紧紧联系在一起的。本课题针对这一传统理论,建立一个基于频域上的模拟函数得出的脉象频谱数学模型,并用此模型来检验针刺前后脉象发生的结构上的变化。由量化的脉象信号得出的大量统计数据显示,脉象在频域上的包络线呈指数衰减的趋势,并且针刺后其拟合率更高。由统计结果得出,脉象在频域上的衰减率明显增大。同时,从数学上说明了其衰减率的增大等价于脉象在时域上的降中峡、重搏波,及低频涨落程度的变化,也对时域上的脉象作了新的数学模型的模拟。本项研究证实了针刺对脉象具有调整作用。     

针刺测力仪及脉象仪在针灸治疗中的应用

目的设计一套在体实时监测针刺针体受力情况和同步观察针刺前后脉象的系统。方法利用设计的针刺测力仪及脉象仪采集针刺时针体受力的力学信号及人体脉象的信号并将这些信号传换成计算机能识别的信号,把脉象的信号与针刺信号相对应运用软件进行分析整理。结果针刺前后脉象有比较明显的变化。结论利用脉象仪和针刺测力仪能够观察针刺前后脉象的变化,将为针刺选穴,配穴及疗效监测提供有效的手段。     

针刺内关穴配合炙甘草汤治疗心律失常疗效观察

目的:探讨针刺内关穴配合炙甘草汤用于心律失常治疗的临床效果。方法:选取86例心律失常患者,随机分为两组(n=43),联合组采用针刺内关穴配合炙甘草汤进行治疗,对照组实施西医常规治疗,对比两组的治疗效果。结果:联合组的临床控制率为69.77%,与对照组的41.86%相比有明显差异(P0.05);联合组的总有效率为93.02%,也显著高于对照组的83.72%,P0.05。治疗期间,联合组与对照组患者均未发生明显不良反应。结论:针刺内关穴配合炙甘草汤治疗心律失常,能有效改善临床症状,提高患者的生活质量,临床疗效确切。     

电脉冲刺激内关穴治疗发作性心律失常35例即时疗效初步小结

人工心脏起搏即用电脉冲刺激心脏,治疗心动过速与心动过缓。自1952年开始应用于临床以来,已有很大发展,传统中医针刺内关穴治疗胸闷心悸也早有定论。70年代以来更有现代实验报告,针刺内关穴可改善心脏泵血动能。但两种方法在临床操作上都有一定局限性,笔者因此改进方法,自1990年以来,用参与研制的点穴仪,以电脉冲刺激内     

基于功率谱信息熵与GK模糊聚类的生物组织变性识别方法

本文提出了一种基于功率谱信息熵和GK模糊聚类相结合的方法,应用于生物组织变性识别判定中。利用高强度聚焦超声辐照离体新鲜猪肉来改变其特性,并用热电偶测量声焦区温度,同时采集了不同温度时的超声回波信号。通过对采集的信号进行截取,研究了分段数对功率谱信息熵辨识性能的影响。研究发现当分段数为26至32时,功率谱信息熵的准确度、灵敏度和特异度均有较高的值。本研究计算了分段数为30时的功率谱信息熵,此时的变性组织对应的功率谱信息熵比未变性组织对应的功率谱信息熵平均高出约0. 094,大约为7. 99%。采用功率谱信息熵作为特征参数时,GK模糊聚类效果优于模糊C均值聚类;采用GK模糊聚类方式,功率谱信息熵比小波熵具有更高的辨识率。     

蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius)发声器结构:发声膜与鸣声

蚱蝉单发声膜发出的click声波形由高幅值和低幅脉冲列(pulse train,PT)组成.高幅值PT含脉冲越多,主峰频率(main peak frequency,MPF)就越高.本文进一步阐明:1、高幅值PT多含有11个脉冲,当含有1,2,3个时,脉冲个数与MPF成准线性关系 超过三个为非线性关系.2、双发声膜发声的频带主要在2700Hz-6700Hz之间.数个click声组成的波形中,低幅值PT功率谱包络波近似于标准高斯型,MPF约为4900Hz;不同高幅值PT内含主脉冲的频率不同是MPF变化的主要因素.3、蚱蝉鸣声功率谱主要有三个子谱区A,B,及C,对应的频带依次约为2700Hz—3700Hz,3700Hz-5700Hz,及5700Hz—6700Hz.     

吗啡诱导大鼠穿梭觅药状态下内侧前额皮层边缘前区遥测脑电小波包提取及熵分析

本研究旨在研究内侧前额皮质(medial prefrontal cortex,m PFC)边缘前区(prelimbic cortical area,PL)遥测脑电的特征性改变与觅药行为之间的关系。将PL区埋藏脑立体定位电极的大鼠分成手术对照组和吗啡诱导组,后者制作吗啡诱导条件性位置偏爱(conditioned place preference,CPP)模型。利用CPP视频系统结合脑电无线遥测技术,记录两组大鼠在黑-白箱穿梭和白-黑箱穿梭时大鼠PL区实时脑电,采用小波包提取、Welch谱功率算法、归一化幅值和Shannon熵分析技术,对所测原始脑电波进行综合分析。结果显示,与手术对照组比较,吗啡诱导CPP组大鼠黑-白箱穿梭潜伏期,左侧PL区小波提取脑电各频段平均波幅减小,脑电成分在10~50 Hz频段Welch谱功率强度显著增加(P0.01或P0.05),脑电β、γ1、γ2波Shannon熵值升高(P0.01或P0.05),平均信息熵降低(P0.01)。上述结果提示,吗啡诱导CPP组大鼠黑-白箱穿梭时,左侧PL区脑电各频段大幅波减少,脑电10~50 Hz频率Welch谱功率强度增加,β、γ1和γ2波Shannon熵值升高;这些变化可能与大鼠觅药意识的形成和即将发动的觅药行为产生有关。     

不同能见度视觉辨认效率研究中飞机图像的频谱分析

为探讨雾天飞行员视觉目标辨认效率降低的机理,保障飞行安全,本文对模拟气雾箱中拍摄的飞机图像进行了频谱分析。共改变8种能见度,5种机型。通过FFT,获得了雾天飞机图像功率谱的环、楔特征参数。结果表明,这些参数与大气能见度有非常显著的相关关系;随着能见度的由大变小,高频分量逐步丢失,功率谱强度降低;不同机型的楔特征有显著差异。     

异丙肾上腺素和氨甲酰胆碱对心肌延迟后除极的影响

用乙酰毒毛旋花子甙元2.0×10~(-7)mol/L,在绵羊心室浦肯野纤维产生延迟后除极(DAD)为实验模型,观察异丙肾上腺素与氨甲酰胆碱对DAD的影响。异丙肾上腺素1.0—3.0×10~(-8)mol/L能增加DAD幅值,为剂量依赖性,并可诱发出触发型心律失常。氨甲酰胆碱2.0×10~(-6)mol/L单独作用对DAD幅值无影响,然而在异丙肾上腺素增强DAD幅值或产生触发型心律失常后,同样浓度的氨甲酰胆碱能显著地减小DAD幅值以及消除触发型心律失常。但氨甲酰胆碱对由高钙、氨茶碱和组胺等所增加的DAD幅值却无抑制作用。以上结果表明,氨甲酰胆碱能拮抗异丙肾上腺素引起的DAD增强作用,可能与M受体的激活,并继而降低膜上β受体激活时所提高的腺苷酸环化酶活性有关。     

脑干听觉诱发电位的时序分析及频谱分析

本文从参数建模和频域方面对40例BAEP信号进行了分析,在参数建模方面,对正常BAEP信号建立了10阶自回归AR模型,着重分析两侧极点辐角总差和最大极点辐角,发现正常情况下两侧BAEP信号的AR模型的极点分布大致相同,极点辐角总差不超过50度,最大极点辐角范围为120～160度。在频域上,对正常BAEP信号进行了自/互功率谱分析。发现自功率谱和互功率谱在140Hz,550Hz和920Hz附近各有一个主峰,而在1.2kHz以后能量衰减很快。本文探讨了各参数的变化的生理意义,并给出了正常值的统计结果。     

Effects of acupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6) of the pericardial meridian on blood pressure and heart rate variability

The aims of this study were to investigate (i) if and when the blood pressure would rise or fall and (ii) the associated changes of human heart rate variability (HRV) by manual stimulation of the Neiguan (PC 6) acupuncture site. In this paper, two groups of six healthy male volunteers with ranges of ages 20-56 and 20-55 and with no neurological diseases participated in this study. In order to minimize artefacts, the electrocardiogram (ECG) and radial arterial pulse pressure wave were collected with the subjects alert but eyes closed before, during, and after sham/manual acupuncture. No statistically significant changes (P > 0.05) were found in the sham acupuncture group. As for the manual acupuncture group, the needle was inserted into the PC 6 acupoint and manually stimulated about 15 to 30 seconds to achieve De Qi sensation. Needles were left in place for 30 min and then removed. Analysis of the data due to acupuncture was then compared with the baseline values. Results indicate that the blood pressures of different subject can either rise (P < 0.01) or fall (P < 0.01). To further determine the indicator for one subject who exhibited both rise and fall of blood pressures, 7 more trials were given conducted with the same protocol until statistically significant results were obtained (P < 0.01). We found that his change of blood pressure was highly correlated (p = -0.94 and -0.99 for rise and fall, respectively) with the ratio of the magnitude of pulse pressure to that of the dicrotic notch in the local radial pulse wave (P < 0.01). As to the heart rate variability (HRV) spectra, significant changes in the low frequency (LF) and very low frequency (VLF) ranges were also detected. These results indicate that the autonomic innervations of heart have been modified. However, the information on the power of LF, high frequency (HF), and LF/HF of HRV are not conclusive to statistically differentiate the sympathetic contribution from that of the parasympathetic nervous systems at present stage.     

Effects of acupuncture on vasopressin-induced emesis in conscious dogs

Although acupuncture has a significant clinical benefit, the mechanism of acupuncture remains unclear. Vasopressin, a posterior pituitary hormone, is involved in nausea and vomiting in humans and dogs. To investigate the antiemetic effects of acupuncture on vasopressin-induced emesis, gastroduodenal motor activity and the frequency of retching and vomiting were simultaneously recorded in conscious dogs. In seven dogs, four force transducers were implanted on the serosal surfaces of the gastric body, antrum, pylorus, and duodenum. Gastroduodenal motility was continuously monitored throughout the experiment. Vasopressin was intravenously infused at a dose of 0.1 U x kg(-1) x min(-1) for 20 min. Electroacupuncture (EA, 1-30 Hz) at pericardium-6 (PC6), bladder-21 (BL21), or stomach-36 (ST36) was performed before, during, and after the vasopressin infusion. To investigate whether the opioid pathway is involved in EA-induced antiemetic effects, naloxone (a central and peripheral opioid receptor antagonist) or naloxone methiodide (a peripheral opioid receptor antagonist) was administered before, during, and after EA and vasopressin infusion. Intravenous infusion of vasopressin induced retching and vomiting in all dogs tested. Retrograde peristaltic contractions occurred before the onset of retching and vomiting. EA (10 Hz) at PC6 significantly reduced the number of episodes of retching and vomiting. EA at PC6 also suppressed retrograde peristaltic contractions. In contrast, EA at BL21 or ST36 had no antiemetic effects. The antiemetic effect of EA was abolished by pretreatment with naloxone but not naloxone methiodide. It is suggested that the antiemetic effect of acupuncture is mediated via the central opioid pathway.     

Changes in episodic luteinizing hormone secretion leading to puberty in the lamb

In this study, we monitored episodic luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion throughout development in eight April-born ewe lambs to determine if a change in LH pulse patterns preceded first ovulation at puberty. LH pulses were measured in samples collected every 12 min for 6 h once in July, twice a month from 22 August to 2 October, and then weekly until puberty. Progesterone concentrations, measured in samples taken 3/wk, were used as an index of first ovulation, which occurred at 29.3 +/- 0.7 wk of age. LH pulse frequencies throughout most of this period ranged from 0 to 2 pulses/6 h, with no change over time. However, during the week prior to the first progesterone rise, there was a significant increase in pulse frequency to a level seen during the follicular phase in post-pubertal lambs. This increase in pulse frequency was evident in 7 of 8 lambs; pulses were not analyzed in the last lamb because samples were taken during the LH surge. In contrast, LH pulse amplitude did not increase prior to puberty. In fact, pulse amplitude declined linearly during the 3 wk before first ovulation and then increased during the follicular phase in post-pubertal animals. These results support the hypothesis that an increase in the frequency of episodic LH secretion is a key event leading to the onset of ovarian cycles in the lamb. Whether an increase in pulse amplitude is also necessary remains unclear. If so, it must occur just before the LH surge, since it was not detected in any samples taken before puberty in this study.     

Effect of naloxone on gonadotrophin secretion at various stages of development in the ewe lamb

Spring-born crossbred ewe lambs were raised in a natural photoperiod and saline (N = 6) or naloxone (1 mg/kg) in saline (N = 6) was injected (i.m.) every 2 h for 6 h at 5, 10 and 15 weeks of age and for 8 h at 20, 25 and 30 weeks of age. Blood samples were taken every 12 min during treatment periods. Naloxone had no effect on time to first oestrus (controls 235 +/- 6 days, naloxone 242 +/- 7 days). Mean serum LH concentrations and LH pulse frequency were elevated by naloxone in ewe lambs at 20, 25, and 30 weeks of age (P less than 0.05). The only FSH response to naloxone was a depression of mean serum concentrations at 30 weeks of age (P less than 0.05). LH pulse amplitude was elevated at 5 weeks of age in all ewe lambs and declined thereafter to a nadir at 30 weeks of age in control, but not in naloxone-treated animals (P less than 0.05). LH pulse frequency was elevated at 10 weeks of age in control ewe lambs and in all animals at 30 weeks of age (P less than 0.05). FSH pulse frequency declined from 5 weeks of age in control ewe lambs (P less than 0.05), with very few pulses noted in 25- and 30-week-old animals. We conclude that (1) opioidergic suppression of LH, but not FSH, secretion developed at 20 weeks of age in the growing ewe lambs used in the present study, with no obvious change in suppression before the onset of first oestrus: (2) pulsatile FSH secretion occurred in the young ewe lamb but was lost as the lamb matured: (3) attainment of sexual maturity was preceded by an elevation in LH pulse frequency.     

The Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Prevention and Treatment of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Acupuncture therapy for preventive and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV), a condition which commonly present after anaesthesia and surgery is a subject of growing interest.

Objective

This paper included a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of different type of acupuncture and acupoint selection in PONV prevention and treatment.

Methods

Randomised controlled trials(RCTs) comparing acupuncture with non-acupuncture treatment were identified from databases PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO, Ovid, CNKI and Wanfangdata. Meta-analysis on eligible studies was performed using fixed-effects model with RevMan 5.2. Results were expressed as RR for dichotomous data, with 95%CI.

Results

Thirty RCTs, 1276 patients (intervention) and 1258 patients (control) were identified. Meta-analysis showed that PC6 acupuncture significantly reduced the number of cases of early vomiting (postoperative 0-6h) (RR=0.36, 95%CI 0.19,0.71; P=0.003) and nausea (postoperative 0-24h) (RR=0.25, 95%CI 0.10,0.61; P=0.002), but not early nausea (postoperative 0-6h) (RR=0.64, 95%CI 0.34,1.19; P=0.150) and vomiting (postoperative 0-24h) (RR=0.82, 95%CI 0.48,1.38; P=0.450). PC6 acupressure significantly reduced the number of cases of nausea (RR=0.71, 95%CI 0.57,0.87; P=0.001) and vomiting (RR=0.62, 95%CI 0.49,0.80; P=0.000) at postoperative 0-24h. PC6 electro-acupoint stimulation significantly reduced the number of cases of nausea (RR=0.49, 95%CI 0.38,0.63; P<0.000) and vomiting (RR=0.50, 95%CI 0.36,0.70; P<0.000) at postoperative 0-24h. Stimulation of PC6 with other acupoint(s) significantly reduced the number of cases of nausea and vomiting (RR=0.29, 95%CI 0.17,0.49; P<0.000) at postoperative 0-24h. Stimulation of other acupoint(s)(non PC6) also significantly reduced the number of cases of nausea and vomiting (RR=0.63, 95%CI 0.49,0.81; P=0.000) at postoperative 0-24h. However, the quality of study was generally low in studies of PC6 combined with other acupoint(s) and other acupoint(s). Details of blinding were not reported in most reports.

Conclusions

Besides PC6, PC6 combined with other acupoint(s) and other alternative acupoint(s) might be beneficial in prevention and treatment of PONV, the evidence justifies future high-quality studies.     

低频脉冲电刺激联合木丹颗粒对糖尿病周围神经病变的疗效

目的:探讨低频脉冲电治疗仪联合木丹颗粒对糖尿病周围神经病变的临床疗效。方法:收集我院收治的糖尿病周围神经病变患者90例,随机分为实验组和对照组。对照组患者给予甲钴胺片治疗,实验组患者给予木丹颗粒联合低频脉冲电刺激治疗。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后FBG、P2h BG及Hb Alc水平的变化情况,记录患者正中神经、腓神经的运动神经传导速度(MCV)及感觉神经传导速度(SCV),参照TCSS评分判定临床疗效。结果:治疗后,两组患者腓总神经及正中神经MCV、SCV均上升,与对照组比较,实验组上升显著,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组患者TCSS评分均下降,与对照组比较,实验组下降更明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:低频脉冲电治疗仪联合木丹颗粒治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的疗效优于单用甲钴胺片治疗。     

Short Pulse Duration High-Power Laser Photocoagulation during Vitrectomy for Diabetic Retinopathy Reduces Postoperative Inflammation

The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the effectiveness of short pulse duration, high-power laser photocoagulation (PC) during vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy (DR).The effects of short pulse duration PC with power of 340–360 mW and duration of 0.02 second were compared to conventional PC with power of 120–150 mW and duration of 0.2 second. The degree of inflammation was quantified by laser flare cell photometry before and at 1 day, 1 week, 4 week, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Twenty-two eyes of 22 consecutive patients were studied. Ten eyes were treated with short pulse duration PC and 12 eyes with conventional PC. The total energy was significantly lower in the short pulse duration PC group than in the conventional PC group (P = 0.007). The flare cell values were not significantly different between the two groups after 1 day, but at 1 week, the flare cell value was significantly lower in the short pulse duration PC group than in the conventional PC group (P = 0.04). This difference was also present at 4 and 12 weeks (P<0.05). The significant lower inflammation after short pulse duration PC than conventional PC indicates that the short pulse duration PC protocol should be considered to treat DR.     

Changes in pulsatile LH secretion after ovariectomy in Ile-de-France ewes in two seasons

Two experiments were conducted in Ile-de-France ewes to study changes in pulsatile LH secretion in ewes ovariectomized during anoestrus or during the midluteal phase of the oestrous cycle. In Exp. 1, blood samples were taken every 20 min for 12 h the day before ovariectomy (Day 0). After ovariectomy, samples were taken every 10 min for 6 h (10 ewes per group), on Days 1, 3, 7 and 15. In Exp. 2 samples were taken every 10 min for 6 h (10 ewes per group) on Days 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 after ovariectomy. Further samples were taken (5 ewes per group) at 9 and 12 months after ovariectomy. There were significant interactions between season and day of sampling for the interval between LH pulses in both experiments. LH pulse frequency increased within 1 day of ovariectomy and the increase was more rapid during the breeding season. There were clear seasonal differences in pulse frequency in Exp. 2. Compared with ewes ovariectomized in anoestrus, pulse frequency was significantly higher for ewes ovariectomized in the breeding season, from Day 7 until Day 120. Once pulse frequency had increased in ewes about the time of the normal breeding season, pulse frequency remained high and subsequent seasonal changes were greatly reduced. Pulse amplitude increased immediately after ovariectomy to reach a maximum on Day 7 and there were no differences between season of ovariectomy in the initial changes in amplitude. In Exp. 2, changes in amplitude followed changes in pulse interval and there was a significant interaction between season and day of sampling. There were no significant effects of season on nadir LH concentrations which increased throughout the duration of the experiments. These results show that, in ovariectomized ewes, LH pulse frequency observed on a given day depends on time after ovariectomy, season at the time of sampling and on previous exposure of ewes to stimulatory effects of season. The direct effects of season on LH pulse frequency and seasonal changes in sensitivity to steroid feedback may contribute to control of the breeding season and their relative contributions to the beginning and end of the breeding season may differ.     

Multi-scale order recurrence quantification analysis of EEG signals evoked by manual acupuncture in healthy subjects

To explore the effects of manual acupuncture (MA) on brain activities, we design an experiment that acupuncture at acupoint ST36 of right leg with four different frequencies to obtain electroencephalograph (EEG) signals. Many studies have demonstrated that the complexity of EEG can reflect the states of brain function, so we propose to adopt order recurrence quantification analysis combined with discrete wavelet transform, to analyze the dynamical characteristics of different EEG rhythms under acupuncture, further to explore the effects of MA on the complexity of brain activities from multi-scale point of view. By analyzing the complexity of five EEG rhythms, it is found that the complexity of delta rhythm during acupuncture is lower than before acupuncture, and for alpha rhythm that is higher, but for beta, theta and gamma rhythms there are no obvious changes. All of those effects are especially obvious during acupuncture with frequency of 200 times/min. Furthermore, the determinism extracted from delta, alpha and gamma rhythms can be regarded as a characteristic parameter to distinguish the state acupuncture at 200 times/min and the state before acupuncture. These results can provide a theoretical support for selecting appropriate acupuncture frequency for patients in clinical, and the proposed methods have the potential of exploring the effects of acupuncture on brain activities.