一种检测储存喷气燃料中特征真菌的新方法——LAMP-LFD

利用环介导等温扩增(LAMP)与横向流动试纸快速检测技术(LFD)相结合,以Amorphotheca resinae的18S rRNA基因为靶序列,设计1套LAMP引物,建立了反应温度63℃、时间35 min。用喷气燃料中曾发现的4株真菌和A.resinae作为特异性试验菌株,LAMP-LFD法检测只有A.resinae呈阳性反应。A.resinae基因组DNA检测灵敏度为26 fg/μL;用已建立的LAMP-LFD方法对9个喷气燃料样品进行检测,其中有6个样品被检出存在A.resinae。结果表明该方法用于快速检测喷气燃料中的A.resinae耗时短、操作简便、特异性强、灵敏度高,有望用于为检测喷气燃料中特征真菌A.resinae的新方法。     

喷气燃料中主要污染真菌的确定

真菌污染是产生喷气燃料悬浮物的主要原因之一,因此对喷气燃料中主要污染真菌的研究具有重要意义。以喷气燃料作为唯一碳源对30种真菌进行培养,观察其生长状况。另外,从三个不同地区的6个油罐进行取样,并富集油样中的微生物,用Takara通用提取试剂盒(Code No.9765)提取基因组DNA,Nanodrop2000c分光光度计测定浓度,然后将其寄往北京诺禾致源生物信息科技有限公司进行ITS1测序。根据真菌培养和ITS1测序的结果确定喷气燃料中主要的污染真菌为枝孢霉(Cladosporium resinae)、青霉(Penicillium sp.)、曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)、Un-sHerpotrichiellaceae sp.以及Khuskia oryzae。     

ATP生物发光法检测喷气燃料中真菌的污染程度

目的:以ATP生物发光法为基础,建立一套可以快速检测喷气燃料中真菌污染程度的方法。方法:筛选喷气燃料中的枝孢霉菌、曲霉菌及青霉菌这3种主要污染真菌的ATP释放条件,比较3种ATP荧光素-萤光素酶体系的标准荧光曲线,考察ATP生物发光法与传统平板计数法计量主要污染真菌数量的相关性。结果:以表面活性剂苯扎氯铵(BAC)作为裂解液提取ATP效果最佳,最佳作用浓度与作用时间分别为0.15%和30 s,筛选得到的荧光素-萤光素酶反应体系有良好的荧光效率,其检测限可达10~(-15)mol ATP,用ATP生物发光法与传统平板计数法计量主要污染真菌的数量,两者相关系数均在0.96以上,具有良好的相关性。结论:ATP生物发光法可以用于检测喷气燃料中真菌污染程度,且能将检测时间缩短至10 min内,适用于现场快速检测,具有良好的应用前景。     

实验用生物样品的啮齿类微生物污染的检测管理

实验用生物样品在生物医学研究中有着广泛的应用.生物样品的微生物污染可危及实验动物设施的生物安全以及对动物实验研究造成负面影响.因此在将生物样品接种到啮齿类动物之前,要对其进行检测以确保无啮齿类动物传染性病原体的污染.因为检测技术和经济上的限制和局限性,不可能对所有的啮齿类动物传染性病原都进行检测.本文依据科学文献、笔者的经验以及专家的意见,尝试着去阐述如何建立一个有效可行的生物样品微生物污染检测计划.笔者建议对一些重要的微生物进行检测,并简要综述了选取这些微生物的理由即它们对科研、实验动物生物安全以及职业健康安全的影响.     

检测食品微生物的方法研究

随着经济社会的飞速发展和生活水平的不断提高,人们越来越关注和重视由于微生物毒素所导致的食品污染问题。在当前涉及的所有食品安全问题,最为突出的是微生物污染而引发的食源性疾病。鉴于此,使用科学的方法准确、快速地对食品微生物进行检测,对于有效预防肠道传染病和食物中毒至关重要。随着科学技术的不断进步,检测食品微生物的相关技术也得到了飞速发展,主要包括传统的PCR检测技术、电阻电导测定法、快速测试片法、重量分析稀释计和理化检测法等。     

用水体中大肠菌群的含量检测水质污染程度

微生物污染是水质污染的主要原因之一,常用某些与病原微生物有密切关系的微生物的含量来反映水体中病原微生物存在的可能性。水体中病原微生物污染主要来自人畜粪便。因而常选用存在于人体和哺乳动物肠道中的微生物如大肠菌群作为水质污染指示菌。利用指示菌反映水质污染状况具有快速、灵敏的优点。测定大肠菌群含量常用多管发酵法和滤膜法。     

细胞培养中支原体污染的检测

本文介绍以应用指示细胞培养物的DNA荧光染色为主,辅之以微生物培养(支原体营养肉汤和琼脂培养)的方法作为细胞培养中的支原体污染的检测系统。用该系统检测了45个细胞系,支原体等微生物污染达66.6％,其中确证支原体污染率为31％。     

制药企业环境菌库建立的探讨

建立制药企业环境菌库。连续4年从药品生产洁净区环境和操作人员表面、制药用水系统、合并血浆、产品和原/辅料中收集微生物，对微生物进行分离纯化，采用生化鉴定、基因测序分析系统对微生物进行鉴定,再采取适当的方法加以保存，建立企业的环境菌库。通过对4年的微生物数据进行整理和分析，环境菌库共收集了111种微生物，保存了176株微生物，建立了企业环境菌库。建立企业环境菌库，可为开展微生物污染控制、消毒效果评价、污染事件调查和微生物污染溯源提供数据和技术支持。     

天然白桦树液中污染微生物的分离与控制

本文以天然白桦树液为材料,对其污染微生物进行了分离培养和初步鉴定,从而基本搞清了污染微生物的种类与数量。发现,天然桦树原汁及其饮料中有数量不同的细菌、酵母菌、霉菌及放线菌的污染。其中,霉菌居多,酵母、细菌次之,放线菌最少。 在弄清污染微生物分布的基础上,作者研究比较了几种控制灭活微生物的方法。其中pH2.0的酸性处理未能灭活全部污染微生物,而采用90℃加热杀菌的办法以及膜板过滤技术均可达到理想的结果。 作者还根据试验结果分析探讨了微生物控制中pH值、温度、水份和环境等与微生物生长繁殖存活间的关系。从而为如何研究和解决饮料中微生物污染问题提供了有用的资料和可行的方法。     

石质文物微生物检测技术的研究进展

本论文针对国内外最新的石质文物微生物的检测技术进行了论述,主要包括核酸分析鉴定方法、细胞膜分析法、次级代谢产物分析法和传统培养法等。并综合比较各种方法的优势和不足,对石质文物的生物保护提出展望。石质文物微生物的无损或微损快速检测技术的建立,对于进一步清理石质文物的微生物污染,有效防治微生物对石质文物的腐蚀,保护我国宝贵的文化遗产具有重要的意义。     

Goodness-of-Fit Testing for the Logistic Regression Model when the Estimated Probabilities are Small

The distribution of the Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square type goodness-of-fit tests (?_g, ?_g) for the logistic regression model are examined via simulations designed to examine their behavior when most of the estimated probabilities are small or are expected to fall in a few deciles. The results of the simulations show statistic ?_g should be used when the two outcome groups (y = 0, 1) are not well separated, Δ≤2, where Δ² is the Mahalanobis distance. Statistic ?_g should be used when Δ ≥ 8. Either statistic may be used when 2 ≦ Δ ≦ 8. All tests should be used with caution when the proportion in the sample with y = 1 is less than 0.1.     

A Primer to Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis in Plants

Reconstructing a tree of life by inferring evolutionary history is an important focus of evolutionary biology. Phylogenetic reconstructions also provide useful information for a range of scientific disciplines such as botany, zoology, phylogeography, archaeology and biological anthropology. Until the development of protein and DNA sequencing techniques in the 1960s and 1970s, phylogenetic reconstructions were based on fossil records and comparative morphological/physiological analyses. Since then, progress in molecular phylogenetics has compensated for some of the shortcomings of phenotype-based comparisons. Comparisons at the molecular level increase the accuracy of phylogenetic inference because there is no environmental influence on DNA/peptide sequences and evaluation of sequence similarity is not subjective. While the number of morphological/physiological characters that are sufficiently conserved for phylogenetic inference is limited, molecular data provide a large number of datapoints and enable comparisons from diverse taxa. Over the last 20 years, developments in molecular phylogenetics have greatly contributed to our understanding of plant evolutionary relationships. Regions in the plant nuclear and organellar genomes that are optimal for phylogenetic inference have been determined and recent advances in DNA sequencing techniques have enabled comparisons at the whole genome level. Sequences from the nuclear and organellar genomes of thousands of plant species are readily available in public databases, enabling researchers without access to molecular biology tools to investigate phylogenetic relationships by sequence comparisons using the appropriate nucleotide substitution models and tree building algorithms. In the present review, the statistical models and algorithms used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees are introduced and advances in the exploration and utilization of plant genomes for molecular phylogenetic analyses are discussed.     

测定糖尿病患者血清LDL-C水平的方法学比较

目的：比较不同方法检测糖尿病患者血清LDL-C水平,为临床诊疗提供准确可行的检验方法。方法：采用沉淀法、匀相法、电泳法及超速离心法对233例糖尿病患者和102例健康人群的血清LDL-C水平进行测定,比较各方法之间的相关性,同时分析导致结果差异的因素。结果：四种方法检测健康人群LDL-C水平,结果间无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;糖尿病组,当TG≤2.26mmol/L时,四种方法检测LDL-C结果间相关性良好。高胆红素、血红蛋白、高TG及乳糜等干扰因素存在时,与其他方法相比,电泳法和超速离心法检测血清LDL-C结果受影响较小（P〉0.05）。结论：超速离心法虽耗时、价格贵,但仍为检测LDL-C的经典方法,电泳法受高胆红素、血红蛋白、高三酰甘油等干扰因素的影响相对较小,适用于糖尿病合并高血脂患者血清LDL-C水平检测。     

测定糖尿病患者血清LDL-C 水平的方法学比较

目的:比较不同方法检测糖尿病患者血清LDL-C水平,为临床诊疗提供准确可行的检验方法。方法:采用沉淀法、匀相法、电泳法及超速离心法对233例糖尿病患者和102例健康人群的血清LDL-C水平进行测定,比较各方法之间的相关性,同时分析导致结果差异的因素。结果:四种方法检测健康人群LDL-C水平,结果间无统计学差异(P>0.05);糖尿病组,当TG≤2.26mmol/L时,四种方法检测LDL-C结果间相关性良好。高胆红素、血红蛋白、高TG及乳糜等干扰因素存在时,与其他方法相比,电泳法和超速离心法检测血清LDL-C结果受影响较小(P>0.05)。结论:超速离心法虽耗时、价格贵,但仍为检测LDL-C的经典方法,电泳法受高胆红素、血红蛋白、高三酰甘油等干扰因素的影响相对较小,适用于糖尿病合并高血脂患者血清LDL-C水平检测。     

Microbial Biomass Estimation

ABSTRACT

The development of a fully automated on-line monitoring and control system is very important in bioprocesses. One of the most important parameters in these processes is biomass. This review discusses different methods for biomass quantification. A general definition of biomass and biovolume are presented. Interesting concepts about active but not culturable cells considerations are included as well as concepts that must be taken into account when selecting biomass quantification technology. Chemical methods have had few applications in biomass measurement to date; however, bioluminescence can selectively enumerate viable cells. Photometric methods including fluorescence and scattered light measurements are presented. Reference methods including dry and wet weight, viable counts and direct counts are discussed, as well as the physical methods of flow cytometry, impedancimetric and dielectric techniques.     

PCR detection of pirimicarb resistance in Australian field isolates of Aphis gossypii Glover (Aphididae: Hemiptera)

Aphis gossypii Glover (cotton aphid) is a major secondary pest of Australian cotton that readily develops resistance to the carbamate insecticide pirimicarb (Pirimor®) and to organophosphates generally. To test the pirimicarb resistance status of Australian strains of A . gossypii , a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay followed by restriction enzyme assay (REA) was designed to identify the Ace I polymorphism S431F known to be responsible for resistance. The method was tested against reference and 33 field strains collected over two consecutive seasons. Both methods confirmed pirimicarb resistance in two field strains, one from each cotton season, giving credence to the molecular technique described. The PCR assay proved specific for the Ace I gene. This PCR REA assay has the potential to replace bioassay for the routine pirimicarb resistance monitoring in A . gossypii. With the molecular assay providing results in 48 h, compared with 4–8 weeks for bioassay, such an assay could be used before insecticide control.     

A window on cyclitols: Characterization and analytics of inositols

Cyclitols are cycloalkanes with one hydroxyl group on each of three or more ring atoms, also called cycloalkane polyols or sugar alcohol which attract attention since they have numerous pharmaceutical properties and are widespread in the plants. Inositols are important cyclitols, which constitute a group of naturally occurring polyhydric alcohols and some isomers of this group can be commonly found in most plants, provided adequate methods of detection are employed. This review presents plant containing cyclitols, with emphasis put on their pharmaceutical properties. The text focuses on sample preparation, extraction and purification and on analysis of cyclitols in plants. In addition, it addresses the application of different methodologies utilized in the analysis of cyclitol compounds in plant.     

基于β-微管蛋白基因部分序列探讨灵芝属菌株的亲缘关系

PCR分别扩增了38个灵芝属菌株的β-微管蛋白基因片段,并对PCR产物进行序列测定,得到419bp的一段核苷酸系列.根据MEGA 2.1软件中的neighbour-joining methods对上述序列进行聚类分析,结果所有供试菌株被分成9个聚类组.中国栽培灵芝菌株分布于6个聚类组,其中树舌亚属、紫芝组的菌株各自聚成一组,灵芝组的菌株分成四组,但大部分灵芝组菌株均聚于同一组, 这表明树舌亚属、紫芝组和灵芝组间的遗传差异较大,灵芝组内虽然存在着一定的遗传差异,但总体上亲缘关系比较近,遗传多样性并不丰富.同时,序列分析的结果显示,β-tubulin基因序列在第三位密码子和内含子部位有高的碱基替换率,这些变异提供了丰富的系统发育信息,提示β-tubulin基因适合于灵芝属菌株的亲缘关系研究.     

Rapidly converging numerical algorithms for models of population dynamics

We propose algorithms for the approximation of the age distributions of populations modeled by the McKendrick-von Foerster and the Gurtin-MacCamy systems both in one- and two-sex versions. For the one-sex model methods of second and fourth order are proposed. For the two-sex model a second order method is described. In each case the convergence is demonstrated. Several numerical examples are given.     

Physicochemical characterization of deflazacort: thermal analysis, crystallographic and spectroscopic study

The solid state properties of deflazacort (1-(1beta,16alpha)-21-(acetyloxy)-11-hydroxy-2'-methyl-5'H-pregna-1,4-dieno[17,16-d]oxazole-3,20-dione, 1) were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), single-crystal X-ray diffraction, solid and liquid nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((13)C NMR), Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy (FTIR and FT Raman). From the trends observed in the crystal structure and spectral data some conclusions can be made about hydrogen bonding, molecular conformation and crystal packing. Compound 1 crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) and the following lattice parameters: a=11.2300(5), b=12.8161(8), c=16.171(1)A, V: 2327.4(2)A(3), D(c): 1.260g/cm(3), R1=0.0479, wR2=0.1012. The crystal structure is stabilized by intra and intermolecular interactions, which provides for a very closely packed form. The NMR data indicated that 1 shows a similar conformation in solid and liquid state; while, thermal data revealed that 1 follows a monophasic pattern with a DSC melting peak at 258.4 degrees C (DeltaH 99.7Jg(-1), n=3), indicating that 1 is thermally stable as solid; but, as liquid is unstable to undergo a thermal decomposition reaction. The reactivity of 1 toward light and moisture was examined via DSC and TLC. The data indicated that 1 do not interact with water to give hydrated forms or decomposition products; however, light degrades 1.